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Michael Russo
Department of Environment and Planning, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal

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Journal article
Published: 30 July 2021 in Energy
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The Portuguese ceramic industry is characterized by SME industries with high thermal energy consumption. Thus, the implementation of energy efficiency measures should include no-cost solutions, which are generally not explored in literature. This paper analyses the energy profile of different ceramic sub-sectors to identify potential improvements to meet low-cost competition in the market. Preliminary results of the statistical analysis suggest inefficient energy management, with a particular focus on natural gas consumption. The studied factories could easily improve profits and reduce energy consumption through good kiln operating practices. Optimization of kiln ceramic load (2-18%) and efficient combustion in the gas burners (1-11%) are examples of no-cost strategies that promote significant energy savings and carbon emissions reduction.

ACS Style

Luís Ruivo; Michael Russo; Rúben Lourenço; Daniel Pio. Energy Management In The Portuguese Ceramic Industry: Analysis Of Real-World Factories. Energy 2021, 121628 .

AMA Style

Luís Ruivo, Michael Russo, Rúben Lourenço, Daniel Pio. Energy Management In The Portuguese Ceramic Industry: Analysis Of Real-World Factories. Energy. 2021; ():121628.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luís Ruivo; Michael Russo; Rúben Lourenço; Daniel Pio. 2021. "Energy Management In The Portuguese Ceramic Industry: Analysis Of Real-World Factories." Energy , no. : 121628.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2021 in Sustainability
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The pandemic caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (associated to the disease named COVID-19) is having a global impact that affects health, the economy and the environment. These impacts are negative in most of the sectors but benefits also occurred in specific fields. Tourism was one of the most negatively affected economic sectors, and in terms of benefits, the improvement of air quality can be highlighted, with positive health implications. This paper aims to evaluate the impacts on these two particular fields—tourism and air quality—focusing on Portugal due to the relevance of tourism in the country. The research carried out in this paper enables us to find the most critical areas and identifies lessons learnt and recommendations for the post-COVID period. Tourism and air quality data were collected for both 2019 and 2020 and compared in terms of quantitative and spatial analysis. The Lisbon metropolitan area—the geographical area where the capital of the country is located—was the area that suffered the most negative impacts in terms of tourism activity but was also the one where highest benefits in terms of air pollution reduction and human exposure were felt. Recommendations for future strategies are suggested, including new concepts of tourism connected to the environment; the investment in online/virtual tourism activities; promotion of the domestic market; mitigation of the over-tourism problem and using environmental issues, such as air quality, as new attractiveness criteria for tourism destinations.

ACS Style

Alexandra Monteiro; Celeste Eusébio; Maria Carneiro; Mara Madaleno; Margarita Robaina; Vitor Rodrigues; Carla Gama; Hélder Relvas; Michael Russo; Kevin Oliveira; Myriam Lopes; Carlos Borrego. Tourism and Air Quality during COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons for the Future. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3906 .

AMA Style

Alexandra Monteiro, Celeste Eusébio, Maria Carneiro, Mara Madaleno, Margarita Robaina, Vitor Rodrigues, Carla Gama, Hélder Relvas, Michael Russo, Kevin Oliveira, Myriam Lopes, Carlos Borrego. Tourism and Air Quality during COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons for the Future. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (7):3906.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexandra Monteiro; Celeste Eusébio; Maria Carneiro; Mara Madaleno; Margarita Robaina; Vitor Rodrigues; Carla Gama; Hélder Relvas; Michael Russo; Kevin Oliveira; Myriam Lopes; Carlos Borrego. 2021. "Tourism and Air Quality during COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons for the Future." Sustainability 13, no. 7: 3906.

Research article
Published: 22 January 2021 in Tourism Planning & Development
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Air quality (AQ) is gaining considerable visibility within the tourism sector. However, despite several studies analysing the impact of tourism activities on the AQ of destinations, little is known about the inverse relation. This paper analyses the role of AQ on travel planning and the factors influencing it, specifically the influence of environmentally friendly daily behaviours and concerns with AQ impacts on visitor health. To accomplish this, a questionnaire survey (N = 834) was carried out to visitors. Two Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and two multivariate regression models were used to identify the factors influencing the role of AQ in travel planning. Results reveal that despite AQ not having a substantial role in travel planning of tourism activities, the environmentally friendly daily behaviours of visitors have a positive influence on the role of AQ in travel planning. The paper ends with some theoretical and practical implications.

ACS Style

Maria João Carneiro; Vitor Rodrigues; Celeste Eusébio; Margarita Robaina; Mara Madaleno; Alexandra Monteiro; Carla Gama; Kevin Oliveira; Michael Russo; Carlos Borrego. Tourism and Air Quality: Factors Influencing the Role of Air Quality in Visitors Travel Planning. Tourism Planning & Development 2021, 1 -21.

AMA Style

Maria João Carneiro, Vitor Rodrigues, Celeste Eusébio, Margarita Robaina, Mara Madaleno, Alexandra Monteiro, Carla Gama, Kevin Oliveira, Michael Russo, Carlos Borrego. Tourism and Air Quality: Factors Influencing the Role of Air Quality in Visitors Travel Planning. Tourism Planning & Development. 2021; ():1-21.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria João Carneiro; Vitor Rodrigues; Celeste Eusébio; Margarita Robaina; Mara Madaleno; Alexandra Monteiro; Carla Gama; Kevin Oliveira; Michael Russo; Carlos Borrego. 2021. "Tourism and Air Quality: Factors Influencing the Role of Air Quality in Visitors Travel Planning." Tourism Planning & Development , no. : 1-21.

Journal article
Published: 06 January 2021 in Ocean & Coastal Management
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The continuous world population growth, followed by current globalization levels, raises concerns towards sustainable development, including the sustainability of organizations. In recent decades, organizations have been increasing their commitment to sustainability. In particular, port organizations are aware of their most critical economic, environmental and social impacts, due to the continuous growth of the sector. Performance indicators are an important tool to assess the environmental performance of a port. In this paper, we aim to recognize the role of these indicators on the sustainability assessment of port organizations. For that purpose, we apply the benchmarking technique to compare the performance of distinct European seaports using environmental performance indicators from the Global Reporting Initiative consolidated guidelines. The indicators most representative of port activities are established and quantified considering the available data for the period between 2008 and 2017. The difficulties associated with the application of the benchmarking technique paves the way for guidelines towards the establishment of a common framework for reporting environmental indicators for the specific case of port organizations. Based on the benchmarking outcomes, we apply the environmental performance indicators to the Port of Aveiro to assess their effectiveness while suggesting adjustments to the existing indicators which are better suited for port activities. The outcomes of this study will provide port organizations with a common framework to report environmental sustainability, thus allowing for a better comparison of their environmental performance.

ACS Style

V. Rodrigues; M. Russo; S. Sorte; J. Reis; K. Oliveira; A.L. Dionísio; A. Monteiro; M. Lopes. Harmonizing sustainability assessment in seaports: A common framework for reporting environmental performance indicators. Ocean & Coastal Management 2021, 202, 105514 .

AMA Style

V. Rodrigues, M. Russo, S. Sorte, J. Reis, K. Oliveira, A.L. Dionísio, A. Monteiro, M. Lopes. Harmonizing sustainability assessment in seaports: A common framework for reporting environmental performance indicators. Ocean & Coastal Management. 2021; 202 ():105514.

Chicago/Turabian Style

V. Rodrigues; M. Russo; S. Sorte; J. Reis; K. Oliveira; A.L. Dionísio; A. Monteiro; M. Lopes. 2021. "Harmonizing sustainability assessment in seaports: A common framework for reporting environmental performance indicators." Ocean & Coastal Management 202, no. : 105514.

Journal article
Published: 24 January 2020 in Atmosphere
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Desert dust outbreaks may affect air quality. This study estimates the importance of African dust contribution to the PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations observed in rural regional background sites in Portugal. Desert dust contribution is evaluated by two different approaches: A measurement-approach methodology based on the monthly moving 40th percentile, and a model-approach methodology based on WRF-CHIMERE simulations, whose performance is also assessed within this work. Several desert dust episodes affected atmospheric aerosols in the planetary boundary layer over Portugal during 2016. Their intensity was variable, with at least two events (21–22 February and 27–28 October) contributing to exceedances to the PM10 daily limit value defined in the European Air Quality Directive. African dust contributions obtained for the year 2016 with the measurement-approach methodology are higher than the ones simulated by WRF-CHIMERE. Contributions to PM10 and to PM2.5 concentrations range from 0 to 90 µg m−3 and from 0 to 30 µg m−3, respectively, in most of the regions and days. Caution must be employed when using measurement-approach methodologies to quantify dust contributions to PM levels when forest fires occur simultaneously with the long-range transport of desert dust, as happened in August 2016.

ACS Style

Carla Gama; Casimiro Pio; Alexandra Monteiro; Michael Russo; Ana Patrícia Fernandes; Carlos Borrego; José María Baldasano; Oxana Tchepel. Comparison of Methodologies for Assessing Desert Dust Contribution to Regional PM10 and PM2.5 Levels: A One-Year Study Over Portugal. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 134 .

AMA Style

Carla Gama, Casimiro Pio, Alexandra Monteiro, Michael Russo, Ana Patrícia Fernandes, Carlos Borrego, José María Baldasano, Oxana Tchepel. Comparison of Methodologies for Assessing Desert Dust Contribution to Regional PM10 and PM2.5 Levels: A One-Year Study Over Portugal. Atmosphere. 2020; 11 (2):134.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carla Gama; Casimiro Pio; Alexandra Monteiro; Michael Russo; Ana Patrícia Fernandes; Carlos Borrego; José María Baldasano; Oxana Tchepel. 2020. "Comparison of Methodologies for Assessing Desert Dust Contribution to Regional PM10 and PM2.5 Levels: A One-Year Study Over Portugal." Atmosphere 11, no. 2: 134.

Journal article
Published: 11 October 2019 in Atmospheric Environment
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Data on atmospheric pollutant emissions from tourism activities was identified as a critical knowledge gap. Building an emissions inventory is a standard procedure that most countries perform for regulatory or research purposes. At a European level, these inventories are developed using the standard Nomenclature for Reporting (NFR sectors). However, none of the NFR are exclusively for tourism or explicitly include it. This paper presents a methodology to estimate the emissions from main touristic activities, focusing on Portugal as a case study. The emissions were distributed using tourism data as a proxy, namely the contribution of tourism to characteristic industries, as well as the nights spent in tourism establishments by non-residents. The proxy data was used to distribute emissions throughout the municipalities, using the national reported emissions data as a starting point. An analysis of the spatial distribution of tourism emissions was performed, highlighting that tourism has a significant impact on atmospheric emissions over specific areas (up to 40.1%), and contributing to areas where air pollution is already an environmental stress factor (urban centres of Porto and Lisbon). While this methodological framework was developed specifically for Portugal, it may be adapted to assess atmospheric pollutant emissions from tourism activities in other regions. Beyond the methodology proposed and the analysis of the results, other alternative methods to estimate emissions from the tourism sector are discussed and suggested.

ACS Style

M.A. Russo; H. Relvas; Carla Gama; Myriam Lopes; C. Borrego; V. Rodrigues; Margarita Robaina; M. Madaleno; M.J. Carneiro; C. Eusébio; A. Monteiro. Estimating emissions from tourism activities. Atmospheric Environment 2019, 220, 117048 .

AMA Style

M.A. Russo, H. Relvas, Carla Gama, Myriam Lopes, C. Borrego, V. Rodrigues, Margarita Robaina, M. Madaleno, M.J. Carneiro, C. Eusébio, A. Monteiro. Estimating emissions from tourism activities. Atmospheric Environment. 2019; 220 ():117048.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M.A. Russo; H. Relvas; Carla Gama; Myriam Lopes; C. Borrego; V. Rodrigues; Margarita Robaina; M. Madaleno; M.J. Carneiro; C. Eusébio; A. Monteiro. 2019. "Estimating emissions from tourism activities." Atmospheric Environment 220, no. : 117048.

Proceedings article
Published: 03 September 2019 in Urban Transport XXV
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ACS Style

Alexandra Monteiro; Michael Russo; Carla Gama; Carlos Borrego. SHIPPING EMISSIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON AIR QUALITY IN URBAN COASTAL AREAS: PRESENT AND FUTURE SCENARIOS. Urban Transport XXV 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Alexandra Monteiro, Michael Russo, Carla Gama, Carlos Borrego. SHIPPING EMISSIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON AIR QUALITY IN URBAN COASTAL AREAS: PRESENT AND FUTURE SCENARIOS. Urban Transport XXV. 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexandra Monteiro; Michael Russo; Carla Gama; Carlos Borrego. 2019. "SHIPPING EMISSIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON AIR QUALITY IN URBAN COASTAL AREAS: PRESENT AND FUTURE SCENARIOS." Urban Transport XXV , no. : 1.

Article
Published: 13 April 2019 in Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health
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Each year, all Member States (MS) have to deliver their national emissions inventory to the European Union for all activity sectors, following the requirements of the CLRTAP programme. Recently, the specifications of this emissions report changed, MS emissions data had to be reported in grid cells with a resolution of 0.5° × 0.5°, and now, from 2015 forward, they must use a higher resolution grid (0.1° × 0.1°). The purpose of this study is to investigate the main differences found between these two emissions inventories for Europe, focusing on Portugal as a case study, using their available common year (2015). Differences on emissions values and their spatial distribution were analysed per sector and pollutant. Additionally, to evaluate and compare the accuracy of both datasets, air quality modelling simulations were performed, and the resulting pollutant concentrations were validated using data from observations. The results found indicated major differences in several MS (e.g. France, Italy, Germany and Spain). Portugal was not one of the delta hotspots but significant differences were still found, mainly for NOx emissions for the transport sectors, both emissions and concentrations in urban areas, as well as NO2 concentrations throughout the study domain. The analysis of the air quality modelling outputs indicates that the EMEP0.1 inventory does not improve model performance, which suggests that the methodology to build EMEP0.1 was not adequate. This work highlights the importance of accurately estimating emissions data and confirms what other studies already indicated regarding uncertainties: solely improving the emissions inventory resolution does not necessarily imply higher accuracy in the results.

ACS Style

M. A. Russo; Carla Gama; A. Monteiro. How does upgrading an emissions inventory affect air quality simulations? Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 2019, 12, 731 -741.

AMA Style

M. A. Russo, Carla Gama, A. Monteiro. How does upgrading an emissions inventory affect air quality simulations? Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health. 2019; 12 (6):731-741.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. A. Russo; Carla Gama; A. Monteiro. 2019. "How does upgrading an emissions inventory affect air quality simulations?" Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 12, no. 6: 731-741.

Journal article
Published: 06 July 2018 in Environmental Pollution
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Due to its dependence on fossil fuel combustion, emissions from the marine transport sector can significantly contribute to air pollution. This work aims to evaluate the impact of maritime transport emissions on air quality in Portugal using a numerical air quality modelling approach, with high-resolution emission data. Emissions from the European TNO inventory were compiled and pre-processed at hourly and high spatial (∼3 × 3 km2) resolutions. Scenarios with and without these maritime emissions were then simulated with the WRF-CHIMERE modelling system, extensively tested and validated for Portugal domain, in order to evaluate their impact on air quality. A simulation was performed for one year (2016) and the resulting differences were analysed in terms of spatial distribution, time series and deltas. The main deltas for NO2 and PM10 are located over international shipping routes and major ports, while O3 concentrations are impacted in a larger area. The modelling results also indicate that shipping emissions are responsible for deltas in the concentration of NO2 higher than 20% over specific urban areas located in the west coast of Portugal, and less than 5% for PM10. For O3 the relative contribution is low (around 2%) but this contribution is also observed at locations more than 50 km from the coast.

ACS Style

A. Monteiro; M. Russo; C. Gama; C. Borrego. How important are maritime emissions for the air quality: At European and national scale. Environmental Pollution 2018, 242, 565 -575.

AMA Style

A. Monteiro, M. Russo, C. Gama, C. Borrego. How important are maritime emissions for the air quality: At European and national scale. Environmental Pollution. 2018; 242 ():565-575.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Monteiro; M. Russo; C. Gama; C. Borrego. 2018. "How important are maritime emissions for the air quality: At European and national scale." Environmental Pollution 242, no. : 565-575.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2018 in Atmospheric Pollution Research
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ACS Style

A. Monteiro; Michael Russo; Carla Gama; M. Lopes; C. Borrego. How economic crisis influence air quality over Portugal (Lisbon and Porto)? Atmospheric Pollution Research 2018, 9, 439 -445.

AMA Style

A. Monteiro, Michael Russo, Carla Gama, M. Lopes, C. Borrego. How economic crisis influence air quality over Portugal (Lisbon and Porto)? Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2018; 9 (3):439-445.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Monteiro; Michael Russo; Carla Gama; M. Lopes; C. Borrego. 2018. "How economic crisis influence air quality over Portugal (Lisbon and Porto)?" Atmospheric Pollution Research 9, no. 3: 439-445.

Correction
Published: 27 March 2018 in Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health
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ACS Style

A. Monteiro; E. Sá; A. Fernandes; C. Gama; Sandra Sorte; C. Borrego; M. Lopes; M. A. Russo. Correction to: How healthy will be the air quality in 2050? Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 2018, 11, 363 -363.

AMA Style

A. Monteiro, E. Sá, A. Fernandes, C. Gama, Sandra Sorte, C. Borrego, M. Lopes, M. A. Russo. Correction to: How healthy will be the air quality in 2050? Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health. 2018; 11 (3):363-363.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Monteiro; E. Sá; A. Fernandes; C. Gama; Sandra Sorte; C. Borrego; M. Lopes; M. A. Russo. 2018. "Correction to: How healthy will be the air quality in 2050?" Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 11, no. 3: 363-363.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2018 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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ACS Style

Si­lvia Coelho; Michael Russo; Ruben Oliveira; Alexandra Monteiro; Myriam Lopes; Carlos Borrego. Sustainable energy action plans at city level: A Portuguese experience and perception. Journal of Cleaner Production 2018, 176, 1223 -1230.

AMA Style

Si­lvia Coelho, Michael Russo, Ruben Oliveira, Alexandra Monteiro, Myriam Lopes, Carlos Borrego. Sustainable energy action plans at city level: A Portuguese experience and perception. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018; 176 ():1223-1230.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Si­lvia Coelho; Michael Russo; Ruben Oliveira; Alexandra Monteiro; Myriam Lopes; Carlos Borrego. 2018. "Sustainable energy action plans at city level: A Portuguese experience and perception." Journal of Cleaner Production 176, no. : 1223-1230.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2018 in Atmospheric Environment
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Several emission inventories exist for Europe, which include emissions originating from ship traffic in European sea areas. However, few comparisons of these inventories, in particular focusing on specific emission sectors like shipping, exist in literature. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to review and compare commonly used, and freely available, emission inventories available for the European domain, specifically for shipping and its main pollutants (NOx, SOx and PM10). Five different inventories were considered which include shipping activity: 1) EMEP; 2) TNO-MACC_III; 3) E-PRTR; 4) EDGAR and 5) STEAM. The inventories were initially compared in terms of total emission values and their spatial distribution. The total emission values are largely in agreement (with the exception of E-PRTR), however, the spatial representation shows significant differences in the emission distribution, in particular over the Mediterranean region. As for the contribution of shipping to overall emissions, this sector represent on average 16%, 11% and 5% of total NOx, SOx and PM10 emissions, respectively. Recommendations are given regarding the specific use of each available inventory.

ACS Style

M.A. Russo; Joana Leitao; C. Gama; J. Ferreira; Alexandra Monteiro. Shipping emissions over Europe: A state-of-the-art and comparative analysis. Atmospheric Environment 2018, 177, 187 -194.

AMA Style

M.A. Russo, Joana Leitao, C. Gama, J. Ferreira, Alexandra Monteiro. Shipping emissions over Europe: A state-of-the-art and comparative analysis. Atmospheric Environment. 2018; 177 ():187-194.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M.A. Russo; Joana Leitao; C. Gama; J. Ferreira; Alexandra Monteiro. 2018. "Shipping emissions over Europe: A state-of-the-art and comparative analysis." Atmospheric Environment 177, no. : 187-194.

Article
Published: 18 February 2017 in Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health
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The air quality standards defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), and updated in 2005, continue to be much more exigent than current EU legislation, namely regarding the most critical pollutants over Europe: ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5). This work intends to evaluate the fulfilment of these WHO standards in the present and in the future, including climate change effects. This study will be focused on Portugal, where each year, the O3 and PM10 concentrations exceed the legislated limit values. For this, regional air quality simulations for present and future periods were conducted, with CAMx version 6.0, to investigate the impacts of climate change and anthropogenic emission projections on air quality over Portugal in 2050. The climate and emission projections for 2050 were derived from the Representative Concentrations Pathway 8.5 scenario. Modelling results show that, over Portugal, the WHO standards are already not being fulfilled and will continue to be surpassed in the future. When considering climate change and projected anthropogenic emissions and comparing them to the actual scenario, a reduction in the maximum 8-h daily O3 concentration is expected. For PM, the results indicate serious problems regarding the health impact expected for both long-term and short-term exposure. The annual averages for both PM10 and PM2.5 exceed the AQG over the country. The PM short-term exposure is already very high for current conditions and higher impacts are expected for future scenario, in particular regarding the PM10 values. This air quality degradation is caused by the warmer and dryer conditions and the increase of background concentrations of pollutants expected for the 2050 climate. The results evidence that human health protection will be even more critical in the future, particularly for particulate matter. Furthermore, urgent air quality management strategies need to be designed, with transboundary cooperation and implementation.

ACS Style

A. Monteiro; E. Sá; Ana Fernandes; Carla Gama; S. Sorte; C. Borrego; Myriam Lopes; Michael Russo. How healthy will be the air quality in 2050? Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 2017, 11, 353 -362.

AMA Style

A. Monteiro, E. Sá, Ana Fernandes, Carla Gama, S. Sorte, C. Borrego, Myriam Lopes, Michael Russo. How healthy will be the air quality in 2050? Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health. 2017; 11 (3):353-362.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Monteiro; E. Sá; Ana Fernandes; Carla Gama; S. Sorte; C. Borrego; Myriam Lopes; Michael Russo. 2017. "How healthy will be the air quality in 2050?" Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 11, no. 3: 353-362.

Article
Published: 15 December 2016 in Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health
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The main objective of this work is to extend the knowledge of indoor air quality by using a numerical tool to calculate the concentrations of pollutants in the indoor air of a classroom. The application of a numerical model allowed to quantitatively assess the impact of several proposed improvement measures, through the simulation of scenarios. The numerical model CONTAM was used to characterise the indoor air quality in a classroom of an elementary school, in terms of concentrations of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and particulate matter. The results of the CONTAM simulations were compared to measurements performed during monitoring campaigns (SINPHONIE project). The simulated and measured carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide concentrations inside the classroom are in good agreement. Furthermore, for particulate matter, simulated values show a significant difference from measured values, which are higher overall. With the goal of maximising the indoor air quality of the classroom, several alternative scenarios were simulated. The door and windows of the classroom were opened or closed at different times for each scenario. The scenario promoting the best indoor air quality (i.e. with the lowest concentrations of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide) is the one in which the door is only open to allow students to get in and out of the room, and the window is kept half-open during the entire day.

ACS Style

S. Silva; A. Monteiro; Michael Russo; J. Valente; Célia Alves; Teresa Nunes; Casimiro Pio; Ana Miranda. Modelling indoor air quality: validation and sensitivity. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 2016, 10, 643 -652.

AMA Style

S. Silva, A. Monteiro, Michael Russo, J. Valente, Célia Alves, Teresa Nunes, Casimiro Pio, Ana Miranda. Modelling indoor air quality: validation and sensitivity. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health. 2016; 10 (5):643-652.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Silva; A. Monteiro; Michael Russo; J. Valente; Célia Alves; Teresa Nunes; Casimiro Pio; Ana Miranda. 2016. "Modelling indoor air quality: validation and sensitivity." Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 10, no. 5: 643-652.