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Sook Young Lee
Marine Bio Research Center, Chosun University, Wando-gun, Korea

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Research article
Published: 22 February 2021 in Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants
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Our previous study showed that flowers of Agastache rugosa had higher phenolic levels and higher antibacterial and antioxidant capacity compared to those of the leaves and stems. The aim of this study was to provide information on the variation in primary and secondary metabolites during flower development in A. rugosa by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and assays of total anthocyanin (TAC), flavonoid (TFC), and phenolic content (TPC), as well as gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) analysis. Assays of TPC, TAC, and TFC showed that the floral bud (stage I) contained higher TPC than did the partially open flower (stage II) and fully open flower (stage III). However, the TFC was the highest at stage II, and the highest TAC was observed at stage III. Furthermore, HPLC analysis revealed that the level of total phenylpropanoids, including rosmarinic acid, tilianin, acacetin, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, rutin, (-)-epicatechin, quercetin, and kaempferol, was higher in stages I and II, but the concentrations of rutin and rosmarinic acid were highest in stage III. A total of 43 compounds, including amino acids, organic acids, phenolic compounds, sugars, photorespiration-related compounds, and intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, were identified through GC-TOFMS analysis. Of these compounds, most amino acids decreased during flower development. In contrast, the increase in concentrations of glucose and sucrose were observed from stages I to III. In this study, health-beneficial compounds were identified and quantified in flowers of A. rugosa. Accordingly, our results suggests that A. rugosa flowers can potentially be used as biomaterials for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food, and related industries.

ACS Style

Hyeon Ji Yeo; Chang Ha Park; Ye Eun Park; Hyejin Hyeon; Jae Kwang Kim; Sook Young Lee; Sang Un Park. Metabolic profiling and antioxidant activity during flower development in Agastache rugosa. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 2021, 27, 445 -455.

AMA Style

Hyeon Ji Yeo, Chang Ha Park, Ye Eun Park, Hyejin Hyeon, Jae Kwang Kim, Sook Young Lee, Sang Un Park. Metabolic profiling and antioxidant activity during flower development in Agastache rugosa. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants. 2021; 27 (3):445-455.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hyeon Ji Yeo; Chang Ha Park; Ye Eun Park; Hyejin Hyeon; Jae Kwang Kim; Sook Young Lee; Sang Un Park. 2021. "Metabolic profiling and antioxidant activity during flower development in Agastache rugosa." Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 27, no. 3: 445-455.

Comparative study
Published: 24 May 2019 in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology
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Glucosinolates (GSLs) are sulfur- and nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites that function in plant defense and provide benefits to human health. In this study, using Agrobacterium rhizogenes R1000, green and red kale hairy roots were established. The expression levels of GSLs biosynthesis genes and their accumulation in both kale hairy roots were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR and HPLC. The results showed that the expression of most indolic GSLs biosynthesis genes was higher in the hairy roots of green kale than in that of red kale. In contrast, the expression of BoCYP83A1 and BoSUR1 encoding key enzymes aromatic GSL biosynthesis was significantly higher in red kale hairy root. The HPLC analysis identified six GSLs. The levels of 4-methoxyglucobrassicin, glucobrassicin, and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin were 6.21, 5.98, and 2 times higher, respectively, in green kale than in red kale, whereas the levels of neoglucobrassicin and gluconasturtiin were 16.2 and 3.48 times higher, respectively, in red kale than in green kale. Our study provides insights into the underlying mechanisms of GSLs biosynthesis in kale hairy roots and can be potentially used as "biological factories" for producing bioactive substances such as GSLs.

ACS Style

Do Manh Cuong; Sang Un Park; Chang Ha Park; Nam Su Kim; Sun Ju Bong; Sook Young Lee. Comparative analysis of glucosinolate production in hairy roots of green and red kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala). Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology 2019, 49, 775 -782.

AMA Style

Do Manh Cuong, Sang Un Park, Chang Ha Park, Nam Su Kim, Sun Ju Bong, Sook Young Lee. Comparative analysis of glucosinolate production in hairy roots of green and red kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala). Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology. 2019; 49 (8):775-782.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Do Manh Cuong; Sang Un Park; Chang Ha Park; Nam Su Kim; Sun Ju Bong; Sook Young Lee. 2019. "Comparative analysis of glucosinolate production in hairy roots of green and red kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala)." Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology 49, no. 8: 775-782.

Journal article
Published: 06 May 2019 in Foods
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The present study investigated the effects of jasmonic acid (JA), chitosan, and salicylic acid (SA) on the accumulation of phenolic compounds in germinated buckwheat. A total of six phenolics were detected in the buckwheat treated with different concentrations of SA (50, 100, and 150 mg/L), JA (50, 100, and 150 μM), and chitosan (0.01, 0.1, and 0.5%) using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The treatment with 0.1% chitosan resulted in an accumulation of the highest levels of phenolic compounds as compared with the control and the 0.01 and 0.5% chitosan treatments. The treatment with 150 μM JA enhanced the levels of phenolics in buckwheat sprouts as compared with those observed in the control and the 50 and 100 μM JA-treated sprouts. However, the SA treatment did not affect the production of phenolic compounds. After optimizing the treatment concentrations of elicitors (chitosan and JA), a time-course analysis of the phenolic compounds detected in the germinated buckwheat treated with 0.1% chitosan and 150 μM JA was performed. Buckwheat treated with 0.1% chitosan for 72 h showed higher levels of phenolic compounds than all control samples. Similarly, the germinated buckwheat treated with JA for 48 and 72 h produced higher amounts of phenolic compounds than all control samples. This study elucidates the influence of SA, JA, and chitosan on the production of phenolic compounds and suggests that the treatment with optimal concentrations of chitosan and JA for an optimal time period improved the production of phenolic compounds in germinated buckwheat.

ACS Style

Chang Ha Park; Hyeon Ji Yeo; Ye Eun Park; Se Won Chun; Yong Suk Chung; Sook Young Lee; Sang Un Park. Influence of Chitosan, Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid on Phenylpropanoid Accumulation in Germinated Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). Foods 2019, 8, 153 .

AMA Style

Chang Ha Park, Hyeon Ji Yeo, Ye Eun Park, Se Won Chun, Yong Suk Chung, Sook Young Lee, Sang Un Park. Influence of Chitosan, Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid on Phenylpropanoid Accumulation in Germinated Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). Foods. 2019; 8 (5):153.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chang Ha Park; Hyeon Ji Yeo; Ye Eun Park; Se Won Chun; Yong Suk Chung; Sook Young Lee; Sang Un Park. 2019. "Influence of Chitosan, Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid on Phenylpropanoid Accumulation in Germinated Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)." Foods 8, no. 5: 153.

Journal article
Published: 26 March 2019 in Antioxidants
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Traditionally, Agastache rugosa (Korean mint) has been widely used to treat various infectious diseases. The aims of this study were to: (i) determine the phenylpropanoid content of the plant using high-performance liquid chromatography; (ii) undertake total anthocyanin, flavonoid, and phenolic assays; (iii) and evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the methanol extracts from the stem, leaves, and flowers of Korean mint. The total anthocyanin, flavonoid, and phenolic content assays showed that the flowers had higher phenolic levels than the stem and leaves. The reducing power, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl superoxide radical scavenging abilities, and the hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activities were also evaluated so that the antioxidant activities of the extracts from the different plant parts could be evaluated. The flower extracts revealed higher antioxidant properties than the other parts. The antibacterial properties of the methanol extracts from A. rugosa were analyzed by the disc diffusion method, and the flower extracts had higher antibacterial activities against the six bacterial strains used in the study than the other parts. This study provides information on the synergistic antioxidant and antibacterial properties of phenolics derived from the different parts of Korean mint.

ACS Style

Chang Ha Park; Hyeon Ji Yeo; Thanislas Bastin Baskar; Ye Eun Park; Jong Seok Park; Sook Young Lee; Sang Un Park. In Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Flower, Leaf, and Stem Extracts of Korean Mint. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 75 .

AMA Style

Chang Ha Park, Hyeon Ji Yeo, Thanislas Bastin Baskar, Ye Eun Park, Jong Seok Park, Sook Young Lee, Sang Un Park. In Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Flower, Leaf, and Stem Extracts of Korean Mint. Antioxidants. 2019; 8 (3):75.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chang Ha Park; Hyeon Ji Yeo; Thanislas Bastin Baskar; Ye Eun Park; Jong Seok Park; Sook Young Lee; Sang Un Park. 2019. "In Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Flower, Leaf, and Stem Extracts of Korean Mint." Antioxidants 8, no. 3: 75.

Journal article
Published: 26 March 2019 in Metabolites
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Liriope platyphylla (Liliaceae), a medical plant distributed mainly in China, Taiwan, and Korea, has been used traditionally for the treatment of cough, sputum, asthma, and neurodegenerative diseases. The present study involved the metabolic profiling of this plant and reports spicatoside A accumulation in four different varieties of L. platyphylla (Cheongyangjaerae, Seongsoo, Cheongsim, and Liriope Tuber No. 1) using HPLC and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC⁻TOFMS). A total of 47 metabolites were detected in the different cultivars using GC⁻TOFMS-based metabolic profiling. The resulting data were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) for determining the whole experimental variation, and the different cultivars were separated by score plots. Furthermore, hierarchical clustering, Pearson's correlation, and partial least-squares discriminant analyses (PLS-DA) were subsequently performed to determine significant differences in the various metabolites of the cultivars. The HPLC data revealed that the presence of spicatoside A was detected in all four cultivars, with the amount of spicatoside A varying among them. Among the cultivars, Liriope Tuber No. 1 contained the highest amount of spicatoside A (1.83 ± 0.13 mg/g dry weight), followed by Cheongyangjaerae (1.25 ± 0.01 mg/g dry weight), Cheongsim (1.09 ± 0.04 mg/g dry weight), and Seongsoo (1.01 ± 0.02 mg/g dry weight). The identification of spicatoside A was confirmed by comparing the retention time of the sample with the retention time of the standard. Moreover, the Cheongsim cultivar contained higher levels of phenolic compounds-including vanillic acid, quinic acid, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and benzoic acid-than those of the other two cultivars. On the other hand, the levels of amino acids were higher in the Seongsoo cultivar. Therefore, this study may help breeders produce new varieties with improved nutraceutical and nutritional qualities.

ACS Style

Chang Ha Park; Abubaker Mohammed Awad Morgan; Byung Bae Park; Sook Young Lee; Sanghyun Lee; Jae Kwang Kim; Sang Un Park. Metabolic Analysis of Four Cultivars of Liriope platyphylla. Metabolites 2019, 9, 59 .

AMA Style

Chang Ha Park, Abubaker Mohammed Awad Morgan, Byung Bae Park, Sook Young Lee, Sanghyun Lee, Jae Kwang Kim, Sang Un Park. Metabolic Analysis of Four Cultivars of Liriope platyphylla. Metabolites. 2019; 9 (3):59.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chang Ha Park; Abubaker Mohammed Awad Morgan; Byung Bae Park; Sook Young Lee; Sanghyun Lee; Jae Kwang Kim; Sang Un Park. 2019. "Metabolic Analysis of Four Cultivars of Liriope platyphylla." Metabolites 9, no. 3: 59.

Journal article
Published: 19 February 2019 in Foods
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In this study, we investigated optimal light conditions for enhancement of the growth and accumulation of glucosinolates and phenolics in the sprouts of canola (Brassica napus L.). We found that the shoot lengths and fresh weights of red light-irradiated sprouts were higher than those of sprouts exposed to white, blue, and blue + red light, whereas root length was not notably different among red, blue, white, and blue + red light treatments. The accumulations of total glucosinolates in plants irradiated with white, blue, and red lights were not significantly different (19.32 ± 0.13, 20.69 ± 0.05, and 20.65 ± 1.70 mg/g dry weight (wt.), respectively). However, sprouts exposed to blue + red light contained the lowest levels of total glucosinolates (17.08 ± 0.28 mg/g dry wt.). The accumulation of total phenolic compounds was the highest in plants irradiated with blue light (3.81 ± 0.08 mg/g dry wt.), 1.33 times higher than the lowest level in plants irradiated with red light (2.87 ± 0.05 mg/g dry wt.). These results demonstrate that red light-emitting diode (LED) light is suitable for sprout growth and that blue LED light is effective in increasing the accumulation of glucosinolates and phenolics in B. napus sprouts.

ACS Style

Chang Ha Park; Nam Su Kim; Jong Seok Park; Sook Young Lee; Jong-Won Lee; Sang Un Park. Effects of Light-Emitting Diodes on the Accumulation of Glucosinolates and Phenolic Compounds in Sprouting Canola (Brassica napus L.). Foods 2019, 8, 76 .

AMA Style

Chang Ha Park, Nam Su Kim, Jong Seok Park, Sook Young Lee, Jong-Won Lee, Sang Un Park. Effects of Light-Emitting Diodes on the Accumulation of Glucosinolates and Phenolic Compounds in Sprouting Canola (Brassica napus L.). Foods. 2019; 8 (2):76.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chang Ha Park; Nam Su Kim; Jong Seok Park; Sook Young Lee; Jong-Won Lee; Sang Un Park. 2019. "Effects of Light-Emitting Diodes on the Accumulation of Glucosinolates and Phenolic Compounds in Sprouting Canola (Brassica napus L.)." Foods 8, no. 2: 76.