Electric vehicles (EVs) are proportionally increasing day-by-day with the inclusion of upgraded technology toward considered zero carbon emission efforts. To mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector, grid-to-vehicle (G2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technologies are getting significant attention nowadays. EVs equipped with modern technology can help to stabilize the power grids through load-balancing topology during peak hours. The improvement in EVs can support the surroundings in numerous ways, such as power grid voltage and frequency regulations, harmonics distortions, accessible solar energy implemented to the grids, and peak load stabilizations. This literature review analyzes G2V and V2G impacts in more depth, namely opportunities, improvements in strategies, operation, control, issues, and new technology adoptions. This paper emphasizes the possibilities of bringing advancements in EV technology, smooth operations between grids and EVs, fast bidirectional charging and discharging scopes, control of grids and EVs structures, issues, benefits, pitfalls, challenges, and recommendations.

Electric vehicles (EVs) must be used as the primary mode of transportation as part of the gradual transition to more environmentally friendly clean energy technology and cleaner power sources. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology has the potential to improve electricity demand, control load variability, and improve the sustainability of smart grids. The operation and principles of V2G and its varieties, the present classifications and types of EVs sold on the market, applicable policies for V2G and business strategy, implementation challenges, and current problem-solving techniques have not been thoroughly examined. This paper exposes the research gap in the V2G area and more accurately portrays the present difficulties and future potential in V2G deployment globally. The investigation starts by discussing the advantages of the V2G system and the necessary regulations and commercial representations implemented in the last decade, followed by a description of the V2G technology, charging communication standards, issues related to V2G and EV batteries, and potential solutions. A few major issues were brought to light by this investigation, including the lack of a transparent business model for V2G, the absence of stakeholder involvement and government subsidies, the excessive strain that V2G places on EV batteries, the lack of adequate bidirectional charging and standards, the introduction of harmonic voltage and current into the grid, and the potential for unethical and unscheduled V2G practices. The results of recent studies and publications from international organizations were altered to offer potential answers to these research constraints and, in some cases, to highlight the need for further investigation. V2G holds enormous potential, but the plan first needs a lot of financing, teamwork, and technological development.

Due to the higher frequency fluctuation in the low-inertia trading power system, phase converter synchronization with the grid is a critical problem. A phase-locked loop (PLL) is a standard synchronous approach in grid-connected applications that shows robust performance under ideal conditions. However, a second-order generalized integrator (SOGI) filter-based synchronous reference frame PLL (SRF-PLL) is proposed to improve the steady-state stability during unbalanced and distorted grid conditions. The PLL parameters, such as the damping coefficient and natural frequency, are designed in such a way as to increase the PLL's locking time to correct high-frequency variations. The simulation is performed on the Matlab Simulink platform to verify the theoretical analysis. Finally, the whole experiment is implemented on an Industrial grade DSP to support the proposed system's effectiveness.

Electric vehicle (EV) demand is increasing due to the power of the whole energy storage system, ease of handling, and flexibility. The battery management system is essential for safely driving the EV, increasing the battery life. Recently Habib et al. in “Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments” & “Journal of Energy Storage” reported EV-applicable energy storage systems and proposed a cell balancing circuit for the battery for bulk energy storage systems to use in EV, renewable energy (RE) storage and electric grid application. The proposed batteries’ voltage equalization circuit achieved a 0mV voltage gap with 96% and 94.2% efficiency for Li-ion and lead batteries, respectively, and 84.43% efficiency for supercapacitors.