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Although regulatory improvements for air quality in the European Union have been made, air pollution is still a pressing problem and, its impact on health, both mortality and morbidity, is a topic of intense research nowadays. The main goal of this work is to assess the impact of the exposure to air pollutants on the number of daily hospital admissions due to respiratory causes in 58 spatial locations of Portugal mainland, during the period 2005-2017. To this end, INteger Generalised AutoRegressive Conditional Heteroskedastic (INGARCH)-based models are extensively used. This family of models has proven to be very useful in the analysis of serially dependent count data. Such models include information on the past history of the time series, as well as the effect of external covariates. In particular, daily hospitalisation counts, air quality and temperature data are endowed within INGARCH models of optimal orders, where the automatic inclusion of the most significant covariates is carried out through a new block-forward procedure. The INGARCH approach is adequate to model the outcome variable (respiratory hospital admissions) and the covariates, which advocates for the use of count time series approaches in this setting. Results show that the past history of the count process carries very relevant information and that temperature is the most determinant covariate, among the analysed, for daily hospital respiratory admissions. It is important to stress that, despite the small variability explained by air quality, all models include on average, approximately two air pollutants covariates besides temperature. Further analysis shows that the one-step-ahead forecasts distributions are well separated into two clusters: one cluster includes locations exclusively in the Lisbon area (exhibiting higher number of one-step-ahead hospital admissions forecasts), while the other contains the remaining locations. This results highlights that special attention must be given to air quality in Lisbon metropolitan area in order to decrease the number of hospital admissions.
Ana Martins; Manuel Scotto; Ricardo Deus; Alexandra Monteiro; Sónia Gouveia. Association between respiratory hospital admissions and air quality in Portugal: A count time series approach. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0253455 .
AMA StyleAna Martins, Manuel Scotto, Ricardo Deus, Alexandra Monteiro, Sónia Gouveia. Association between respiratory hospital admissions and air quality in Portugal: A count time series approach. PLoS ONE. 2021; 16 (7):e0253455.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna Martins; Manuel Scotto; Ricardo Deus; Alexandra Monteiro; Sónia Gouveia. 2021. "Association between respiratory hospital admissions and air quality in Portugal: A count time series approach." PLoS ONE 16, no. 7: e0253455.
The contribution of natural sources to PM10 is generally unknown, being sea salt one of these sources, which is especially important in coastal countries. The objective of this work is to evaluate the contribution of sea salt to the PM10 concentration values along the Portuguese coast. For that, four air quality monitoring sites distributed along the coast and with PM10 valid data were selected, using the 2018 reference year. Each monitoring site was characterized in terms of the air mass trajectory patterns associated to the PM10 concentrations, using the HYSPLIT model and cluster analysis. The contribution of sea salt was assessed using data simulated by the WRF-CHIMERE modelling system, used for the air quality operational forecast for Portugal and extensively validated each year. The modelling results for each study site were extracted and processed to calculate the contribution of sea salt to the simulated total PM10 values. The results show that most trajectories came from the Atlantic Ocean, and the higher sea salt concentrations were associated to these trajectories. The sea salt contribution ranged from 7 to 15%, being higher at Atlantic-centre site and lower at the southernmost (Atlantic-Mediterranean) station. This sea salt contribution is expected to be higher during spring and lower during autumn.
A. R. Carvalho; C. Gama; A. Monteiro. Investigating the contribution of sea salt to PM10 concentration values on the coast of Portugal. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 2021, 1 -12.
AMA StyleA. R. Carvalho, C. Gama, A. Monteiro. Investigating the contribution of sea salt to PM10 concentration values on the coast of Portugal. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health. 2021; ():1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. R. Carvalho; C. Gama; A. Monteiro. 2021. "Investigating the contribution of sea salt to PM10 concentration values on the coast of Portugal." Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health , no. : 1-12.
Air quality is a topic with growing interest within the tourism industry, especially for destinations with a high volume of tourism. Several implications on tourism demand are already recognised, such as influence on health and well-being, travel behaviour and trip satisfaction. However, there is a knowledge gap concerning its influence on tourism decision making. To overcome this gap this study intends to examine the relevance of destinations’ air quality on tourism decision making before and during tourism trips. A qualitative study was carried out based on in-depth interviews with visitors from different cultural backgrounds and with different health conditions. A content analysis was undertaken to find the major references regarding the topic and to establish a comparative analysis. The results demonstrate a lack of concern regarding air quality in specific dimensions of travel planning. Nevertheless, when visitors are confronted with episodes of air pollution at the destination, they tend to adopt adaptive strategies to prevent negative effects. Differences were found between groups from different places of residence and between individuals with or without health problems. The paper ends with guidelines for those developing recreation and tourism activities concerning the relevance that should be assigned to air quality in the development of these activities.
V. Rodrigues; M.J. Carneiro; C. Eusébio; M. Madaleno; M. Robaina; C. Gama; K. Oliveira; H. Relvas; M. Lopes; A. Monteiro. How important is air quality in travel decision-making? Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism 2021, 35, 100380 .
AMA StyleV. Rodrigues, M.J. Carneiro, C. Eusébio, M. Madaleno, M. Robaina, C. Gama, K. Oliveira, H. Relvas, M. Lopes, A. Monteiro. How important is air quality in travel decision-making? Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism. 2021; 35 ():100380.
Chicago/Turabian StyleV. Rodrigues; M.J. Carneiro; C. Eusébio; M. Madaleno; M. Robaina; C. Gama; K. Oliveira; H. Relvas; M. Lopes; A. Monteiro. 2021. "How important is air quality in travel decision-making?" Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism 35, no. : 100380.
The pandemic caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (associated to the disease named COVID-19) is having a global impact that affects health, the economy and the environment. These impacts are negative in most of the sectors but benefits also occurred in specific fields. Tourism was one of the most negatively affected economic sectors, and in terms of benefits, the improvement of air quality can be highlighted, with positive health implications. This paper aims to evaluate the impacts on these two particular fields—tourism and air quality—focusing on Portugal due to the relevance of tourism in the country. The research carried out in this paper enables us to find the most critical areas and identifies lessons learnt and recommendations for the post-COVID period. Tourism and air quality data were collected for both 2019 and 2020 and compared in terms of quantitative and spatial analysis. The Lisbon metropolitan area—the geographical area where the capital of the country is located—was the area that suffered the most negative impacts in terms of tourism activity but was also the one where highest benefits in terms of air pollution reduction and human exposure were felt. Recommendations for future strategies are suggested, including new concepts of tourism connected to the environment; the investment in online/virtual tourism activities; promotion of the domestic market; mitigation of the over-tourism problem and using environmental issues, such as air quality, as new attractiveness criteria for tourism destinations.
Alexandra Monteiro; Celeste Eusébio; Maria Carneiro; Mara Madaleno; Margarita Robaina; Vitor Rodrigues; Carla Gama; Hélder Relvas; Michael Russo; Kevin Oliveira; Myriam Lopes; Carlos Borrego. Tourism and Air Quality during COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons for the Future. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3906 .
AMA StyleAlexandra Monteiro, Celeste Eusébio, Maria Carneiro, Mara Madaleno, Margarita Robaina, Vitor Rodrigues, Carla Gama, Hélder Relvas, Michael Russo, Kevin Oliveira, Myriam Lopes, Carlos Borrego. Tourism and Air Quality during COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons for the Future. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (7):3906.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlexandra Monteiro; Celeste Eusébio; Maria Carneiro; Mara Madaleno; Margarita Robaina; Vitor Rodrigues; Carla Gama; Hélder Relvas; Michael Russo; Kevin Oliveira; Myriam Lopes; Carlos Borrego. 2021. "Tourism and Air Quality during COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons for the Future." Sustainability 13, no. 7: 3906.
European cities have made significant progress over the last decades towards a clean air. Despite all this progress, several urban areas are frequently exceeding air quality levels allowed by the European legal standards. The ClairCity project funded by the H2020 program addressed air pollution bringing a key missing factor in the way cities and societies organized themselves and work: citizens at the heart not only of the air pollution issues, but also of the solution, focusing on their behaviour, activities and practices. In this work, the ClairCity European pilot cities and regions (Bristol in the UK, Amsterdam in the Netherlands, Ljubljana in Slovenia, Sosnowiec in Poland, the Aveiro region in Portugal and the Liguria region around Genoa in Italy) are studied in terms of air quality for a 10 year period regarding the main atmospheric pollutants over urban areas, namely particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ozone.
Therefore, the main objective of this work is to present a comprehensive diagnosis of the air quality and its main emission sources for each case study. The concentrations trends in the different typology of monitoring stations (background, traffic and industrial) were addressed, together with the knowledge of daily, weekly and seasonal pollution patterns to better understand the city specific profiles and to characterise pollutant dynamics and variations in multiple locations.
Each city/ region faces different issues and causes of air pollution, but all of these case studies have been working on to improve their air quality. In Bristol there have been strong downward trends in many air pollutants, but the levels of NO2 remain persistently high and of concern, with transport the key contributor. PM on the other hand is not widely monitored in Bristol, but background levels at least are under limit values. Similarly, the main sources of air pollution in Amsterdam are traffic, in particular for NO2, and international shipping. Decreasing emissions and concentration levels point to some success of Amsterdam air quality policies in recent years. PM10 exceedances are a seasonal pollution problem in Ljubljana, with the main particulate matter sources attributed to residential heating, which is still significantly outdated in some parts of the city, where households still heat with burning wood and biomass during winter. The most pressing issue for air quality within Sosnowiec is emissions from residential heating. Particulate matter are the main critical pollutants, linked with the use of inefficient heating systems, together with poor quality fuels, in winter. On the other hand, NO2 limit values are also exceeded in Sosnowiec, but in comparison to the low-stack emissions, the problem is far smaller. On contrary, air quality in the Aveiro region is relatively good, due to an overall relatively low population density in the region, and an open landscape in a maritime climate. PM10 and O3 exceedances do occur occasionally. While, exceedances of NO2 and O3 concentrations are still problematic in Liguria region, with road transport, industrial plants and port activities being the main contributors to these problems.
Vera Rodrigues; Carla Gama; Ana Ascenso; Kevin Oliveira; Sílvia Coelho; Alexandra Monteiro; Enda Hayes; Myriam Lopes. Temporal patterns and trends of air pollution over distinct European urban areas. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleVera Rodrigues, Carla Gama, Ana Ascenso, Kevin Oliveira, Sílvia Coelho, Alexandra Monteiro, Enda Hayes, Myriam Lopes. Temporal patterns and trends of air pollution over distinct European urban areas. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVera Rodrigues; Carla Gama; Ana Ascenso; Kevin Oliveira; Sílvia Coelho; Alexandra Monteiro; Enda Hayes; Myriam Lopes. 2021. "Temporal patterns and trends of air pollution over distinct European urban areas." , no. : 1.
Atmospheric emissions related to harbor-related activities can significantly contribute to air pollution of coastal urban areas and so, could have implications to the citizens’ health that live in those areas. Of great concern is the local impact of the emissions that are generated while ships are at berth, since not all types of ships switch off the main engines. This paper intends to investigate the influence of the stack configuration for generic cargo ships on the exhaust smoke dispersion, using the Port of Leixões as a case study and a series of wind tunnel experiments with support of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique. For that, different configurations of the stack of a cargo ship (in terms of height, geometry and diameter) were simulated under the typical wind conditions of the study area. The PIV results indicate negligible differences between the medium and long stack height, with the short stack height presenting a strong impact on the flow field around the stack. For the short stack height, the flow field is not only disturbed by the stack, but also by the cargo ship bridge, with both obstacles promoting disturbances on the flow field and creating a large wake turbulence effect, which is important for the downwash phenomena. Regarding the effects linked with two distinct geometries (straight or curved), the results show that the straight chimney led to higher perturbation of wind field when compared with the curved geometry. The curved stack presents an increase of vorticity, indicating the generation of more turbulent structures. The PIV results also confirmed that higher wind velocity at the inlet conducts to higher vorticity levels, as well as a higher number of Kelvin–Helmholtz structures. For distinct wind conditions the PIV measurements point out different patterns, indicating the northern wind direction as the most favorable condition for the exposure of dock workers to pollutants. Overall, the results showed that a ship stack with a curved end, medium length and smaller diameter has the capability to promote the behaviors in the flow that are coherent with increased pollutant dispersion.
Luís Correia; Sandra Rafael; Sandra Sorte; Vera Rodrigues; Carlos Borrego; Alexandra Monteiro. High-Resolution Analysis of Wind Flow Behavior on Ship Stacks Configuration: A Portuguese Case Study. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 303 .
AMA StyleLuís Correia, Sandra Rafael, Sandra Sorte, Vera Rodrigues, Carlos Borrego, Alexandra Monteiro. High-Resolution Analysis of Wind Flow Behavior on Ship Stacks Configuration: A Portuguese Case Study. Atmosphere. 2021; 12 (3):303.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuís Correia; Sandra Rafael; Sandra Sorte; Vera Rodrigues; Carlos Borrego; Alexandra Monteiro. 2021. "High-Resolution Analysis of Wind Flow Behavior on Ship Stacks Configuration: A Portuguese Case Study." Atmosphere 12, no. 3: 303.
In the atmosphere, aerosols play an important role in climate change, the Earth’s environment and human health. The purpose of this study is to investigate the direct and semi-direct aerosol effects on weather forecasting, focusing on the Iberian Peninsula (IP). To that end, two Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)-Chem simulations (with and without aerosol feedback) for an entire year (2015) were performed. The model setup includes two nested domains run in two-way mode, allowing the downscaling for the IP domain at a 5 × 5 km2 high-horizontal resolution. The results were explored through agreement of pairs of time series and their spatial variability in order to analyse the importance of including the online-coupled aerosol radiative effect on the meteorological variables: shortwave (solar) radiation, air temperature and precipitation. Significant variations of agreement were found when capturing both temporal and spatial patterns of the analysed meteorological variables. While the spatial distribution of temperature and precipitation is similar throughout the IP domain, with agreement values ranging from 0.87 up to 1.00, the solar radiation presents a distinct spatial pattern with lower agreement values (0.68–0.75) over ocean and higher agreement (0.75–0.98) over land regions. With regard to the spatial differences between simulations, the aerosol contributed to a considerable decrease in annual mean and maximum radiation (up to 20 and 40 Wm−2, respectively), slightly impacting the temperature variation (up to 0.5 °C). These results suggest that the aerosol feedback effects should be accounted when performing weather forecasts, and not only for purposes of air quality assessment.
Carlos Silveira; Ana Martins; Sónia Gouveia; Manuel Scotto; Ana Miranda; Alexandra Monteiro. The Role of the Atmospheric Aerosol in Weather Forecasts for the Iberian Peninsula: Investigating the Direct Effects Using the WRF-Chem Model. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 288 .
AMA StyleCarlos Silveira, Ana Martins, Sónia Gouveia, Manuel Scotto, Ana Miranda, Alexandra Monteiro. The Role of the Atmospheric Aerosol in Weather Forecasts for the Iberian Peninsula: Investigating the Direct Effects Using the WRF-Chem Model. Atmosphere. 2021; 12 (2):288.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlos Silveira; Ana Martins; Sónia Gouveia; Manuel Scotto; Ana Miranda; Alexandra Monteiro. 2021. "The Role of the Atmospheric Aerosol in Weather Forecasts for the Iberian Peninsula: Investigating the Direct Effects Using the WRF-Chem Model." Atmosphere 12, no. 2: 288.
Tropospheric ozone (O3) can strongly damage vegetation. Grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.), in particular, have intermediate sensitivity to ozone. Wine production is an important economic activity, as well as a pillar to the cultural identity of several countries in the world. This study aims to evaluate the risk of Douro vineyards exposure to ozone, by estimating its concentration and deposition in the Demarcated Region of Douro in Portugal. Based on an assessment of the climatology of the area, the years 2003 to 2005 were selected among the hottest years of the recent past, and the chemical transport model CHIMERE was used to estimate the three-dimensional field of ozone and its dry deposition over the Douro region with 1 km2 of horizontal resolution. Model results were validated by comparison with measured data from the European air quality database (AirBase). The exposure indicator AOT40 (accumulated concentration of ozone above 40 ppb) was calculated and an exposure–response function was applied to determine the grapevine risk to ozone exposure. The target value for the protection of vegetation established by the Air Quality Framework Directive was exceeded on most of the Douro region, especially over the Baixo Corgo and Cima Corgo sub-regions. The results of the exposure–response functions suggest that the productivity loss can reach 27% and that the sugar content of the grapes could be reduced by 32%, but these values are affected by the inherent uncertainty of the used methodology.
Ana Ascenso; Carla Gama; Daniel Blanco-Ward; Alexandra Monteiro; Carlos Silveira; Carolina Viceto; Vera Rodrigues; Alfredo Rocha; Carlos Borrego; Myriam Lopes; Ana Miranda. Assessing Douro Vineyards Exposure to Tropospheric Ozone. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 200 .
AMA StyleAna Ascenso, Carla Gama, Daniel Blanco-Ward, Alexandra Monteiro, Carlos Silveira, Carolina Viceto, Vera Rodrigues, Alfredo Rocha, Carlos Borrego, Myriam Lopes, Ana Miranda. Assessing Douro Vineyards Exposure to Tropospheric Ozone. Atmosphere. 2021; 12 (2):200.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna Ascenso; Carla Gama; Daniel Blanco-Ward; Alexandra Monteiro; Carlos Silveira; Carolina Viceto; Vera Rodrigues; Alfredo Rocha; Carlos Borrego; Myriam Lopes; Ana Miranda. 2021. "Assessing Douro Vineyards Exposure to Tropospheric Ozone." Atmosphere 12, no. 2: 200.
Air quality (AQ) is gaining considerable visibility within the tourism sector. However, despite several studies analysing the impact of tourism activities on the AQ of destinations, little is known about the inverse relation. This paper analyses the role of AQ on travel planning and the factors influencing it, specifically the influence of environmentally friendly daily behaviours and concerns with AQ impacts on visitor health. To accomplish this, a questionnaire survey (N = 834) was carried out to visitors. Two Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and two multivariate regression models were used to identify the factors influencing the role of AQ in travel planning. Results reveal that despite AQ not having a substantial role in travel planning of tourism activities, the environmentally friendly daily behaviours of visitors have a positive influence on the role of AQ in travel planning. The paper ends with some theoretical and practical implications.
Maria João Carneiro; Vitor Rodrigues; Celeste Eusébio; Margarita Robaina; Mara Madaleno; Alexandra Monteiro; Carla Gama; Kevin Oliveira; Michael Russo; Carlos Borrego. Tourism and Air Quality: Factors Influencing the Role of Air Quality in Visitors Travel Planning. Tourism Planning & Development 2021, 1 -21.
AMA StyleMaria João Carneiro, Vitor Rodrigues, Celeste Eusébio, Margarita Robaina, Mara Madaleno, Alexandra Monteiro, Carla Gama, Kevin Oliveira, Michael Russo, Carlos Borrego. Tourism and Air Quality: Factors Influencing the Role of Air Quality in Visitors Travel Planning. Tourism Planning & Development. 2021; ():1-21.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaria João Carneiro; Vitor Rodrigues; Celeste Eusébio; Margarita Robaina; Mara Madaleno; Alexandra Monteiro; Carla Gama; Kevin Oliveira; Michael Russo; Carlos Borrego. 2021. "Tourism and Air Quality: Factors Influencing the Role of Air Quality in Visitors Travel Planning." Tourism Planning & Development , no. : 1-21.
The continuous world population growth, followed by current globalization levels, raises concerns towards sustainable development, including the sustainability of organizations. In recent decades, organizations have been increasing their commitment to sustainability. In particular, port organizations are aware of their most critical economic, environmental and social impacts, due to the continuous growth of the sector. Performance indicators are an important tool to assess the environmental performance of a port. In this paper, we aim to recognize the role of these indicators on the sustainability assessment of port organizations. For that purpose, we apply the benchmarking technique to compare the performance of distinct European seaports using environmental performance indicators from the Global Reporting Initiative consolidated guidelines. The indicators most representative of port activities are established and quantified considering the available data for the period between 2008 and 2017. The difficulties associated with the application of the benchmarking technique paves the way for guidelines towards the establishment of a common framework for reporting environmental indicators for the specific case of port organizations. Based on the benchmarking outcomes, we apply the environmental performance indicators to the Port of Aveiro to assess their effectiveness while suggesting adjustments to the existing indicators which are better suited for port activities. The outcomes of this study will provide port organizations with a common framework to report environmental sustainability, thus allowing for a better comparison of their environmental performance.
V. Rodrigues; M. Russo; S. Sorte; J. Reis; K. Oliveira; A.L. Dionísio; A. Monteiro; M. Lopes. Harmonizing sustainability assessment in seaports: A common framework for reporting environmental performance indicators. Ocean & Coastal Management 2021, 202, 105514 .
AMA StyleV. Rodrigues, M. Russo, S. Sorte, J. Reis, K. Oliveira, A.L. Dionísio, A. Monteiro, M. Lopes. Harmonizing sustainability assessment in seaports: A common framework for reporting environmental performance indicators. Ocean & Coastal Management. 2021; 202 ():105514.
Chicago/Turabian StyleV. Rodrigues; M. Russo; S. Sorte; J. Reis; K. Oliveira; A.L. Dionísio; A. Monteiro; M. Lopes. 2021. "Harmonizing sustainability assessment in seaports: A common framework for reporting environmental performance indicators." Ocean & Coastal Management 202, no. : 105514.
The pandemic caused by coronavirus COVID-19 is having a worldwide impact that affects health, the economy and indirectly affects the air pollution in cities. In Portugal, the number of cases increased continually (32700 confirmed cases as of May 31, 2020), which has affected the health system and caused movement restrictions which in turn affects the air pollution in the country. This article analyses the indirect effect produced by this pandemic on air pollution in Portugal, by comparison of data from a period of movement restriction of the citizens by the government – COVID lockdown period (March–May 2020) with data from baseline conditions (mean of the mirrored periods from the five previous years (March–May from 2015 to 2019)). Air quality data – in particular NO2 and PM10 hourly concentration - from more than 20 monitoring stations spread over mainland Portugal was used to perform this evaluation. The mean reduction observed on pollutant concentrations was higher for NO2 (41%) than for PM10 (18%). For NO2, mean reductions were more significant in traffic (reaching values higher than 60% in some monitoring stations) and background urban sites than in rural stations. The reduction of NO2 concentration observed in traffic sites were compared to the estimation of traffic contribution by the incremental method, suggesting that this latter approach is not consistent (lower in same sites and higher in others) and alerting to the careful use of this approach in future works.
Carla Gama; Hélder Relvas; Myriam Lopes; Alexandra Monteiro. The impact of COVID-19 on air quality levels in Portugal: A way to assess traffic contribution. Environmental Research 2020, 193, 110515 -110515.
AMA StyleCarla Gama, Hélder Relvas, Myriam Lopes, Alexandra Monteiro. The impact of COVID-19 on air quality levels in Portugal: A way to assess traffic contribution. Environmental Research. 2020; 193 ():110515-110515.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarla Gama; Hélder Relvas; Myriam Lopes; Alexandra Monteiro. 2020. "The impact of COVID-19 on air quality levels in Portugal: A way to assess traffic contribution." Environmental Research 193, no. : 110515-110515.
Several harbour activities cause negative environmental impacts in the harbours' surrounding areas, namely the degradation of air quality. This paper intends to comprehensively review the status of the air quality measured in harbour areas. The published studies show a limited number of available air quality monitoring data in harbours areas, mostly located in Europe (71%). Measured concentrations of the main air pollutants were compiled and intercompared, for different countries worldwide allowing a large spatial representativeness. The higher NO2 and PM10 concentrations were found in Europe - ranging between 12 and 107 μg/m3 and 2-50 μg/m3, respectively, while the higher concentrations of PM2.5 were found in Asia (25-70 μg/m3). In addition, the lower levels of SO2 monitored in recent years suggest that current mitigation strategies adopted across Europe were very efficient in promoting the reduction of SO2 concentrations. Part of the reviewed studies also estimated the contributions from ship emissions to PM concentration through the application of source apportionment methods, with an average of 5-15%. In some specific harbour areas in Asia, ships can contribute up to 7-26% to the local fine particulate matter concentrations. This review confirms that emissions from the maritime transport sector should be considered as a significant source of particulate matter in harbour areas, since this pollutant concentrations are frequently exceeding the established standard legal limit values. Therefore, the results from this review boost the implementation of mitigation measures, aiming to reduce, in particular, particulate matter emissions.
Sandra Sorte; Vera Rodrigues; Carlos Borrego; Alexandra Monteiro. Impact of harbour activities on local air quality: A review. Environmental Pollution 2020, 257, 113542 .
AMA StyleSandra Sorte, Vera Rodrigues, Carlos Borrego, Alexandra Monteiro. Impact of harbour activities on local air quality: A review. Environmental Pollution. 2020; 257 ():113542.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSandra Sorte; Vera Rodrigues; Carlos Borrego; Alexandra Monteiro. 2020. "Impact of harbour activities on local air quality: A review." Environmental Pollution 257, no. : 113542.
Desert dust outbreaks may affect air quality. This study estimates the importance of African dust contribution to the PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations observed in rural regional background sites in Portugal. Desert dust contribution is evaluated by two different approaches: A measurement-approach methodology based on the monthly moving 40th percentile, and a model-approach methodology based on WRF-CHIMERE simulations, whose performance is also assessed within this work. Several desert dust episodes affected atmospheric aerosols in the planetary boundary layer over Portugal during 2016. Their intensity was variable, with at least two events (21–22 February and 27–28 October) contributing to exceedances to the PM10 daily limit value defined in the European Air Quality Directive. African dust contributions obtained for the year 2016 with the measurement-approach methodology are higher than the ones simulated by WRF-CHIMERE. Contributions to PM10 and to PM2.5 concentrations range from 0 to 90 µg m−3 and from 0 to 30 µg m−3, respectively, in most of the regions and days. Caution must be employed when using measurement-approach methodologies to quantify dust contributions to PM levels when forest fires occur simultaneously with the long-range transport of desert dust, as happened in August 2016.
Carla Gama; Casimiro Pio; Alexandra Monteiro; Michael Russo; Ana Patrícia Fernandes; Carlos Borrego; José María Baldasano; Oxana Tchepel. Comparison of Methodologies for Assessing Desert Dust Contribution to Regional PM10 and PM2.5 Levels: A One-Year Study Over Portugal. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 134 .
AMA StyleCarla Gama, Casimiro Pio, Alexandra Monteiro, Michael Russo, Ana Patrícia Fernandes, Carlos Borrego, José María Baldasano, Oxana Tchepel. Comparison of Methodologies for Assessing Desert Dust Contribution to Regional PM10 and PM2.5 Levels: A One-Year Study Over Portugal. Atmosphere. 2020; 11 (2):134.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarla Gama; Casimiro Pio; Alexandra Monteiro; Michael Russo; Ana Patrícia Fernandes; Carlos Borrego; José María Baldasano; Oxana Tchepel. 2020. "Comparison of Methodologies for Assessing Desert Dust Contribution to Regional PM10 and PM2.5 Levels: A One-Year Study Over Portugal." Atmosphere 11, no. 2: 134.
Fluxes of CO2, H2O and energy were measured continuously during a four-year period by eddy covariance, simultaneously at an urban and a suburban sites in the western coast of Portugal. The parallel measurements permitted to distinguish anthropogenic from natural CO2 emission/deposition. Natural CO2 fluxes were important in the suburban location. Anthropogenic emission of CO2 dominated the urban fluxes, being the double in winter by comparison with summer periods. A weekly and daily pattern was observed for CO2 fluxes in the urban area, with lower emission rates during weekends and daily flux peaks coincident with traffic rush hours. At the suburban site, daily and seasonal variability was consistent with the vegetation photosynthesis activity and growth cycles. Measured fluxes compared very favourably with inventory calculations indicating that traffic and home heating are the main causes of CO2 anthropogenic emissions. Individual CO2 fluxes measured in Portugal are at the lower side of the urban anthropogenic individual fluxes published worldwide, possibly as result of the mild local climate and low family income that hinders residential heating during cold spells. Although it rained 20% more at the urban area, by comparison with the suburban location, fluxes of water vapour were, on average, 20% higher at the suburban site, probably as result of the more porous character of the ground coverage. This affected the way energy fluxes are distributed between sensible and latent heat at each site, with higher Bowen ratios at the urban area. No heat island effect could be detected, on a seasonal basis, at the urban site, probably because of higher turbulence in the urban area caused by coastal winds and higher surface roughness.
Vanda Salgueiro; Mário Cerqueira; Alexandra Monteiro; Célia Alves; Sandra Rafael; Carlos Borrego; Casimiro Pio. Annual and seasonal variability of greenhouse gases fluxes over coastal urban and suburban areas in Portugal: Measurements and source partitioning. Atmospheric Environment 2019, 223, 117204 .
AMA StyleVanda Salgueiro, Mário Cerqueira, Alexandra Monteiro, Célia Alves, Sandra Rafael, Carlos Borrego, Casimiro Pio. Annual and seasonal variability of greenhouse gases fluxes over coastal urban and suburban areas in Portugal: Measurements and source partitioning. Atmospheric Environment. 2019; 223 ():117204.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVanda Salgueiro; Mário Cerqueira; Alexandra Monteiro; Célia Alves; Sandra Rafael; Carlos Borrego; Casimiro Pio. 2019. "Annual and seasonal variability of greenhouse gases fluxes over coastal urban and suburban areas in Portugal: Measurements and source partitioning." Atmospheric Environment 223, no. : 117204.
Data on atmospheric pollutant emissions from tourism activities was identified as a critical knowledge gap. Building an emissions inventory is a standard procedure that most countries perform for regulatory or research purposes. At a European level, these inventories are developed using the standard Nomenclature for Reporting (NFR sectors). However, none of the NFR are exclusively for tourism or explicitly include it. This paper presents a methodology to estimate the emissions from main touristic activities, focusing on Portugal as a case study. The emissions were distributed using tourism data as a proxy, namely the contribution of tourism to characteristic industries, as well as the nights spent in tourism establishments by non-residents. The proxy data was used to distribute emissions throughout the municipalities, using the national reported emissions data as a starting point. An analysis of the spatial distribution of tourism emissions was performed, highlighting that tourism has a significant impact on atmospheric emissions over specific areas (up to 40.1%), and contributing to areas where air pollution is already an environmental stress factor (urban centres of Porto and Lisbon). While this methodological framework was developed specifically for Portugal, it may be adapted to assess atmospheric pollutant emissions from tourism activities in other regions. Beyond the methodology proposed and the analysis of the results, other alternative methods to estimate emissions from the tourism sector are discussed and suggested.
M.A. Russo; H. Relvas; Carla Gama; Myriam Lopes; C. Borrego; V. Rodrigues; Margarita Robaina; M. Madaleno; M.J. Carneiro; C. Eusébio; A. Monteiro. Estimating emissions from tourism activities. Atmospheric Environment 2019, 220, 117048 .
AMA StyleM.A. Russo, H. Relvas, Carla Gama, Myriam Lopes, C. Borrego, V. Rodrigues, Margarita Robaina, M. Madaleno, M.J. Carneiro, C. Eusébio, A. Monteiro. Estimating emissions from tourism activities. Atmospheric Environment. 2019; 220 ():117048.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM.A. Russo; H. Relvas; Carla Gama; Myriam Lopes; C. Borrego; V. Rodrigues; Margarita Robaina; M. Madaleno; M.J. Carneiro; C. Eusébio; A. Monteiro. 2019. "Estimating emissions from tourism activities." Atmospheric Environment 220, no. : 117048.
Alexandra Monteiro; Michael Russo; Carla Gama; Carlos Borrego. SHIPPING EMISSIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON AIR QUALITY IN URBAN COASTAL AREAS: PRESENT AND FUTURE SCENARIOS. Urban Transport XXV 2019, 1 .
AMA StyleAlexandra Monteiro, Michael Russo, Carla Gama, Carlos Borrego. SHIPPING EMISSIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON AIR QUALITY IN URBAN COASTAL AREAS: PRESENT AND FUTURE SCENARIOS. Urban Transport XXV. 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlexandra Monteiro; Michael Russo; Carla Gama; Carlos Borrego. 2019. "SHIPPING EMISSIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON AIR QUALITY IN URBAN COASTAL AREAS: PRESENT AND FUTURE SCENARIOS." Urban Transport XXV , no. : 1.
C. Gama; I. Ribeiro; Anne Caroline Lange; Annika Vogel; A. Ascenso; V. Seixas; H. Elbern; C. Borrego; E. Friese; A. Monteiro. Performance assessment of CHIMERE and EURAD-IM’ dust modules. Atmospheric Pollution Research 2019, 10, 1336 -1346.
AMA StyleC. Gama, I. Ribeiro, Anne Caroline Lange, Annika Vogel, A. Ascenso, V. Seixas, H. Elbern, C. Borrego, E. Friese, A. Monteiro. Performance assessment of CHIMERE and EURAD-IM’ dust modules. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2019; 10 (4):1336-1346.
Chicago/Turabian StyleC. Gama; I. Ribeiro; Anne Caroline Lange; Annika Vogel; A. Ascenso; V. Seixas; H. Elbern; C. Borrego; E. Friese; A. Monteiro. 2019. "Performance assessment of CHIMERE and EURAD-IM’ dust modules." Atmospheric Pollution Research 10, no. 4: 1336-1346.
Climate change is of major relevance to wine production as most of the wine‐growing regions of the world are located within relatively narrow latitudinal bands with average growing‐season temperatures limited to 13–21 °C. This study focuses on the incidence of climate variables and indices that are relevant both for climate change assessment and for grape production, with emphasis on grapevine bioclimatic indices and extreme events (e.g. cold waves, storms, heatwaves). Dynamical downscaling of European Reanalysis‐Interim (ERA‐Interim) and Max Planck Institute Earth System low‐resolution (MPI‐ESM‐LR) global simulations forced with a Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) greenhouse gas (GHG) emission scenario was performed with the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model to a regional scale including the Douro Valley of Portugal for recent‐past (1986–2005) and future periods (2046–2065, 2081–2100). The number, duration and intensity of events were superimposed over critical phenological phases estimated by using a specific local grapevine varietal phenological model in order to assess their positive or negative implications for wine production in the region. An assessment of the relevance of climate parameters and indices and their progression in recent‐past and future climate scenarios with regard to the potential impact on wine production was performed. Results indicate a positive relation between higher growing‐season heat accumulations and greater vintage yields. A moderate incidence of very hot days (daily maximum temperature above 35 °C) and drought from pre‐véraison phenological conditions have a positive association with vintage ratings. However, the mid‐ and long‐term WRF‐MPI RCP8.5 future climate scenarios reveal shifts to warmer and drier conditions, with the mean growing‐season temperature (GST) not remaining within range for quality wine production in the long‐term future climate scenario. These results indicate potential impacts that suggest a range of strategies to maintain wine production and quality in the region.
Daniel Blanco‐Ward; Alexandra Monteiro; Myriam Lopes; Carlos Borrego; Carlos Silveira; Carolina Viceto; Alfredo Rocha; A.C. Ribeiro; João Andrade; Manuel Feliciano; João Castro; David Barreales; Jorge Neto; Cristina Carlos; Carlos Peixoto; Ana Miranda. Climate change impact on a wine‐producing region using a dynamical downscaling approach: Climate parameters, bioclimatic indices and extreme indices. International Journal of Climatology 2019, 39, 5741 -5760.
AMA StyleDaniel Blanco‐Ward, Alexandra Monteiro, Myriam Lopes, Carlos Borrego, Carlos Silveira, Carolina Viceto, Alfredo Rocha, A.C. Ribeiro, João Andrade, Manuel Feliciano, João Castro, David Barreales, Jorge Neto, Cristina Carlos, Carlos Peixoto, Ana Miranda. Climate change impact on a wine‐producing region using a dynamical downscaling approach: Climate parameters, bioclimatic indices and extreme indices. International Journal of Climatology. 2019; 39 (15):5741-5760.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel Blanco‐Ward; Alexandra Monteiro; Myriam Lopes; Carlos Borrego; Carlos Silveira; Carolina Viceto; Alfredo Rocha; A.C. Ribeiro; João Andrade; Manuel Feliciano; João Castro; David Barreales; Jorge Neto; Cristina Carlos; Carlos Peixoto; Ana Miranda. 2019. "Climate change impact on a wine‐producing region using a dynamical downscaling approach: Climate parameters, bioclimatic indices and extreme indices." International Journal of Climatology 39, no. 15: 5741-5760.
EURO-CORDEX is an international initiative which provides regional climate projections based on multiple dynamical and empirical–statistical downscaling models. The goal of this work is to analyse the agreement between projections of the CLMCOM-CCLM4-8-17 (CLMCOM) and SMHI-RCA4 (SMHI) models across Europe. The variables temperature, precipitation and solar radiation were considered for a historical period (1971–2005) and for a future scenario (2006–2040). The overall agreement (\(\mathcal {A}\)) is defined as the normalised area of the magnitude-squared coherence function over the frequency range (averaged over time), being 0 for no agreement and 1 for total agreement between models. The relative mean difference (\(\mathcal {M}\)) and difference between the coefficients of variation (\(\mathcal {V}\)) are also explored, since coherence analysis cannot evaluate differences in mean and variability. Agreement values ranging from 0.32 to 0.74, 0.28 to 0.69 and 0.32 to 0.58 were found for temperature, precipitation and solar radiation, respectively, for the historical period. In all cases, the results show better agreement for lower than higher frequencies. Overall, the time series from both models behave fairly similarly for lower frequencies (i.e. the trend of the time series), while for higher frequencies (i.e. rapid changes in the time series), the similarities between the models are less consistent. For temperature, the \(\mathcal {M}\) and \(\mathcal {V}\) values are smaller than 2.5%, while for precipitation and solar radiation they can exceed 50% and 35%, respectively. Further analysis revealed that the contribution of winter and summer differs considerably for \(\mathcal {M}\) and \(\mathcal {V}\) values. In conclusion, it seems that such models can provide fairly similar results when considering long periods of time.
Ana Martins; Sandra Rafael; Alexandra Monteiro; Manuel Scotto; Sónia Gouveia. Euro-Cordex Regional Projection Models: What Kind of Agreement for Europe? Mathematical Geosciences 2019, 51, 1021 -1035.
AMA StyleAna Martins, Sandra Rafael, Alexandra Monteiro, Manuel Scotto, Sónia Gouveia. Euro-Cordex Regional Projection Models: What Kind of Agreement for Europe? Mathematical Geosciences. 2019; 51 (8):1021-1035.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna Martins; Sandra Rafael; Alexandra Monteiro; Manuel Scotto; Sónia Gouveia. 2019. "Euro-Cordex Regional Projection Models: What Kind of Agreement for Europe?" Mathematical Geosciences 51, no. 8: 1021-1035.
Several harbors, like the Port of Leixões (Porto, Portugal), are located near urban and industrial areas, places where residential urban areas, highways and the refinery industry coexist. The need for assessing the contribution of the port to the air quality in its vicinity around the port is the motivation for the present study. This contribution was investigated using a numerical modelling approach based on the web-based research screening tool C-PORT. The impact of the meteorological conditions (namely atmospheric stability and wind direction) was first evaluated, and the most critical conditions for pollutants dispersion were identified. The dominant wind direction, from WSW, was responsible for the transport of pollutants over the surrounding urban area, which was potentiated by the diurnal sea breeze circulation. Multiple scenario runs were then performed to quantify the contribution of each emission sector/activity (namely maritime emissions; port activities; road traffic and refinery) to the ambient air quality. The multiple scenario runs indicated that land-based emission sources at the Port (including trucks, railways, cargo handling equipment and bulk material stored) were the major contributors (approximately 80%) for the levels of surface PM10 concentrations over the study area. Whereas, the main drivers of NOX concentrations were docked ships, responsible for 55–73% of the total NOX concentrations.
Sandra Sorte; Saravanan Arunachalam; Brian Naess; Catherine Seppanen; Vera Rodrigues; Alejandro Valencia; Carlos Borrego; Alexandra Monteiro. Assessment of source contribution to air quality in an urban area close to a harbor: Case-study in Porto, Portugal. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 662, 347 -360.
AMA StyleSandra Sorte, Saravanan Arunachalam, Brian Naess, Catherine Seppanen, Vera Rodrigues, Alejandro Valencia, Carlos Borrego, Alexandra Monteiro. Assessment of source contribution to air quality in an urban area close to a harbor: Case-study in Porto, Portugal. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 662 ():347-360.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSandra Sorte; Saravanan Arunachalam; Brian Naess; Catherine Seppanen; Vera Rodrigues; Alejandro Valencia; Carlos Borrego; Alexandra Monteiro. 2019. "Assessment of source contribution to air quality in an urban area close to a harbor: Case-study in Porto, Portugal." Science of The Total Environment 662, no. : 347-360.