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Chang Ha Park
Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea

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Journal article
Published: 23 August 2021 in Plants
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Chelidonium majus L. is a perennial herbaceous plant that has various medicinal properties. However, the genomic information about its carotenoid biosynthesis pathway (CBP), xanthophyll biosynthesis pathway (XBP), and apocarotenoid biosynthesis pathway (ABP) genes were limited. Thus, the CBP, XBP, and ABP genes of C. majus were identified and analyzed. Among the 15 carotenoid pathway genes identified, 11 full and 4 partial open reading frames were determined. Phylogenetic analysis of these gene sequences showed higher similarity with higher plants. Through 3D structural analysis and multiple alignments, several distinct conserved motifs were identified, including dinucleotide binding motif, carotene binding motif, and aspartate or glutamate residues. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that CBP, XBP, and ABP genes were expressed in a tissue-specific manner; the highest expression levels were achieved in flowers, followed by those in leaves, roots, and stems. The HPLC analysis of the different organs showed the presence of eight different carotenoids. The highest total carotenoid content was found in leaves, followed by that in flowers, stems, and roots. This study provides information on the molecular mechanisms involved in CBP, XBP, and ABP genes, which might help optimize the carotenoid production in C. majus. The results could also be a basis of further studies on the molecular genetics and functional analysis of CBP, XBP, and ABP genes.

ACS Style

Ramaraj Sathasivam; Hyeon Ji Yeo; Chang Ha Park; Minsol Choi; Haejin Kwon; Ji Eun Sim; Sang Un Park; Jae Kwang Kim. Molecular Characterization, Expression Analysis of Carotenoid, Xanthophyll, Apocarotenoid Pathway Genes, and Carotenoid and Xanthophyll Accumulation in Chelidonium majus L. Plants 2021, 10, 1753 .

AMA Style

Ramaraj Sathasivam, Hyeon Ji Yeo, Chang Ha Park, Minsol Choi, Haejin Kwon, Ji Eun Sim, Sang Un Park, Jae Kwang Kim. Molecular Characterization, Expression Analysis of Carotenoid, Xanthophyll, Apocarotenoid Pathway Genes, and Carotenoid and Xanthophyll Accumulation in Chelidonium majus L. Plants. 2021; 10 (8):1753.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramaraj Sathasivam; Hyeon Ji Yeo; Chang Ha Park; Minsol Choi; Haejin Kwon; Ji Eun Sim; Sang Un Park; Jae Kwang Kim. 2021. "Molecular Characterization, Expression Analysis of Carotenoid, Xanthophyll, Apocarotenoid Pathway Genes, and Carotenoid and Xanthophyll Accumulation in Chelidonium majus L." Plants 10, no. 8: 1753.

Journal article
Published: 25 June 2021 in Antioxidants
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Lavandula pubescens, belonging to the Labiatae family, is a newly discovered strongly aromatic species of lavender that is potentially beneficial for human health. Given the economic importance of lavender species, we sought in this study to characterize the terpenoid biosynthesis of L. pubescens by obtaining transcriptomic and metabolic datasets. Transcriptome analysis of L. pubescens grown aseptically in tissue culture medium yielded 124,233 unigenes with an average length of 470 bp and N50 value of 522 bp from 9,476,122,928 raw reads. In order to provide relevant biological information, the unigenes were annotated using the following public databases: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) nucleotide (NT) and non-redundant protein (NR), Brassica (BRAD), Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG), and Gene Ontology (GO). NR annotation results revealed that L. pubescens is genetically closely related to Sesamum indicum. On the basis of the transcriptome data, a total of 14 cDNA clones encoding the terpene biosynthetic genes LpDXS, LpMCT, LpMCS, LpHDR, LpIDI, LpAACT, LpHMGS, LpHMGR, LpMVK, LpPMK, LpMVD, LpGPPS, LpSQS, and LpGGPPS were identified in L. pubescens. These were quantified in the roots, stems, and leaves of L. pubescens using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), which revealed that the gene expression levels were higher in the leaves and stems than in the roots, which was found to be consistent with the levels of ursolic and oleanolic acids in the different organs using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A total of 48 hydrophilic metabolites were identified and quantified in the organs using gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS). Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of an ethyl acetate extract of L. pubescens leaves was examined using different methods to determine the potential therapeutic properties. A reducing power assay revealed that the absorbance values increased in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay indicated the strong activity (60.4 ± 0.9%) of the ethyl acetate extract at a concentration of 100 µg/mL, which also showed strong hydrogen peroxide (57.4 ± 2.7%), superoxide radical (62.1 ± 0.7%), and hydroxyl radical (58.6 ± 0.4%) scavenging activities.

ACS Style

Chang Park; Hyeon Yeo; Ye Park; Ye Kim; Chanung Park; Jae Kim; Sang Park. Integrated Analysis of Transcriptome and Metabolome and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities in Lavandula pubescens. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1027 .

AMA Style

Chang Park, Hyeon Yeo, Ye Park, Ye Kim, Chanung Park, Jae Kim, Sang Park. Integrated Analysis of Transcriptome and Metabolome and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities in Lavandula pubescens. Antioxidants. 2021; 10 (7):1027.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chang Park; Hyeon Yeo; Ye Park; Ye Kim; Chanung Park; Jae Kim; Sang Park. 2021. "Integrated Analysis of Transcriptome and Metabolome and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities in Lavandula pubescens." Antioxidants 10, no. 7: 1027.

Journal article
Published: 13 May 2021 in Agronomy
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Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is a crop that can produce resveratrol, a compound with various biological properties, such as those that exert antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, trans-resveratrol was detected in the roots, leaves, and stems of tan and purple seed coat peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) cultivated in a growth chamber. Both cultivars showed higher levels of resveratrol in the roots than the other plant parts. Thus, both cultivars were inoculated with Agrobacterium rhizogenes, in vitro, to promote hairy root development, thereby producing enhanced levels of t-resveratrol. After 1 month of culture, hairy roots from the two cultivars showed higher levels of fresh weight than those of seedling roots. Furthermore, both cultivars contained higher t-resveratrol levels than those of their seedling roots (6.88 ± 0.21 mg/g and 28.07 ± 0.46 mg/g, respectively); however, purple seed coat peanut hairy roots contained higher t-resveratrol levels than those of tan seed coat peanut hairy roots, ranging from 70.16 to 166.76 mg/g and from 46.61 to 54.31 mg/g, respectively. The findings of this study indicate that peanut hairy roots could be a good source for t-resveratrol production due to their rapid growth, high biomass, and substantial amount of resveratrol.

ACS Style

Ye-Eun Park; Chang-Ha Park; Hyeon-Ji Yeo; Yong-Suk Chung; Sang-Un Park. Resveratrol Biosynthesis in Hairy Root Cultures of Tan and Purple Seed Coat Peanuts. Agronomy 2021, 11, 975 .

AMA Style

Ye-Eun Park, Chang-Ha Park, Hyeon-Ji Yeo, Yong-Suk Chung, Sang-Un Park. Resveratrol Biosynthesis in Hairy Root Cultures of Tan and Purple Seed Coat Peanuts. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (5):975.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ye-Eun Park; Chang-Ha Park; Hyeon-Ji Yeo; Yong-Suk Chung; Sang-Un Park. 2021. "Resveratrol Biosynthesis in Hairy Root Cultures of Tan and Purple Seed Coat Peanuts." Agronomy 11, no. 5: 975.

Communication
Published: 08 May 2021 in Plants
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Light emitting diodes (LEDs) have recently been considered an efficient artificial light source in plant factories for enhancing plant growth and nutritional quality. Accordingly, this study aimed to review blue, red, and white LED light sources for efficiency and length of the growing period to produce seedlings of Scutellaria baicalensis with high nutritional value. The roots, stems, and leaves of S. baicalensis seedlings were grown under different LED lights and harvested after two and four weeks, and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry to identify and quantify primary and secondary metabolites. Roots, particularly in the seedlings treated with white LEDs were determined to contain the greatest concentrations of the representative compounds present in S. baicalensis: baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin, which show highly strong biological properties compared to the other plant organs. A total of 50 metabolites (amino acids, sugars, sugar alcohols, organic acids, phenolic acids, and amines) were detected in the roots, stems, and leaves of S. baicalensis seedlings, and the concentrations of primary and secondary metabolites were generally decreased with the increasing duration of LED illumination. Therefore, this study suggests that white LED light and a 2-week growing period are the most efficient conditions for the production of baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin.

ACS Style

Hyeon-Ji Yeo; Chang-Ha Park; Soo-Yun Park; Sun-Ok Chung; Jae-Kwang Kim; Sang-Un Park. Metabolic Analysis of Root, Stem, and Leaf of Scutellaria baicalensis Plantlets Treated with Different LED Lights. Plants 2021, 10, 940 .

AMA Style

Hyeon-Ji Yeo, Chang-Ha Park, Soo-Yun Park, Sun-Ok Chung, Jae-Kwang Kim, Sang-Un Park. Metabolic Analysis of Root, Stem, and Leaf of Scutellaria baicalensis Plantlets Treated with Different LED Lights. Plants. 2021; 10 (5):940.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hyeon-Ji Yeo; Chang-Ha Park; Soo-Yun Park; Sun-Ok Chung; Jae-Kwang Kim; Sang-Un Park. 2021. "Metabolic Analysis of Root, Stem, and Leaf of Scutellaria baicalensis Plantlets Treated with Different LED Lights." Plants 10, no. 5: 940.

Journal article
Published: 29 April 2021 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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Fagopyrum tataricum ‘Hokkai T10′ is a buckwheat cultivar capable of producing large amounts of phenolic compounds, including flavonoids (anthocyanins), phenolic acids, and catechin, which have antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, we revealed that the maize transcription factor Lc increased the accumulation of phenolic compounds, including sinapic acid, 4-hydroxybenzonate, t-cinnamic acid, and rutin, in Hokkai T10 hairy roots cultured under long-photoperiod (16 h light and 8 h dark) conditions. The transcription factor upregulated phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathway genes, yielding total phenolic contents reaching 27.0 ± 3.30 mg g−1 dry weight, 163% greater than the total flavonoid content produced by a GUS-overexpressing line (control). In contrast, when cultured under continuous darkness, the phenolic accumulation was not significantly different between the ZmLC-overexpressing hairy roots and the control. These findings suggest that the transcription factor (ZmLC) activity may be light-responsive in the ZmLC-overexpressing hairy roots of F. tataricum, triggering activation of the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. Further studies are required on the optimization of light intensity in ZmLC-overexpressing hairy roots of F. tataricum to enhance the production of phenolic compounds.

ACS Style

Chang Park; Ye Park; Hyeon Yeo; Nam Park; Sang Park. Effect of Light and Dark on the Phenolic Compound Accumulation in Tartary Buckwheat Hairy Roots Overexpressing ZmLC. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021, 22, 4702 .

AMA Style

Chang Park, Ye Park, Hyeon Yeo, Nam Park, Sang Park. Effect of Light and Dark on the Phenolic Compound Accumulation in Tartary Buckwheat Hairy Roots Overexpressing ZmLC. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22 (9):4702.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chang Park; Ye Park; Hyeon Yeo; Nam Park; Sang Park. 2021. "Effect of Light and Dark on the Phenolic Compound Accumulation in Tartary Buckwheat Hairy Roots Overexpressing ZmLC." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 9: 4702.

Journal article
Published: 07 April 2021 in Agronomy
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Edible flowers have been used in the food and beverage industries because of their high nutritional value, flavor, and scent. For the storage of edible flowers used in these industries, drying is a necessity to store the materials more easily and prevent the damage of metabolites in the flowers. However, drying may affect metabolite retention because drying conditions can differ according to the various methods. In this study, Agastache rugosa flowers were dried using four different methods (oven drying at 25 ± 1 °C, 50 ± 1 °C, 80 ± 1 °C, and freeze drying) and primary and secondary metabolites were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS). Freeze-dried flower samples contained higher levels of carotenoids (lutein, 13Z-β-carotene, β-carotene, and 9Z-β-carotene) and phenolics (rosmarinic acid, ferulic acid, and sinapic acid). Contrarily, the 80 °C oven-dried flower samples contained higher levels of most amino acids and flavonoids (including acacetin and tilianin) and at 25 °C and 50 °C contained higher levels of carbohydrates. Therefore, freeze-drying is a suitable method for retaining carotenoids and phenolics. In contrast, oven drying at 50 °C was highly recommended to retain amino acids and flavonoids.

ACS Style

Chang Park; Hyeon Yeo; Chanung Park; Yong Chung; Sang Park. The Effect of Different Drying Methods on Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Korean Mint Flower. Agronomy 2021, 11, 698 .

AMA Style

Chang Park, Hyeon Yeo, Chanung Park, Yong Chung, Sang Park. The Effect of Different Drying Methods on Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Korean Mint Flower. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (4):698.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chang Park; Hyeon Yeo; Chanung Park; Yong Chung; Sang Park. 2021. "The Effect of Different Drying Methods on Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Korean Mint Flower." Agronomy 11, no. 4: 698.

Journal article
Published: 09 February 2021 in Biomolecules
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This study aimed to elucidate the variations in primary and secondary metabolites during Lycoris radiata flower development using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS). The result showed that seven carotenoids, seven phenolic acids, three anthocyanins, and galantamine were identified in the L. radiata flowers. Most secondary metabolite levels gradually decreased according to the flower developmental stages. A total of 51 metabolites, including amines, sugars, sugar intermediates, sugar alcohols, amino acids, organic acids, phenolic acids, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, were identified and quantified using GC-TOFMS. Among the hydrophilic compounds, most amino acids increased during flower development; in contrast, TCA cycle intermediates and sugars decreased. In particular, glutamine, asparagine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid, which represent the main inter- and intracellular nitrogen carriers, were positively correlated with the other amino acids and were negatively correlated with the TCA cycle intermediates. Furthermore, quantitation data of the 51 hydrophilic compounds were subjected to partial least-squares discriminant analyses (PLS-DA) to assess significant differences in the metabolites of L. radiata flowers from stages 1 to 4. Therefore, this study will serve as the foundation for a biochemical approach to understand both primary and secondary metabolism in L. radiata flower development.

ACS Style

Chang Park; Hyeon Yeo; Ye Kim; Bao Nguyen; Ye Park; Ramaraj Sathasivam; Jae Kim; Sang Park. Profiles of Secondary Metabolites (Phenolic Acids, Carotenoids, Anthocyanins, and Galantamine) and Primary Metabolites (Carbohydrates, Amino Acids, and Organic Acids) during Flower Development in Lycorisradiata. Biomolecules 2021, 11, 248 .

AMA Style

Chang Park, Hyeon Yeo, Ye Kim, Bao Nguyen, Ye Park, Ramaraj Sathasivam, Jae Kim, Sang Park. Profiles of Secondary Metabolites (Phenolic Acids, Carotenoids, Anthocyanins, and Galantamine) and Primary Metabolites (Carbohydrates, Amino Acids, and Organic Acids) during Flower Development in Lycorisradiata. Biomolecules. 2021; 11 (2):248.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chang Park; Hyeon Yeo; Ye Kim; Bao Nguyen; Ye Park; Ramaraj Sathasivam; Jae Kim; Sang Park. 2021. "Profiles of Secondary Metabolites (Phenolic Acids, Carotenoids, Anthocyanins, and Galantamine) and Primary Metabolites (Carbohydrates, Amino Acids, and Organic Acids) during Flower Development in Lycorisradiata." Biomolecules 11, no. 2: 248.

Journal article
Published: 05 January 2021 in Horticulturae
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Quantitative HPLC analysis was performed on six different species of Lycoris herbs to investigate variation in phytochemical content, especially galantamine and phenylpropanoid-derived compounds. The contents of these compounds differed widely among the Lycoris species, with L. radiata and L. chinensis containing the lowest and highest galantamine contents, respectively. Specifically, the galantamine content of L. radiata was 62.5% higher than that of L. chinensis. Following L. radiata, L. sanguinea contained the next highest galantamine content, which was 59.1% higher than that of L. chinensis. Furthermore, a total of 12 phenylpropanoid-derived compounds were found in the different Lycoris species, where L. sanguinea, L. squamigera, and L. uydoensis had the largest accumulation of these compounds. The total phenylpropanoid content of L. sanguinea was the highest, while that of L. radiata was the lowest. Seven of the phenylpropanoid-derived compounds, rutin, quercetin, catechin, epicatechin gallate, chlorogenic acid, benzoic acid, and kaempferol, were dominant. L. sanguinea, L. uydoensis, and L. squamigera showed amounts of these seven compounds that were 5–6 times greater than those of the other species in the study. To the best of our knowledge, our results provide the most detailed phytochemical information on these species to date, which is valuable for future applications using these medicinal plants.

ACS Style

Hyeon Ji Yeo; Ye Jin Kim; Bao Van Nguyen; Ye Eun Park; Chang Ha Park; Haeng Hoon Kim; Jae Kwang Kim; Sang Un Park. Comparison of Secondary Metabolite Contents and Metabolic Profiles of Six Lycoris Species. Horticulturae 2021, 7, 5 .

AMA Style

Hyeon Ji Yeo, Ye Jin Kim, Bao Van Nguyen, Ye Eun Park, Chang Ha Park, Haeng Hoon Kim, Jae Kwang Kim, Sang Un Park. Comparison of Secondary Metabolite Contents and Metabolic Profiles of Six Lycoris Species. Horticulturae. 2021; 7 (1):5.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hyeon Ji Yeo; Ye Jin Kim; Bao Van Nguyen; Ye Eun Park; Chang Ha Park; Haeng Hoon Kim; Jae Kwang Kim; Sang Un Park. 2021. "Comparison of Secondary Metabolite Contents and Metabolic Profiles of Six Lycoris Species." Horticulturae 7, no. 1: 5.

Journal article
Published: 20 November 2020 in Plants
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Plants are continuously exposed to abiotic and biotic factors that lead to wounding stress. Different plants exhibit diverse defense mechanisms through which various important metabolites are synthesized. Humans can exploit these mechanisms to improve the efficacy of existing drugs and to develop new ones. Most previous studies have focused on the effects of wounding stress on the different plant parts, such as leaves, stems, and roots. To date, however, no study has investigated the accumulation of primary and galantamine content following the exposure of a callus to wounding stress. Therefore, in the present study, we exposed Lycoris radiata calli to wounding stress and assessed the expression levels of several genes involved in metabolic pathways at various time points (0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of exposure). Furthermore, we quantify the primary and galantamine content using gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry and the high-performance liquid chromatography qRT-PCR analysis of eight galantamine pathway genes (LrPAL-2, LrPAL-3, LrC4H-2, LrC3H, LrTYDC2, LrN4OMT, LrNNR, and LrCYP96T) revealed that seven genes, except LrN4OMT, were significantly expressed following exposure to wounding stress. Galantamine contents of calli after 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of exposure were respectively 2.5, 2.5, 3.5, 3.5, 5.0, 5.0, and 8.5 times higher than that after 0 h of exposure. Furthermore, a total of 48 hydrophilic metabolites were detected in the 0 h exposed callus and 96 h exposed callus using GC-TOFMS. In particular, a strong positive correlation between galantamine and initial precursors, such as phenylalanine and tyrosine, was observed.

ACS Style

Chang Ha Park; Ramaraj Sathasivam; Bao Van Nguyen; Seung-A Baek; Hyeon Ji Yeo; Ye Eun Park; Haeng Hoon Kim; Jae Kwang Kim; Sang Un Park. Metabolic Profiling of Primary Metabolites and Galantamine Biosynthesis in Wounded Lycoris radiata Callus. Plants 2020, 9, 1616 .

AMA Style

Chang Ha Park, Ramaraj Sathasivam, Bao Van Nguyen, Seung-A Baek, Hyeon Ji Yeo, Ye Eun Park, Haeng Hoon Kim, Jae Kwang Kim, Sang Un Park. Metabolic Profiling of Primary Metabolites and Galantamine Biosynthesis in Wounded Lycoris radiata Callus. Plants. 2020; 9 (11):1616.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chang Ha Park; Ramaraj Sathasivam; Bao Van Nguyen; Seung-A Baek; Hyeon Ji Yeo; Ye Eun Park; Haeng Hoon Kim; Jae Kwang Kim; Sang Un Park. 2020. "Metabolic Profiling of Primary Metabolites and Galantamine Biosynthesis in Wounded Lycoris radiata Callus." Plants 9, no. 11: 1616.

Journal article
Published: 09 November 2020 in Horticulturae
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Recent improvements in light-emitting diode (LED) technology afford an excellent opportunity to investigate the relationship between different light sources and plant metabolites. Accordingly, the goal of the present study was to determine the effect of different LED (white, blue, and red) treatments on the contents of glucosinolates (glucoiberin, gluconapin, sinigrin, gluconasturtiin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, glucobrassicin, and neoglucobrassicin) and phenolic compounds (4-hydroxybenzonate, catechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeate, gallate, sinapate, and quercetin) in Brassica juncea sprouts. The sprouts were grown in a growth chamber at 25 °C under irradiation with white, blue, or red LED with a flux rate of 90 μmol·m−2·s−1 and a long-day photoperiod (16 h light/8 h dark cycle). Marked differences in desulfoglucosinolate contents were observed in response to treatment with different LEDs and different treatment durations. In addition, the highest total desulfoglucosinolate content was observed in response to white LED light treatment, followed by treatment with red LED light, and then blue LED light. Among the individual desulfoglucosinolates identified in the sprouts, sinigrin exhibited the highest content, which was observed after three weeks of white LED light treatment. The highest total phenolic contents were recorded after one week of white and blue LED light treatment, whereas blue LED irradiation increased the production of most of the phenolic compounds identified, including 4-hydroxybenzonate, gallate, sinapate, caffeate, quercetin, and chlorogenic acid. The production of phenolics decreased gradually with increasing duration of LED light treatment, whereas anthocyanin accumulation showed a progressive increase during the treatment. These findings indicate that white LED light is appropriate for glucosinolate accumulation, whereas blue LED light is effective in increasing the production of phenolic compounds in B. juncea sprouts.

ACS Style

Chang Ha Park; Ye Eun Park; Hyeon Ji Yeo; Jae Kwang Kim; Sang Un Park. Effects of Light-Emitting Diodes on the Accumulation of Phenolic Compounds and Glucosinolates in Brassica juncea Sprouts. Horticulturae 2020, 6, 77 .

AMA Style

Chang Ha Park, Ye Eun Park, Hyeon Ji Yeo, Jae Kwang Kim, Sang Un Park. Effects of Light-Emitting Diodes on the Accumulation of Phenolic Compounds and Glucosinolates in Brassica juncea Sprouts. Horticulturae. 2020; 6 (4):77.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chang Ha Park; Ye Eun Park; Hyeon Ji Yeo; Jae Kwang Kim; Sang Un Park. 2020. "Effects of Light-Emitting Diodes on the Accumulation of Phenolic Compounds and Glucosinolates in Brassica juncea Sprouts." Horticulturae 6, no. 4: 77.

Journal article
Published: 08 August 2020 in Foods
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Mizuna (Brassica rapa L. var. japonica), a member of the family Brassicaceae, is rich in various health-beneficial phytochemicals, such as glucosinolates, phenolics, and anthocyanins. However, few studies have been conducted on genes associated with metabolic traits in mizuna. Thus, this study provides a better insight into the metabolic differences between green and red mizuna via the integration of transcriptome and metabolome analyses. A mizuna RNAseq analysis dataset showed 257 differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) with a false discovery rate (FDR) of <0.05. These DEGs included the biosynthesis genes of secondary metabolites, such as anthocyanins, glucosinolates, and phenolics. Particularly, the expression of aliphatic glucosinolate biosynthetic genes was higher in the green cultivar. In contrast, the expression of most genes related to indolic glucosinolates, phenylpropanoids, and flavonoids was higher in the red cultivar. Furthermore, the metabolic analysis showed that 14 glucosinolates, 12 anthocyanins, five phenolics, and two organic acids were detected in both cultivars. The anthocyanin levels were higher in red than in green mizuna, while the glucosinolate levels were higher in green than in red mizuna. Consistent with the results of phytochemical analyses, the transcriptome data revealed that the expression levels of the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis genes were significantly higher in red mizuna, while those of the glucosinolate biosynthetic genes were significantly upregulated in green mizuna. A total of 43 metabolites, such as amino acids, carbohydrates, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, organic acids, and amines, was identified and quantified in both cultivars using gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS). Among the identified metabolites, sucrose was positively correlated with anthocyanins, as previously reported.

ACS Style

Chang Ha Park; Sun Ju Bong; Chan Ju Lim; Jae Kwang Kim; Sang Un Park. Transcriptome Analysis and Metabolic Profiling of Green and Red Mizuna (Brassica rapa L. var. japonica). Foods 2020, 9, 1079 .

AMA Style

Chang Ha Park, Sun Ju Bong, Chan Ju Lim, Jae Kwang Kim, Sang Un Park. Transcriptome Analysis and Metabolic Profiling of Green and Red Mizuna (Brassica rapa L. var. japonica). Foods. 2020; 9 (8):1079.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chang Ha Park; Sun Ju Bong; Chan Ju Lim; Jae Kwang Kim; Sang Un Park. 2020. "Transcriptome Analysis and Metabolic Profiling of Green and Red Mizuna (Brassica rapa L. var. japonica)." Foods 9, no. 8: 1079.

Journal article
Published: 19 November 2019 in Foods
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This study aimed to comprehensively examine the interface between primary and secondary metabolites in oval- and rectangular-shaped Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) using gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In addition to differences in shape, there was significant morphological variation between the two cultivars. The rectangular variety had greater height and deeper green color, whereas the oval variety had more leaves and greater width. A total of 42 primary metabolites identified by GC-TOFMS were subjected to partial least-squares discriminant, which indicated significant differences in the primary and secondary metabolisms of the two cultivars. Furthermore, total glucosinolate and phenolic contents were higher in the oval cultivar, whereas the rectangular cultivar contained a higher level of total carotenoids. This metabolome study comprehensively describes the relationship between primary and secondary metabolites in the oval and rectangular cultivars of Chinese cabbage and provides information useful for developing strategies to enhance the biosynthesis of glucosinolates, phenolics, and carotenoids in Chinese cabbage. Additionally, this work highlights that HPLC and GC-TOFMS–based metabolite profiling is suitable techniques to determine metabolic differences in Chinese cabbage.

ACS Style

Chang Ha Park; Hyeon Ji Yeo; Soo-Yun Park; Jae Kwang Kim; Sang Un Park. Comparative Phytochemical Analyses and Metabolic Profiling of Different Phenotypes of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica Rapa ssp. Pekinensis). Foods 2019, 8, 587 .

AMA Style

Chang Ha Park, Hyeon Ji Yeo, Soo-Yun Park, Jae Kwang Kim, Sang Un Park. Comparative Phytochemical Analyses and Metabolic Profiling of Different Phenotypes of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica Rapa ssp. Pekinensis). Foods. 2019; 8 (11):587.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chang Ha Park; Hyeon Ji Yeo; Soo-Yun Park; Jae Kwang Kim; Sang Un Park. 2019. "Comparative Phytochemical Analyses and Metabolic Profiling of Different Phenotypes of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica Rapa ssp. Pekinensis)." Foods 8, no. 11: 587.

Journal article
Published: 29 August 2019 in Biology
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Lycoris radiata belongs to the Amaryllidaceae family and is a bulbous plant native to South Korea, China, and Japan. Galantamine, a representative alkaloid of Amaryllidaceae plants, including L. radiata, exhibits selective and dominant acetylcholinesterase inhibition. In spite of the economic and officinal importance of L. radiata, the molecular biological and biochemical information on L. radiata is relatively deficient. Therefore, this study provides functional information of L. radiata, describe galantamine biosynthesis in the various organs, and provide transcriptomic and metabolic datasets to support elucidation of galantamine biosynthesis pathway in future studies. The results of studies conducted in duplicate revealed the presence of a total of 325,609 and 404,019 unigenes, acquired from 9,913,869,968 and 10,162,653,038 raw reads, respectively, after trimming the raw reads using CutAdapt, assembly using Trinity package, and clustering using CD-Hit-EST. All of the assembled unigenes were aligned to the public databases, including National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) non-redundant protein (NR) and nucleotide (Nt) database, SWISS-PROT (UniProt) protein sequence data bank, The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR), the Swiss-Prot protein database, Gene Ontology (GO), and Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) database to predict potential genes and provide their functional information. Based on our transcriptome data and published literatures, eight full-length cDNA clones encoding LrPAL2, LrPAL3, LrC4H2, LrC3H, LrTYDC2, LrNNR, LrN4OMT, and LrCYP96T genes, involved in galantamine biosynthesis, were identified in L. radiata. In order to investigate galantamine biosynthesis in different plant parts of L. radiata grown in a growth chamber, gene expression levels were measured through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis using these identified genes and galantamine levels were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The qRT-PCR data revealed high expression levels of LrNNR, LrN4OMT, and LrCYP96T in the bulbs, and, as expected, we observed higher amounts of galantamine in the bulbs than in the root and leaves. Additionally, a total of 40 hydrophilic metabolites were detected in the different organs using gas-chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In particular, a strong positive correlation between galantamine and sucrose, which provides energy for the secondary metabolite biosynthesis, was observed.

ACS Style

Chang Ha Park; Hyeon Ji Yeo; Ye Eun Park; Seung-A Baek; Jae Kwang Kim; Sang Un Park. Transcriptome Analysis and Metabolic Profiling of Lycoris Radiata. Biology 2019, 8, 63 .

AMA Style

Chang Ha Park, Hyeon Ji Yeo, Ye Eun Park, Seung-A Baek, Jae Kwang Kim, Sang Un Park. Transcriptome Analysis and Metabolic Profiling of Lycoris Radiata. Biology. 2019; 8 (3):63.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chang Ha Park; Hyeon Ji Yeo; Ye Eun Park; Seung-A Baek; Jae Kwang Kim; Sang Un Park. 2019. "Transcriptome Analysis and Metabolic Profiling of Lycoris Radiata." Biology 8, no. 3: 63.

Journal article
Published: 12 June 2019 in Agronomy
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Phenylpropanoids are naturally occurring compounds that exert beneficial pharmacological effects on human health. Phenylpropanoids can act as antioxidants and are involved in resistance to ultraviolet light and cancer; these compounds possess anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antibacterial activity, and aid in wound healing. The expression of genes involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and consequent accumulation of phenylpropanoids in wheat sprout under conditions of stress, have not been extensively studied. This is the first study to examine the effects of light-emitting diodes (LED) on the expression of genes involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and accumulation of phenylpropanoids in wheat sprouts. Our results, obtained using qRT-PCR and HPLC analyses, indicate that white light (380 nm) was the optimal wavelength for epicatechin biosynthesis in wheat sprouts. Compared with the effects of white light, blue light (470 nm) enhanced the accumulation of gallic acid and quercetin, but decreased the levels of p-coumaric acid and epicatechin; red light (660 nm) increased the accumulation of ferulic acid at 8 day and p-coumaric acid at 12 day. Compared gene expression with phenylpropanoid content showed that TaPAL3, TaPAL4, and TaDFR maybe important genes in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in wheat sprout. This study provides insights into the effects of led lights on phenylpropanoid production in wheat sprouts. This knowledge will help improve secondary metabolite production in wheat sprouts.

ACS Style

Do Manh Cuong; Tai Wook Ha; Chang Ha Park; Nam Su Kim; Hyeon Ji Yeo; Se Won Chun; Changsoo Kim; Sang Un Park. Effects of LED lights on Expression of Genes Involved in Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis and Accumulation of Phenylpropanoids in Wheat Sprout. Agronomy 2019, 9, 307 .

AMA Style

Do Manh Cuong, Tai Wook Ha, Chang Ha Park, Nam Su Kim, Hyeon Ji Yeo, Se Won Chun, Changsoo Kim, Sang Un Park. Effects of LED lights on Expression of Genes Involved in Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis and Accumulation of Phenylpropanoids in Wheat Sprout. Agronomy. 2019; 9 (6):307.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Do Manh Cuong; Tai Wook Ha; Chang Ha Park; Nam Su Kim; Hyeon Ji Yeo; Se Won Chun; Changsoo Kim; Sang Un Park. 2019. "Effects of LED lights on Expression of Genes Involved in Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis and Accumulation of Phenylpropanoids in Wheat Sprout." Agronomy 9, no. 6: 307.

Journal article
Published: 06 May 2019 in Foods
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The present study investigated the effects of jasmonic acid (JA), chitosan, and salicylic acid (SA) on the accumulation of phenolic compounds in germinated buckwheat. A total of six phenolics were detected in the buckwheat treated with different concentrations of SA (50, 100, and 150 mg/L), JA (50, 100, and 150 μM), and chitosan (0.01, 0.1, and 0.5%) using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The treatment with 0.1% chitosan resulted in an accumulation of the highest levels of phenolic compounds as compared with the control and the 0.01 and 0.5% chitosan treatments. The treatment with 150 μM JA enhanced the levels of phenolics in buckwheat sprouts as compared with those observed in the control and the 50 and 100 μM JA-treated sprouts. However, the SA treatment did not affect the production of phenolic compounds. After optimizing the treatment concentrations of elicitors (chitosan and JA), a time-course analysis of the phenolic compounds detected in the germinated buckwheat treated with 0.1% chitosan and 150 μM JA was performed. Buckwheat treated with 0.1% chitosan for 72 h showed higher levels of phenolic compounds than all control samples. Similarly, the germinated buckwheat treated with JA for 48 and 72 h produced higher amounts of phenolic compounds than all control samples. This study elucidates the influence of SA, JA, and chitosan on the production of phenolic compounds and suggests that the treatment with optimal concentrations of chitosan and JA for an optimal time period improved the production of phenolic compounds in germinated buckwheat.

ACS Style

Chang Ha Park; Hyeon Ji Yeo; Ye Eun Park; Se Won Chun; Yong Suk Chung; Sook Young Lee; Sang Un Park. Influence of Chitosan, Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid on Phenylpropanoid Accumulation in Germinated Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). Foods 2019, 8, 153 .

AMA Style

Chang Ha Park, Hyeon Ji Yeo, Ye Eun Park, Se Won Chun, Yong Suk Chung, Sook Young Lee, Sang Un Park. Influence of Chitosan, Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid on Phenylpropanoid Accumulation in Germinated Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). Foods. 2019; 8 (5):153.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chang Ha Park; Hyeon Ji Yeo; Ye Eun Park; Se Won Chun; Yong Suk Chung; Sook Young Lee; Sang Un Park. 2019. "Influence of Chitosan, Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid on Phenylpropanoid Accumulation in Germinated Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)." Foods 8, no. 5: 153.

Journal article
Published: 19 April 2019 in Foods
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The discovery of a new species exhibiting more effective antibacterial properties is necessary because of the demand on Lavandula species, which continues to increase in a variety of industries. Lavandula pubescens might be a good alternative, as it exhibits strong antibacterial activity. In this study, the chemical composition of the essential oils from different organs (flowers, leaves, stems, and roots) of L. pubescens was identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activities of different solvent extracts (methanol, ethanol, diethyl ether, hexane, and ethyl acetate) and different organ (flower, leaf, stem, and root) extracts of L. pubescens were evaluated. Only the ethyl acetate extracts of L. pubescens exhibited antibacterial activity against all bacterial strains tested, including Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Escherichia coli (KF 918342), Aeromonas hydrophila (KCTC 12487), E. coli (ATCC 35150), Cronobacter sakazakii (ATCC 29544), and Aeromonas salmonicida (KACC 15136). In particular, the extracts exhibited significant activity against S. haemolyticus. Ethyl acetate extract of the leaf exhibited the best activity against all bacterial strains. This study provides valuable information on the chemical compositions in essential oils and antimicrobial properties of L. pubescens.

ACS Style

Chang Ha Park; Ye Eun Park; Hyeon Ji Yeo; Se Won Chun; Thanislas Bastin Baskar; Soon Sung Lim; Sang Un Park. Chemical Compositions of the Volatile Oils and Antibacterial Screening of Solvent Extract from Downy Lavender. Foods 2019, 8, 132 .

AMA Style

Chang Ha Park, Ye Eun Park, Hyeon Ji Yeo, Se Won Chun, Thanislas Bastin Baskar, Soon Sung Lim, Sang Un Park. Chemical Compositions of the Volatile Oils and Antibacterial Screening of Solvent Extract from Downy Lavender. Foods. 2019; 8 (4):132.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chang Ha Park; Ye Eun Park; Hyeon Ji Yeo; Se Won Chun; Thanislas Bastin Baskar; Soon Sung Lim; Sang Un Park. 2019. "Chemical Compositions of the Volatile Oils and Antibacterial Screening of Solvent Extract from Downy Lavender." Foods 8, no. 4: 132.

Journal article
Published: 26 March 2019 in Metabolites
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Liriope platyphylla (Liliaceae), a medical plant distributed mainly in China, Taiwan, and Korea, has been used traditionally for the treatment of cough, sputum, asthma, and neurodegenerative diseases. The present study involved the metabolic profiling of this plant and reports spicatoside A accumulation in four different varieties of L. platyphylla (Cheongyangjaerae, Seongsoo, Cheongsim, and Liriope Tuber No. 1) using HPLC and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC⁻TOFMS). A total of 47 metabolites were detected in the different cultivars using GC⁻TOFMS-based metabolic profiling. The resulting data were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) for determining the whole experimental variation, and the different cultivars were separated by score plots. Furthermore, hierarchical clustering, Pearson's correlation, and partial least-squares discriminant analyses (PLS-DA) were subsequently performed to determine significant differences in the various metabolites of the cultivars. The HPLC data revealed that the presence of spicatoside A was detected in all four cultivars, with the amount of spicatoside A varying among them. Among the cultivars, Liriope Tuber No. 1 contained the highest amount of spicatoside A (1.83 ± 0.13 mg/g dry weight), followed by Cheongyangjaerae (1.25 ± 0.01 mg/g dry weight), Cheongsim (1.09 ± 0.04 mg/g dry weight), and Seongsoo (1.01 ± 0.02 mg/g dry weight). The identification of spicatoside A was confirmed by comparing the retention time of the sample with the retention time of the standard. Moreover, the Cheongsim cultivar contained higher levels of phenolic compounds-including vanillic acid, quinic acid, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and benzoic acid-than those of the other two cultivars. On the other hand, the levels of amino acids were higher in the Seongsoo cultivar. Therefore, this study may help breeders produce new varieties with improved nutraceutical and nutritional qualities.

ACS Style

Chang Ha Park; Abubaker Mohammed Awad Morgan; Byung Bae Park; Sook Young Lee; Sanghyun Lee; Jae Kwang Kim; Sang Un Park. Metabolic Analysis of Four Cultivars of Liriope platyphylla. Metabolites 2019, 9, 59 .

AMA Style

Chang Ha Park, Abubaker Mohammed Awad Morgan, Byung Bae Park, Sook Young Lee, Sanghyun Lee, Jae Kwang Kim, Sang Un Park. Metabolic Analysis of Four Cultivars of Liriope platyphylla. Metabolites. 2019; 9 (3):59.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chang Ha Park; Abubaker Mohammed Awad Morgan; Byung Bae Park; Sook Young Lee; Sanghyun Lee; Jae Kwang Kim; Sang Un Park. 2019. "Metabolic Analysis of Four Cultivars of Liriope platyphylla." Metabolites 9, no. 3: 59.

Journal article
Published: 26 March 2019 in Antioxidants
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Traditionally, Agastache rugosa (Korean mint) has been widely used to treat various infectious diseases. The aims of this study were to: (i) determine the phenylpropanoid content of the plant using high-performance liquid chromatography; (ii) undertake total anthocyanin, flavonoid, and phenolic assays; (iii) and evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the methanol extracts from the stem, leaves, and flowers of Korean mint. The total anthocyanin, flavonoid, and phenolic content assays showed that the flowers had higher phenolic levels than the stem and leaves. The reducing power, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl superoxide radical scavenging abilities, and the hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activities were also evaluated so that the antioxidant activities of the extracts from the different plant parts could be evaluated. The flower extracts revealed higher antioxidant properties than the other parts. The antibacterial properties of the methanol extracts from A. rugosa were analyzed by the disc diffusion method, and the flower extracts had higher antibacterial activities against the six bacterial strains used in the study than the other parts. This study provides information on the synergistic antioxidant and antibacterial properties of phenolics derived from the different parts of Korean mint.

ACS Style

Chang Ha Park; Hyeon Ji Yeo; Thanislas Bastin Baskar; Ye Eun Park; Jong Seok Park; Sook Young Lee; Sang Un Park. In Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Flower, Leaf, and Stem Extracts of Korean Mint. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 75 .

AMA Style

Chang Ha Park, Hyeon Ji Yeo, Thanislas Bastin Baskar, Ye Eun Park, Jong Seok Park, Sook Young Lee, Sang Un Park. In Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Flower, Leaf, and Stem Extracts of Korean Mint. Antioxidants. 2019; 8 (3):75.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chang Ha Park; Hyeon Ji Yeo; Thanislas Bastin Baskar; Ye Eun Park; Jong Seok Park; Sook Young Lee; Sang Un Park. 2019. "In Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Flower, Leaf, and Stem Extracts of Korean Mint." Antioxidants 8, no. 3: 75.

Journal article
Published: 19 February 2019 in Foods
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In this study, we investigated optimal light conditions for enhancement of the growth and accumulation of glucosinolates and phenolics in the sprouts of canola (Brassica napus L.). We found that the shoot lengths and fresh weights of red light-irradiated sprouts were higher than those of sprouts exposed to white, blue, and blue + red light, whereas root length was not notably different among red, blue, white, and blue + red light treatments. The accumulations of total glucosinolates in plants irradiated with white, blue, and red lights were not significantly different (19.32 ± 0.13, 20.69 ± 0.05, and 20.65 ± 1.70 mg/g dry weight (wt.), respectively). However, sprouts exposed to blue + red light contained the lowest levels of total glucosinolates (17.08 ± 0.28 mg/g dry wt.). The accumulation of total phenolic compounds was the highest in plants irradiated with blue light (3.81 ± 0.08 mg/g dry wt.), 1.33 times higher than the lowest level in plants irradiated with red light (2.87 ± 0.05 mg/g dry wt.). These results demonstrate that red light-emitting diode (LED) light is suitable for sprout growth and that blue LED light is effective in increasing the accumulation of glucosinolates and phenolics in B. napus sprouts.

ACS Style

Chang Ha Park; Nam Su Kim; Jong Seok Park; Sook Young Lee; Jong-Won Lee; Sang Un Park. Effects of Light-Emitting Diodes on the Accumulation of Glucosinolates and Phenolic Compounds in Sprouting Canola (Brassica napus L.). Foods 2019, 8, 76 .

AMA Style

Chang Ha Park, Nam Su Kim, Jong Seok Park, Sook Young Lee, Jong-Won Lee, Sang Un Park. Effects of Light-Emitting Diodes on the Accumulation of Glucosinolates and Phenolic Compounds in Sprouting Canola (Brassica napus L.). Foods. 2019; 8 (2):76.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chang Ha Park; Nam Su Kim; Jong Seok Park; Sook Young Lee; Jong-Won Lee; Sang Un Park. 2019. "Effects of Light-Emitting Diodes on the Accumulation of Glucosinolates and Phenolic Compounds in Sprouting Canola (Brassica napus L.)." Foods 8, no. 2: 76.

Journal article
Published: 19 February 2019 in Foods
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Full-length cDNAs encoding ξ-carotene desaturase (CmZDS), lycopene ε-cyclase (CmLCYE), β-ring carotene hydroxylase (CmCHXB), and zeaxanthin epoxidase (CmZEP), and partial-length cDNA encoding ε-ring carotene hydroxylase (CmCHXE) were isolated in Chamoe (Cucumis melo L. var. makuwa), an important commercial fruit. Sequence analyses revealed that these proteins share high identity and common features with other orthologous genes. Expression levels of entire genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway were investigated in the peel, pulp, and stalk of chamoe cultivars Ohbokggul and Gotgam. Most of the carotenoid biosynthetic genes were expressed at their highest levels in the stalk, whereas carotenoids were highly distributed in the peel. The expression levels of all carotenoid biosynthetic genes in fruits of the native cultivar Gotgam chamoe were higher than those in the cultivar Ohbokggul chamoe, consistent with the abundant carotenoid accumulation in Gotgam chamoe fruits and trace carotenoid content of Ohbokggul chamoe fruit. Lutein and β-carotene were the dominant carotenoids; high levels (278.05 μg g−1 and 112.02 μg g−1 dry weight, respectively) were found in the peel of Gotgam chamoe. Our findings may provide a foundation for elucidating the carotenoid biosynthetic mechanism in C. melo and inform strategies for developing new chamoe cultivars with improved characteristics.

ACS Style

Pham Anh Tuan; Jeongyeo Lee; Chang Ha Park; Jae Kwang Kim; Young-Hee Noh; Yeon Bok Kim; Hyeran Kim; Sang Un Park. Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Oriental Melon (Cucumis melo L. var. makuwa). Foods 2019, 8, 77 .

AMA Style

Pham Anh Tuan, Jeongyeo Lee, Chang Ha Park, Jae Kwang Kim, Young-Hee Noh, Yeon Bok Kim, Hyeran Kim, Sang Un Park. Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Oriental Melon (Cucumis melo L. var. makuwa). Foods. 2019; 8 (2):77.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pham Anh Tuan; Jeongyeo Lee; Chang Ha Park; Jae Kwang Kim; Young-Hee Noh; Yeon Bok Kim; Hyeran Kim; Sang Un Park. 2019. "Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Oriental Melon (Cucumis melo L. var. makuwa)." Foods 8, no. 2: 77.