Electric vehicles (EVs) are proportionally increasing day-by-day with the inclusion of upgraded technology toward considered zero carbon emission efforts. To mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector, grid-to-vehicle (G2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technologies are getting significant attention nowadays. EVs equipped with modern technology can help to stabilize the power grids through load-balancing topology during peak hours. The improvement in EVs can support the surroundings in numerous ways, such as power grid voltage and frequency regulations, harmonics distortions, accessible solar energy implemented to the grids, and peak load stabilizations. This literature review analyzes G2V and V2G impacts in more depth, namely opportunities, improvements in strategies, operation, control, issues, and new technology adoptions. This paper emphasizes the possibilities of bringing advancements in EV technology, smooth operations between grids and EVs, fast bidirectional charging and discharging scopes, control of grids and EVs structures, issues, benefits, pitfalls, challenges, and recommendations.

This study examines the optimal layout of an offshore wind farm for a fixed number of wind turbines (WTs) and a fixed area of coverage. After the optimal layout of the turbines is determined, the topology of the cable connections is optimized. The wind decay that is associated with the wake effect is considered and the charged system search algorithm is utilized to obtain the optimal WT layout that maximizes the power output of the wind farm. The Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program software is utilized to verify the optimality of the layout. Mixed integer linear programming is utilized to optimize the topology of radial cable connections. The system reliabilities of the proposed layout and the traditional regular layout are considered. Finally, the optimal wind-farm layout that maximizes wind power output, minimizes cable cost, and maximizes reliability is obtained.