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Development of strategies for removing heavy metals from aquatic environments is in high demand. Cadmium is one of the most dangerous metals in the environment, even under extremely low quantities. In this study, kenaf and magnetic biochar composite were prepared for the adsorption of Cd2+. The synthesized biochar was characterized using (a vibrating-sample magnetometer VSM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The adsorption batch study was carried out to investigate the influence of pH, kinetics, isotherm, and thermodynamics on Cd2+ adsorption. The characterization results demonstrated that the biochar contained iron particles that help in improving the textural properties (i.e., surface area and pore volume), increasing the number of oxygen-containing groups, and forming inner-sphere complexes with oxygen-containing groups. The adsorption study results show that optimum adsorption was achieved under pH 5–6. An increase in initial ion concentration and solution temperature resulted in increased adsorption capacity. Surface modification of biochar using iron oxide for imposing magnetic property allowed for easy separation by external magnet and regeneration. The magnetic biochar composite also showed a higher affinity to Cd2+ than the pristine biochar. The adsorption data fit well with the pseudo-second-order and the Langmuir isotherm, with the maximum adsorption capacity of 47.90 mg/g.
Anwar Saeed; Noorfidza Harun; Suriati Sufian; Muhammad Bilad; Zaki Zakaria; Ahmad Jagaba; Aiban Ghaleb; Haetham Mohammed. Pristine and Magnetic Kenaf Fiber Biochar for Cd2+ Adsorption from Aqueous Solution. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 7949 .
AMA StyleAnwar Saeed, Noorfidza Harun, Suriati Sufian, Muhammad Bilad, Zaki Zakaria, Ahmad Jagaba, Aiban Ghaleb, Haetham Mohammed. Pristine and Magnetic Kenaf Fiber Biochar for Cd2+ Adsorption from Aqueous Solution. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (15):7949.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnwar Saeed; Noorfidza Harun; Suriati Sufian; Muhammad Bilad; Zaki Zakaria; Ahmad Jagaba; Aiban Ghaleb; Haetham Mohammed. 2021. "Pristine and Magnetic Kenaf Fiber Biochar for Cd2+ Adsorption from Aqueous Solution." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15: 7949.
A rotating biological contactor (RBC) offers a low energy footprint but suffers from performance instability, making it less popular for domestic wastewater treatment. This paper presents a study on an RBC integrated with membrane technology in which membrane filtration was used as a post-treatment step (RBC–ME) to achieve enhanced biological performance. The RBC and RBC–ME systems were operated under different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 12, 18, 24, and 48 h, and the effects of HRT on biological performance and effluent filterability were assessed. The results show that RBC–ME demonstrates superior biological performance than the standalone RBC. The RBC–ME bioreactor achieved 87.9 ± 3.2% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 98.9 ± 1.1% ammonium, 45.2 ± 0.7% total nitrogen (TN), and 97.9 ± 0.1% turbidity removals. A comparison of the HRTs showed that COD and TN removal efficiency was the highest at 48 h, with 92.4 ± 2.4% and 48.6 ± 1.3% removal efficiencies, respectively. The longer HRTs also lead to better RBC effluent filterability. The steady-state permeability increased respectively by 2.4%, 9.5%, and 19.1% at HRTs of 18, 24, and 48 h, compared to 12 h. Our analysis of membrane fouling shows that fouling resistance decreased at higher HRTs. Overall, RBC–ME offered a promising alternative for traditional suspended growth processes with higher microbial activity and enhanced biological performance, which is in line with the requirements of sustainable development and environment-friendly treatment.
Sharjeel Waqas; Muhammad Bilad; Nurul Huda; Noorfidza Harun; Nik Md Nordin; Norazanita Shamsuddin; Yusuf Wibisono; Asim Khan; Jumardi Roslan. Membrane Filtration as Post-Treatment of Rotating Biological Contactor for Wastewater Treatment. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7287 .
AMA StyleSharjeel Waqas, Muhammad Bilad, Nurul Huda, Noorfidza Harun, Nik Md Nordin, Norazanita Shamsuddin, Yusuf Wibisono, Asim Khan, Jumardi Roslan. Membrane Filtration as Post-Treatment of Rotating Biological Contactor for Wastewater Treatment. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (13):7287.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSharjeel Waqas; Muhammad Bilad; Nurul Huda; Noorfidza Harun; Nik Md Nordin; Norazanita Shamsuddin; Yusuf Wibisono; Asim Khan; Jumardi Roslan. 2021. "Membrane Filtration as Post-Treatment of Rotating Biological Contactor for Wastewater Treatment." Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7287.
Microalgae-based products have gained growing interest leading to an increase in large-scale cultivation. However, the high energy associated with microalgae harvesting becomes one of the bottlenecks. This study evaluated an energy-efficient microalga harvesting via ultra-low-pressure membrane (ULPM) filtration (<20 kPa) in combination with aeration. ULPM offered various benefits especially in terms of reducing the energy consumption due to it operated under low transmembrane pressure (TMP). High TMP often associated with high pumping energy hence would increase the amount of energy consumed. In addition, membrane with high TMP would severely affect by membrane compaction. Results showed that membrane compaction leads to up to 66 % clean water permeability loss when increasing the TMP from 2.5 to 19 kPa. The Chlorella vulgaris broth permeabilities decreased from 1660 and 1250 to 296 and 251 L/m2hrbar for corresponding TMPs for system with and without aeration, respectively. However, it was found that membrane fouling was more vulnerable at low TMP due to poor foulant scouring from a low crossflow velocity in which up to 56 % of permeability losses were observed. Membrane fouling is the biggest drawback of membrane system as it would reduce the membrane performance. In this study, aeration was introduced as membrane fouling control to scour-off the foulant from membrane surface and pores. In terms of energy consumption, it was observed that the specific energy consumption for the ULPM were very low of up to 4.4 × 10−3 kWh/m3. Overall, combination of low TMP with aeration offers lowest energy input.
Wan Nur Aisyah Wan Osman; Normi Izati Mat Nawi; Shafirah Samsuri; Muhammad Roil Bilad; Asim Laeeq Khan; Hunaepi Hunaepi; Juhana Jaafar; Man Kee Lam. Ultra low-pressure filtration system for energy efficient microalgae filtration. Heliyon 2021, 7, e07367 .
AMA StyleWan Nur Aisyah Wan Osman, Normi Izati Mat Nawi, Shafirah Samsuri, Muhammad Roil Bilad, Asim Laeeq Khan, Hunaepi Hunaepi, Juhana Jaafar, Man Kee Lam. Ultra low-pressure filtration system for energy efficient microalgae filtration. Heliyon. 2021; 7 (6):e07367.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWan Nur Aisyah Wan Osman; Normi Izati Mat Nawi; Shafirah Samsuri; Muhammad Roil Bilad; Asim Laeeq Khan; Hunaepi Hunaepi; Juhana Jaafar; Man Kee Lam. 2021. "Ultra low-pressure filtration system for energy efficient microalgae filtration." Heliyon 7, no. 6: e07367.
The increasing rate of oil and gas production has contributed to a release of oil/water emulsion or mixtures to the environment, becoming a pressing issue. At the same time, pollution of the toxic cigarette butt has also become a growing concern. This study explored utilization of cigarette butt waste as a source of cellulose acetate-based (CA) polymer to develop a phase inverted membrane for treatment of oil/water emulsion and compare it with commercial polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and polysulfone (PSF). Results show that the CA-based membrane from waste cigarette butt offers an eco-friendly material without compromising the separation efficiency, with a pore size range suitable for oil/water emulsion filtration with the rejection of >94.0%. The CA membrane poses good structural property similar to the established PVDF and PSF membranes with equally asymmetric morphology. It also poses hydrophilicity properties with a contact angle of 74.5°, lower than both PVDF and PSF membranes. The pore size of CA demonstrates that the CA is within the microfiltration range with a mean flow pore size of 0.17 µm. The developed CA membrane shows a promising oil/water emulsion permeability of 180 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 after five filtration cycles. However, it still suffers a high degree of irreversible fouling (>90.0%), suggesting potential future improvements in terms of membrane fouling management. Overall, this study demonstrates a sustainable approach to addressing oil/water emulsion pollution treated CA membrane from cigarette butt waste.
Aris Doyan; Chew Leong; Muhammad Bilad; Kiki Kurnia; Susilawati Susilawati; Saiful Prayogi; Thanitporn Narkkun; Kajornsak Faungnawakij. Cigarette Butt Waste as Material for Phase Inverted Membrane Fabrication Used for Oil/Water Emulsion Separation. Polymers 2021, 13, 1907 .
AMA StyleAris Doyan, Chew Leong, Muhammad Bilad, Kiki Kurnia, Susilawati Susilawati, Saiful Prayogi, Thanitporn Narkkun, Kajornsak Faungnawakij. Cigarette Butt Waste as Material for Phase Inverted Membrane Fabrication Used for Oil/Water Emulsion Separation. Polymers. 2021; 13 (12):1907.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAris Doyan; Chew Leong; Muhammad Bilad; Kiki Kurnia; Susilawati Susilawati; Saiful Prayogi; Thanitporn Narkkun; Kajornsak Faungnawakij. 2021. "Cigarette Butt Waste as Material for Phase Inverted Membrane Fabrication Used for Oil/Water Emulsion Separation." Polymers 13, no. 12: 1907.
This study investigated the polymer film composite of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), trichlorethylene (TCE) and cresol red (CR) dye irradiated with gamma (γ) rays for potential application as radiation dosimetry. The film was prepared via the solvent-casting method with varying concentrations of TCE. Film samples were exposed to radiation from a γ-rays radiation source of 60Cobalt isotope. Color changes before and after γ-rays irradiation were observed, and the optical properties of the polymer films were investigated by spectrophotometry. Results show that increasing the radiation dose physically changed the color of the polymer film, from purple (pH > 8.8) without radiation (0 kGy) to yellow (almost transparent) (2.8 < pH < 7.2) at the highest dose (12 kGy). The concentration of acid formed due to irradiation increased with the increase in irradiation doses and at higher TCE content. The critical doses of PVA-TCE composites decreased linearly with the increase of TCE composition, facilitating an easy calibration process. The dose response at 438 nm increased exponentially with increasing radiation dose, but showed an opposite trend at the 575 nm band. An increase in the TCA concentration indicated a decrease in the absorption edge and an increase in activation energy, but both decreased for all TCE concentrations at higher doses. The energy gap for the direct and the indirect transitions decreased with increasing TCE concentration and γ-rays radiation dose. The results of this study demonstrated the potential application of PVA-TCE-CR polymer film as γ-rays irradiation dosimetry in a useful dose range of 0–12 kGy.
Aris Doyan; Susilawati Susilawati; Saiful Prayogi; Muhammad Bilad; Muhamad Arif; Noor Ismail. Polymer Film Blend of Polyvinyl Alcohol, Trichloroethylene and Cresol Red for Gamma Radiation Dosimetry. Polymers 2021, 13, 1866 .
AMA StyleAris Doyan, Susilawati Susilawati, Saiful Prayogi, Muhammad Bilad, Muhamad Arif, Noor Ismail. Polymer Film Blend of Polyvinyl Alcohol, Trichloroethylene and Cresol Red for Gamma Radiation Dosimetry. Polymers. 2021; 13 (11):1866.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAris Doyan; Susilawati Susilawati; Saiful Prayogi; Muhammad Bilad; Muhamad Arif; Noor Ismail. 2021. "Polymer Film Blend of Polyvinyl Alcohol, Trichloroethylene and Cresol Red for Gamma Radiation Dosimetry." Polymers 13, no. 11: 1866.
Membrane technology is one of reliable options for treatment of oil/water emulsion. It is highly attractive because of its effectiveness in separating fine oil droplets of 3000 ppm to a point of no flux.
Nafiu Barambu; Muhammad Bilad; Nurul Huda; Nik Nordin; Mohamad Bustam; Aris Doyan; Jumardi Roslan. Effect of Membrane Materials and Operational Parameters on Performance and Energy Consumption of Oil/Water Emulsion Filtration. Membranes 2021, 11, 370 .
AMA StyleNafiu Barambu, Muhammad Bilad, Nurul Huda, Nik Nordin, Mohamad Bustam, Aris Doyan, Jumardi Roslan. Effect of Membrane Materials and Operational Parameters on Performance and Energy Consumption of Oil/Water Emulsion Filtration. Membranes. 2021; 11 (5):370.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNafiu Barambu; Muhammad Bilad; Nurul Huda; Nik Nordin; Mohamad Bustam; Aris Doyan; Jumardi Roslan. 2021. "Effect of Membrane Materials and Operational Parameters on Performance and Energy Consumption of Oil/Water Emulsion Filtration." Membranes 11, no. 5: 370.
This study focuses on the effect of modified silica fillers by [EMIN][Tf2N] via physical adsorption on the CO2 separation performance of a mixed matrix membrane (MMM). The IL-modified silica was successfully synthesized as the presence of fluorine element was observed in both Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) analyses. The prepared MMMs with different loadings of the IL-modified silica were then compared with an unmodified silica counterpart and neat membrane. The morphology of IL-modified MMMs was observed to have insignificant changes, while polymer chains of were found to be slightly more flexible compared to their counterpart. At 2 bar of operating pressure, a significant increase in performance was observed with the incorporation of 3 wt% Sil-IL fillers compared to that of pure polycarbonate (PC). The permeability increased from 353 to 1151 Barrer while the CO2/CH4 selectivity increased from 20 to 76. The aforementioned increment also exceeded the Robeson upper bound. This indicates that the incorporation of fillers surface-modified with ionic liquid in an organic membrane is worth exploring for CO2 separation.
Siti Shafie; Nik Md Nordin; Muhammad Bilad; Nurasyikin Misdan; Norazlianie Sazali; Zulfan Putra; Mohd Wirzal; Alamin Idris; Juhana Jaafar; Zakaria Man. [EMIM][Tf2N]-Modified Silica as Filler in Mixed Matrix Membrane for Carbon Dioxide Separation. Membranes 2021, 11, 371 .
AMA StyleSiti Shafie, Nik Md Nordin, Muhammad Bilad, Nurasyikin Misdan, Norazlianie Sazali, Zulfan Putra, Mohd Wirzal, Alamin Idris, Juhana Jaafar, Zakaria Man. [EMIM][Tf2N]-Modified Silica as Filler in Mixed Matrix Membrane for Carbon Dioxide Separation. Membranes. 2021; 11 (5):371.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiti Shafie; Nik Md Nordin; Muhammad Bilad; Nurasyikin Misdan; Norazlianie Sazali; Zulfan Putra; Mohd Wirzal; Alamin Idris; Juhana Jaafar; Zakaria Man. 2021. "[EMIM][Tf2N]-Modified Silica as Filler in Mixed Matrix Membrane for Carbon Dioxide Separation." Membranes 11, no. 5: 371.
This paper introduces a new spark plasma sintering technique that is able to order crystalline anisotropy by in-series/in situ DC electric coupled magnetic field. The process control parameters have been investigated on the production of anisotropic BaFe12O19 magnets based on resulted remanence (Mr). Sintering holding time (H.T.), cooling rate (C.R.), pressure (P), and sintering temperature (S.T.) are optimized by Taguchi with L9 orthogonal array (OA). The remanent magnetization of nanocrystalline BaFe12O19 in parallel (Mrǁ) and perpendicular (MrꞱ) to the applied magnetic field was regarded as a measure of performance. The Taguchi study calculated optimum process parameters, which significantly improved the sintering process based on the confirmation tests of BaFe12O19 anisotropy. The magnetic properties in terms of Mrǁ and MrꞱ were greatly affected by sintering temperature and pressure according to ANOVA results. In addition, regression models were developed for predicting the Mrǁ as well as MrꞱ respectively.
Haetham Mohammed; Thar Albarody; Susilawati Susilawati; Soheil Gohari; Aris Doyan; Saiful Prayogi; Muhammad Bilad; Reza Alebrahim; Anwar Saeed. Process Optimization of In Situ Magnetic-Anisotropy Spark Plasma Sintering of M-Type-Based Barium Hexaferrite BaFe12O19. Materials 2021, 14, 2650 .
AMA StyleHaetham Mohammed, Thar Albarody, Susilawati Susilawati, Soheil Gohari, Aris Doyan, Saiful Prayogi, Muhammad Bilad, Reza Alebrahim, Anwar Saeed. Process Optimization of In Situ Magnetic-Anisotropy Spark Plasma Sintering of M-Type-Based Barium Hexaferrite BaFe12O19. Materials. 2021; 14 (10):2650.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHaetham Mohammed; Thar Albarody; Susilawati Susilawati; Soheil Gohari; Aris Doyan; Saiful Prayogi; Muhammad Bilad; Reza Alebrahim; Anwar Saeed. 2021. "Process Optimization of In Situ Magnetic-Anisotropy Spark Plasma Sintering of M-Type-Based Barium Hexaferrite BaFe12O19." Materials 14, no. 10: 2650.
Membrane fouling is one of the main drawbacks in membrane-based microalgae harvesting. This study assessed the tilted panel to enhance filtration performance of Spirulina sp. broth. The influences of the operating parameters including the tilting angle, aeration rate and membrane materials on filtration performance and energy consumption were evaluated. Results showed that the system was effective and energy-efficient for membrane fouling control. The permeability peaked at a tilting of 45° thanks to combination of aeration and panel tilting. The microfiltration performed better than the ultrafiltration membrane due to the effective impact of air bubbles for foulant scouring that maximized the membrane intrinsic property. Small aeration rate of 1.0 L/min offered a high plateau permeability of 540 L/(m2·hr·bar) in which reversible fouling almost fully absent. The high permeability could be achieved under a low energy input of 0.2 kWh/m3.
Insyirah Ismail; Kiki Adi Kurnia; Shafirah Samsuri; Muhammad Roil Bilad; Lisendra Marbelia; Noor Maizura Ismail; Asim Laeeq Khan; Arief Budiman; Susilawati Susilawati. Energy efficient harvesting of Spirulina sp. from the growth medium using a tilted panel membrane filtration. Bioresource Technology Reports 2021, 15, 100697 .
AMA StyleInsyirah Ismail, Kiki Adi Kurnia, Shafirah Samsuri, Muhammad Roil Bilad, Lisendra Marbelia, Noor Maizura Ismail, Asim Laeeq Khan, Arief Budiman, Susilawati Susilawati. Energy efficient harvesting of Spirulina sp. from the growth medium using a tilted panel membrane filtration. Bioresource Technology Reports. 2021; 15 ():100697.
Chicago/Turabian StyleInsyirah Ismail; Kiki Adi Kurnia; Shafirah Samsuri; Muhammad Roil Bilad; Lisendra Marbelia; Noor Maizura Ismail; Asim Laeeq Khan; Arief Budiman; Susilawati Susilawati. 2021. "Energy efficient harvesting of Spirulina sp. from the growth medium using a tilted panel membrane filtration." Bioresource Technology Reports 15, no. : 100697.
Cadmium is one of the most hazardous metals in the environment, even when present at very low concentrations. This study reports the systematic development of Kenaf fiber biochar as an adsorbent for the removal of cadmium (Cd) (II) ions from water. The adsorbent development was aided by an optimization tool. Activated biochar was prepared using the physicochemical activation method, consisting of pre-impregnation with NaOH and nitrogen (N2) pyrolysis. The influence of the preparation parameters—namely, chemical impregnation (NaOH: KF), pyrolysis temperature, and pyrolysis time on biochar yield, removal rate, and the adsorption capacity of Cd (II) ions—was investigated. From the experimental data, some quadratic correlation models were developed according to the central composite design. All models demonstrated a good fit with the experimental data. The experimental results revealed that the pyrolysis temperature and heating time were the main factors that affected the yield of biochar and had a positive effect on the Cd (II) ions’ removal rate and adsorption capacity. The impregnation ratio also showed a positive effect on the specific surface area of the biochar, removal rate, and adsorption capacity of cadmium, with a negligible effect on the biochar yield. The optimal biochar-based adsorbent was obtained under the following conditions: 550 °C of pyrolysis temperature, 180 min of heating time, and a 1:1 NaOH impregnation ratio. The optimum adsorbent showed 28.60% biochar yield, 69.82% Cd (II) ions removal, 23.48 mg/g of adsorption capacity, and 160.44 m2/g of biochar-specific area.
Anwar Saeed; Noorfidza Harun; Suriati Sufian; Muhammad Bilad; Baiq Nufida; Noor Ismail; Zaki Zakaria; Ahmad Jagaba; Aiban Ghaleb; Baker Al-Dhawi. Modeling and Optimization of Biochar Based Adsorbent Derived from Kenaf Using Response Surface Methodology on Adsorption of Cd2+. Water 2021, 13, 999 .
AMA StyleAnwar Saeed, Noorfidza Harun, Suriati Sufian, Muhammad Bilad, Baiq Nufida, Noor Ismail, Zaki Zakaria, Ahmad Jagaba, Aiban Ghaleb, Baker Al-Dhawi. Modeling and Optimization of Biochar Based Adsorbent Derived from Kenaf Using Response Surface Methodology on Adsorption of Cd2+. Water. 2021; 13 (7):999.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnwar Saeed; Noorfidza Harun; Suriati Sufian; Muhammad Bilad; Baiq Nufida; Noor Ismail; Zaki Zakaria; Ahmad Jagaba; Aiban Ghaleb; Baker Al-Dhawi. 2021. "Modeling and Optimization of Biochar Based Adsorbent Derived from Kenaf Using Response Surface Methodology on Adsorption of Cd2+." Water 13, no. 7: 999.
This study assesses the optical properties and conductivity of PVA–H3PO4 (polyvinyl alcohol–phosphoric acid) polymer film blend irradiated by gamma (γ) rays. The PVA–H3PO4 polymer film blend was prepared by the solvent-casting method at H3PO4 concentrations of 75 v% and 85 v%, and then irradiated up to 25 kGy using γ-rays from the Cobalt-60 isotope source. The optical absorption spectrum was measured using an ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer over a wavelength range of 200 to 700 nm. It was found that the absorption peaks are in three regions, namely two peaks in the ultraviolet region (310 and 350 nm) and one peak in the visible region (550 nm). The presence of an absorption peak after being exposed to hυ energy indicates a transition of electrons from HOMO to LUMO within the polymer chain. The study of optical absorption shows that the energy band gap (energy gap) depends on the radiation dose and the concentration of H3PO4 in the polymer film blend. The optical absorption, absorption edge, and energy gap decrease with increasing H3PO4 concentration and radiation dose. The interaction between PVA and H3PO4 blend led to an increase in the conductivity of the resulting polymer blend film.
Susilawati Susilawati; Saiful Prayogi; Muhamad Arif; Noor Ismail; Muhammad Bilad; Muhammad Asy’Ari. Optical Properties and Conductivity of PVA–H3PO4 (Polyvinyl Alcohol–Phosphoric Acid) Film Blend Irradiated by γ-Rays. Polymers 2021, 13, 1065 .
AMA StyleSusilawati Susilawati, Saiful Prayogi, Muhamad Arif, Noor Ismail, Muhammad Bilad, Muhammad Asy’Ari. Optical Properties and Conductivity of PVA–H3PO4 (Polyvinyl Alcohol–Phosphoric Acid) Film Blend Irradiated by γ-Rays. Polymers. 2021; 13 (7):1065.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSusilawati Susilawati; Saiful Prayogi; Muhamad Arif; Noor Ismail; Muhammad Bilad; Muhammad Asy’Ari. 2021. "Optical Properties and Conductivity of PVA–H3PO4 (Polyvinyl Alcohol–Phosphoric Acid) Film Blend Irradiated by γ-Rays." Polymers 13, no. 7: 1065.
Wastewater containing oil/water emulsion has a serious ecological impact and threatens human health. The impact worsens as its volume increases. Oil/water emulsion needs to be treated before it is discharged or reused again for processing. A membrane-based process is considered attractive in effectively treating oil/water emulsion, but progress has been dampened by the membrane fouling issue. The objective of this study is to develop polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes customized for oil/water emulsion separation by incorporating assembly of tannic acid (TA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in the polymer matrix. The results show that the assembly of TA/PVP complexation was achieved as observed from the change in colour during the phase inversion and as also proven from the characterization analyses. Incorporation of the TA/PVP assembly leads to enhanced surface hydrophilicity by lowering the contact angle from 82° to 47°. In situ assembly of the TA/PVP complex also leads to enhanced clean water permeability by a factor of four as a result of enhanced mean flow pore size from 0.2 to 0.9 µm. Owing to enhanced surface chemistry and structural advantages, the optimum hydrophilic PVDF/TA/PVP membrane poses permeability of 540.18 L/(m2 h bar) for oil/water emulsion filtration, three times higher than the pristine PVDF membrane used as the reference.
Normi Nawi; Syasya Ong Amat; Muhammad Bilad; Nik Nordin; Norazanita Shamsuddin; Saiful Prayogi; Thanitporn Narkkun; Kajornsak Faungnawakij. Development of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membrane via Assembly of Tannic Acid and Polyvinylpyrrolidone for Filtration of Oil/Water Emulsion. Polymers 2021, 13, 976 .
AMA StyleNormi Nawi, Syasya Ong Amat, Muhammad Bilad, Nik Nordin, Norazanita Shamsuddin, Saiful Prayogi, Thanitporn Narkkun, Kajornsak Faungnawakij. Development of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membrane via Assembly of Tannic Acid and Polyvinylpyrrolidone for Filtration of Oil/Water Emulsion. Polymers. 2021; 13 (6):976.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNormi Nawi; Syasya Ong Amat; Muhammad Bilad; Nik Nordin; Norazanita Shamsuddin; Saiful Prayogi; Thanitporn Narkkun; Kajornsak Faungnawakij. 2021. "Development of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membrane via Assembly of Tannic Acid and Polyvinylpyrrolidone for Filtration of Oil/Water Emulsion." Polymers 13, no. 6: 976.
An agricultural waste-based source of energy in the form of briquettes from rice husk has emerged as an alternative energy source. However, rice husk-based briquette has a low bulk density and moisture content, resulting in low durability. This study investigated the effect of initial moisture contents of 12%, 14%, and 16% of rice husk-based briquettes blended with 10 wt% of kraft lignin on their chemical and physical characteristics. The briquetting was done using a hand push manual die compressor. The briquette properties were evaluated by performing chemical (ultimate and proximate analysis, thermogravimetric analysis), physical (density, durability, compressive strength, and surface morphology) analyses. The durability values of all briquette samples were above 95%, meeting the standard with good compressive strength, surface morphology, and acceptable density range. The briquette made from the blend with 14% moisture content showed the highest calorific value of 17.688 MJ kg−1, thanks to its desirable morphology and good porosity range, which facilitates the transport of air for combustion. Overall, this study proved the approach of enhancing the quality of briquettes from rice husk by controlling the moisture content.
Anwar Saeed; Noorfidza Yub Harun; Muhammad Bilad; Muhammad Afzal; Ashak Parvez; Farah Roslan; Syahirah Abdul Rahim; Vimmal Vinayagam; Haruna Afolabi. Moisture Content Impact on Properties of Briquette Produced from Rice Husk Waste. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3069 .
AMA StyleAnwar Saeed, Noorfidza Yub Harun, Muhammad Bilad, Muhammad Afzal, Ashak Parvez, Farah Roslan, Syahirah Abdul Rahim, Vimmal Vinayagam, Haruna Afolabi. Moisture Content Impact on Properties of Briquette Produced from Rice Husk Waste. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (6):3069.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnwar Saeed; Noorfidza Yub Harun; Muhammad Bilad; Muhammad Afzal; Ashak Parvez; Farah Roslan; Syahirah Abdul Rahim; Vimmal Vinayagam; Haruna Afolabi. 2021. "Moisture Content Impact on Properties of Briquette Produced from Rice Husk Waste." Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3069.
This study reports the development of bio-based adsorbent by utilizing coffee endocarp (CE) waste as a raw material for lead (Pb) removal from liquid wastewater. The effect of NaOH and HCl as activation precursors on the characteristics and performance of the resulting adsorbents was investigated. The prepared adsorbents were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Surface Area Analyzer (SAA). The characterization results confirm the positive role of the activation by either NaOH or HCl in enhancing the surface properties of the resulting adsorbents. The chemical activations removed most of impurities leading to smoother surface, pore size enlargement and enhanced surface area to pore volume ratio, which result in an enhanced adsorption capacity and Pb removal efficiency. The raw adsorbent shows 57.7% of Pb removal efficiency and sorption capacity of 174.4 mg/g. On the other hand, after the chemical treatment using HCl and NaOH, the Pb removal efficiencies increased up to 63.9% and 89.86%, with adsorption capacity of 193 and 271.58 mg/g, respectively. Though both activated sorbents demonstrate better adsorption performance compared to the non-activated CE, overall results reveal that the NaOH-activated sorbent offers better characteristic and performance than the HCl-activated sorbent.
Mariana Mariana; Farid Mulana; Lisa Juniar; Dinda Fathira; Risna Safitri; Syawaliah Muchtar; Muhammad Bilad; Amir Shariff; Nurul Huda. Development of Biosorbent Derived from the Endocarp Waste of Gayo Coffee for Lead Removal in Liquid Wastewater—Effects of Chemical Activators. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3050 .
AMA StyleMariana Mariana, Farid Mulana, Lisa Juniar, Dinda Fathira, Risna Safitri, Syawaliah Muchtar, Muhammad Bilad, Amir Shariff, Nurul Huda. Development of Biosorbent Derived from the Endocarp Waste of Gayo Coffee for Lead Removal in Liquid Wastewater—Effects of Chemical Activators. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (6):3050.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMariana Mariana; Farid Mulana; Lisa Juniar; Dinda Fathira; Risna Safitri; Syawaliah Muchtar; Muhammad Bilad; Amir Shariff; Nurul Huda. 2021. "Development of Biosorbent Derived from the Endocarp Waste of Gayo Coffee for Lead Removal in Liquid Wastewater—Effects of Chemical Activators." Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3050.
A laboratory scale rotating biological contactor (RBC) bioreactor was evaluated for the synthetic municipal wastewater treatment. The decentralized RBC potential advantage of relatively simple design, low HRT and aeration requirement, high loading capacity and relatively high nitrogen removal. An increase in loading rates resulted in enhanced removal rates and decreased removal efficiency for both organics and nitrogen. The bioreactor was operated under loading conditions of 9.6-28.7 g COD/m2.d and 0.085-0.255 g N/m2.d resulted in 48.0-76.9% and 33.0-45% removal efficiency for organics and nitrogen, respectively. The average removal efficiency in terms of chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, ammonia and turbidity was 72.4±2.5 mg/L, 38.3±1.9 mg/L, 95.6±0.8 mg/L, and 78.9±0.3 NTU, respectively. Moreover, an energy consumption analysis RBC shows that it consumes significantly less energy compared to other biological processes. Overall results exhibit the effectiveness of the RBC to obtain superior biological performance thus significantly enhances environmental sustainability.
Sharjeel Waqas; Muhammad Roil Bilad; Zakaria B Man. Effect of organic and nitrogen loading rate in a rotating biological contactor for wastewater treatment. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2021, 1793, 012063 .
AMA StyleSharjeel Waqas, Muhammad Roil Bilad, Zakaria B Man. Effect of organic and nitrogen loading rate in a rotating biological contactor for wastewater treatment. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2021; 1793 (1):012063.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSharjeel Waqas; Muhammad Roil Bilad; Zakaria B Man. 2021. "Effect of organic and nitrogen loading rate in a rotating biological contactor for wastewater treatment." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1793, no. 1: 012063.
Membrane filtration is an attractive process in water and wastewater treatment, but largely restricted by membrane fouling. In this study, the membrane fouling issue is addressed by developing polyethersulfone (PES)-based mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) with the incorporation of hydrophilic nanoparticles as an additive. Ultrafiltration MMMs were successfully fabricated by incorporating different loadings of halloysite nanotube-ferrihydrates (HNT-HFO) into a polyethersulfone (PES) matrix and their performance was evaluated for the separation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution and oil/water emulsion. The results show that wettability is endowed to the membrane by introducing the additive aided by the presence of abundant -OH groups from the HFO. The loading of additive also leads to more heterogeneous surface morphology and higher pure water fluxes (516.33–640.82 L/m2h) more than twice that of the pristine membrane as reference (34.69 L/m2h) without affecting the rejection. The MMMs also provide much enhanced antifouling properties. The filtration results indicate that the flux recovery ratio of the modified membrane reached 100% by washing with only distilled water and a total flux recovery ratio of >98% ± 0.0471 for HNT-HFO-loaded membranes in comparison with 59% ± 0.0169 for pristine PES membrane.
Syarifah Wan Ikhsan; Norhaniza Yusof; Normi Mat Nawi; Muhammad Bilad; Norazanita Shamsuddin; Farhana Aziz; Ahmad Ismail. Halloysite Nanotube-Ferrihydrite Incorporated Polyethersulfone Mixed Matrix Membrane: Effect of Nanocomposite Loading on the Antifouling Performance. Polymers 2021, 13, 441 .
AMA StyleSyarifah Wan Ikhsan, Norhaniza Yusof, Normi Mat Nawi, Muhammad Bilad, Norazanita Shamsuddin, Farhana Aziz, Ahmad Ismail. Halloysite Nanotube-Ferrihydrite Incorporated Polyethersulfone Mixed Matrix Membrane: Effect of Nanocomposite Loading on the Antifouling Performance. Polymers. 2021; 13 (3):441.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSyarifah Wan Ikhsan; Norhaniza Yusof; Normi Mat Nawi; Muhammad Bilad; Norazanita Shamsuddin; Farhana Aziz; Ahmad Ismail. 2021. "Halloysite Nanotube-Ferrihydrite Incorporated Polyethersulfone Mixed Matrix Membrane: Effect of Nanocomposite Loading on the Antifouling Performance." Polymers 13, no. 3: 441.
Membrane-based technology is an attractive option for the treatment of oily wastewater because of its high oil removal efficiency, small footprint and operational simplicity. However, filtration performance is highly restricted by membrane fouling, especially when treating oil/water emulsion as a result of strong interaction between oil droplets and the hydrophobic property of the membrane. This study explores the fabrication of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based membrane via the vapour induced phase separation (VIPS) method while incorporating polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as a hydrophilic additive to encounter membrane fouling issues and improve membrane filterability. The resulting membranes were characterized and tested for oil/water emulsion filtration to evaluate their hydraulic, rejection and anti-fouling properties. Results show that the changes in membrane morphology and structure from typical macrovoids with finger-like substructure to cellular structure and larger membrane pore size were observed by the prolonged exposure time from 0 to 30 min through the VIPS method. The enhanced clean water permeability is attributed to the addition of PVP–LiCl in the dope solution that enlarges the mean flow pore size from 0.210 ± 0.1 to 7.709 ± 3.5 µm. The best performing membrane was the VIPS membrane with an exposure time of 5 min (M-5), showing oil/water emulsion permeability of 187 Lm−2 h−1 bar−1 and oil rejection of 91.3% as well as an elevation of 84% of clean water permeability compared to pristine PVDF developed using a typical non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) method. Despite the relatively high total fouling, M-5 was able to maintain its high permeability by water flushing as a simple operation for membrane fouling control. The performance was achieved thanks to combination of the large mean flow pore size and hydrophilic property from residual PVP in the membarne matrix. Overall, the results demonstrate the potential of the optimum VIPS method in the presence of PVP and LiCl additives for oil/water emulsion treatment.
Normi Nawi; Nur Sait; Muhammad Bilad; Norazanita Shamsuddin; Juhana Jaafar; Nik Nordin; Thanitporn Narkkun; Kajornsak Faungnawakij; Dzeti Mohshim. Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membrane Via Vapour Induced Phase Separation for Oil/Water Emulsion Filtration. Polymers 2021, 13, 427 .
AMA StyleNormi Nawi, Nur Sait, Muhammad Bilad, Norazanita Shamsuddin, Juhana Jaafar, Nik Nordin, Thanitporn Narkkun, Kajornsak Faungnawakij, Dzeti Mohshim. Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membrane Via Vapour Induced Phase Separation for Oil/Water Emulsion Filtration. Polymers. 2021; 13 (3):427.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNormi Nawi; Nur Sait; Muhammad Bilad; Norazanita Shamsuddin; Juhana Jaafar; Nik Nordin; Thanitporn Narkkun; Kajornsak Faungnawakij; Dzeti Mohshim. 2021. "Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membrane Via Vapour Induced Phase Separation for Oil/Water Emulsion Filtration." Polymers 13, no. 3: 427.
Membrane development is one of the key aspects to enhance the productivity of a filtration process. This study evaluates a hydrophobic silica as pore former for fabrication of polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane for liquid based filtration and compare it with a hydrophilic silica. Membranes incorporated with hydrophobic (M-series) and hydrophilic silica (N-series) with loadings of 1, 2 and 3 wt% in the dope solution were fabricated, characterized and subjected to filtration tests using feeds of pure water, raw wastewater, secondary effluent, microalgae solution and activated sludge. Results show that the hydrophobic silica remained within the membrane matrix (7.24% of elemental Si by EDS), almost three-fold higher than the hydrophilic silica (2.48%). It turned the membrane surface to be more hydrophobic ascribed by increasing water contact angle from 87° from the pristine PVDF membrane up to 97° for the membrane with the highest loading of hydrophobic silica. On the other hand, the addition of hydrophilic decreased the contact angle down to 67° for the membrane with the highest loading. Loading hydrophobic silica enhanced the dope solution viscosities up to 1825–2000 cP, upon dropwise addition of nonsolvent (water), whereas the viscosity remained at 880–950cP for the hydrophilic silica. Addition of hydrophobic silica increased the number of surface pore without significantly altering the pore size of about 0.12 µm. On the other hand, an increase in the pore size (up to 0.33 µm) was observed when hydrophilic silica was added. Despite the smaller pore size, the pure water permeance of the hydrophobic silica loaded membranes (450–984 L/m2hbar) outperformed the hydrophilic silica loaded membranes (420–600 L/m2hbar) due to their higher surface porosities thanks to the higher number of surface pores. The filtration results of multiple feeds showed the advantages of loading more hydrophobic silica in improving the hydraulic performance. The findings demonstrate the efficacy of hydrophobic silica as pore former in PVDF membrane fabrication.
Charlene Sharmini Fernandes; Nik Abdul Hadi Md Nordin; Muhammad Roil Bilad; Takeshi Matsuura; Zulfan Adi Putra; Mohd Dzul Hakim Wirzal; Juhana Jaafar. Explication of hydrophobic silica as effective pore former for membrane fabrication. Applied Surface Science Advances 2020, 3, 100051 .
AMA StyleCharlene Sharmini Fernandes, Nik Abdul Hadi Md Nordin, Muhammad Roil Bilad, Takeshi Matsuura, Zulfan Adi Putra, Mohd Dzul Hakim Wirzal, Juhana Jaafar. Explication of hydrophobic silica as effective pore former for membrane fabrication. Applied Surface Science Advances. 2020; 3 ():100051.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCharlene Sharmini Fernandes; Nik Abdul Hadi Md Nordin; Muhammad Roil Bilad; Takeshi Matsuura; Zulfan Adi Putra; Mohd Dzul Hakim Wirzal; Juhana Jaafar. 2020. "Explication of hydrophobic silica as effective pore former for membrane fabrication." Applied Surface Science Advances 3, no. : 100051.
Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are established technology for treatment of domestic and industrial wastewater because they offer a small footprint and high quality of effluent, in addition to lower excess sludge. However, their widespread applications are still limited by higher expenditure for compensating for membrane fouling. In this study, polysulfone (PSF)-based ultrafiltration membranes were developed and integrated with a tilted panel system for fouling control in activated sludge filtration. The results show an enhanced performance of filtration system thanks to the mutual advantage of the tilted panel system and the membrane properties. Both membranes showed a clear trend of higher permeability with respect to the tilted panel parameters, namely, higher tilting angle, higher aeration rate, and shorter intermittent/switching period. PSF-1 (1 wt% polyethylene glycol (PEG) additive) shows significantly better performance than PSF-3 (3 wt% PEG additive) although their mean flow pore size, structural properties, and contact angle do not differ significantly. PSF-1 shows superior filterability performance of about 45% for panel tilting angles of 20° at an aeration rate of 1.8 L·min−1, and 11% for a switching period of 1 min compared with PSF-3. The key property enhancing the performance of the PSF-1 is its narrower distribution of pore size. Overall results suggest that an optimum system could be achieved by optimizing both the filtration system and the membrane material properties.
Ahmad Ismail; Sri Mulyati; Sri Aprilia; Mohd Hizami Mohd Yusoff; Normi Izati Mat Nawi; Muhammad Roil Bilad; Ahmad Ismail; Nasrul Arahman. Filterability of Polysulfone Membrane in a Tilted Panel System for Activated Sludge Filtration. Water 2020, 12, 3533 .
AMA StyleAhmad Ismail, Sri Mulyati, Sri Aprilia, Mohd Hizami Mohd Yusoff, Normi Izati Mat Nawi, Muhammad Roil Bilad, Ahmad Ismail, Nasrul Arahman. Filterability of Polysulfone Membrane in a Tilted Panel System for Activated Sludge Filtration. Water. 2020; 12 (12):3533.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmad Ismail; Sri Mulyati; Sri Aprilia; Mohd Hizami Mohd Yusoff; Normi Izati Mat Nawi; Muhammad Roil Bilad; Ahmad Ismail; Nasrul Arahman. 2020. "Filterability of Polysulfone Membrane in a Tilted Panel System for Activated Sludge Filtration." Water 12, no. 12: 3533.
Membrane fouling is a major drawback of almost all pressure-driven membrane processes that limit their widespread application. This study compares the biological and the hydraulic performances of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polysulfone (PSF) membranes when used as external filtration for polishing of a rotating biological contactor (RBC) effluent and as an ingrated part in a membrane rotating biological contactor (MRBC). MRBC is an upgrade of the conventional RBC, in which the disk rotations are used not only to provide biological aeration but also as an inherent mechanism for membrane fouling control. Results showed that high biological performances were achieved irrespective of the membrane materials. The steady-state permeabilities of the membranes in MRBC are higher than external filtration by 92.4% and 19.7% for the PVDF and PSF membrane respectively. In the MRBC, smaller membrane-to-disk gaps and high disk rotational speed improve permeability for both membranes reaching the values of 297 and 173 L/ (m2.h.bar) for PVDF and PSF membranes, respectively. Full-scale energy consumption projection results show that the MRBC consumes only one-fourth of the energy of a referenced membrane bioreactor. The PVDF membrane outperforms PSF membrane thanks to the effective fouling control that maximize the throughput of a lower intrinsic resistance of the PVDF membrane. It implies that apart from membrane material, other operational parameters can still be optimized to further enhance the MRBC performance.
Sharjeel Waqas; Muhammad Roil Bilad; Aqsha Aqsha; Noorfidza Yub Harun; Muhammad Ayoub; Mohd Dzul Hakim Wirzal; Juhana Jaafar; Sri Mulyati; Muthia Elma. Effect of membrane properties in a membrane rotating biological contactor for wastewater treatment. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 2020, 9, 104869 .
AMA StyleSharjeel Waqas, Muhammad Roil Bilad, Aqsha Aqsha, Noorfidza Yub Harun, Muhammad Ayoub, Mohd Dzul Hakim Wirzal, Juhana Jaafar, Sri Mulyati, Muthia Elma. Effect of membrane properties in a membrane rotating biological contactor for wastewater treatment. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2020; 9 (1):104869.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSharjeel Waqas; Muhammad Roil Bilad; Aqsha Aqsha; Noorfidza Yub Harun; Muhammad Ayoub; Mohd Dzul Hakim Wirzal; Juhana Jaafar; Sri Mulyati; Muthia Elma. 2020. "Effect of membrane properties in a membrane rotating biological contactor for wastewater treatment." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 9, no. 1: 104869.