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The present study was carried out to analyze the potential of fungi isolated from the rhizosphere of soybean, brinjal, tomato, and potato plants. The density of fungi varied in the pot soil and rhizosphere after Paecilomyces formosus MD12 treatment. The P. formosus MD12 population was 6.3 ± 0.13 × 104 CFU g−1 in the pot planted with brinjal, and the population increased in the rhizosphere (6.72 ± 0.41 × 104 CFU g−1). P. formosus MD12 was cultured in the production medium, and the supernatant was used for egg inhibition studies on a root-knot nematode parasite, Meloidogyne incognita. It was revealed that maximum egg inhibition (94.7 ± 6.2%) was obtained at 100% concentration of extract. The culture supernatant from P. formosus MD12 affected the development of M. incognita juvenile, and the mortality rate was maximum after 96 h (95 ± 6%). Mortality was reduced when treated with 25%, 50%, and 75% supernatant. At 1 × 107 mL−1 of spore suspension, we found reductions of 71.6 ± 3.3% nematode populations in the soil, 60.7 ± 2.2% from the root, and 63.6 ± 2.4% egg mass compared with the control in the pot experiment. The culture supernatant applied at the 10% level showed a maximum mean reduction of the nematode population in roots (72.4 ± 2.2%), soil (77.9 ± 2.5%), and egg masses (73.2 ± 1.5%), respectively. The presence of P. formosus MD12 in a soil environment could antagonize nematode parasites and improve soil amendment. The P. formosus MD12 strain showed good biocontrol ability against the root-knot nematode, M. incognita, under in vitro and green house experimental condition.
Alaa Baazeem; Mohammed Alorabi; Palanisamy Manikandan; Saqer Alotaibi; Abdulaziz Almanea; Ahmed Abdel-Hadi; Ponnuswamy Vijayaraghavan; Subhanandharaj Raj; Young Kim; Hak-Jae Kim. Paecilomyces formosus MD12, a Biocontrol Agent to Treat Meloidogyne incognita on Brinjal in Green House. Journal of Fungi 2021, 7, 632 .
AMA StyleAlaa Baazeem, Mohammed Alorabi, Palanisamy Manikandan, Saqer Alotaibi, Abdulaziz Almanea, Ahmed Abdel-Hadi, Ponnuswamy Vijayaraghavan, Subhanandharaj Raj, Young Kim, Hak-Jae Kim. Paecilomyces formosus MD12, a Biocontrol Agent to Treat Meloidogyne incognita on Brinjal in Green House. Journal of Fungi. 2021; 7 (8):632.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlaa Baazeem; Mohammed Alorabi; Palanisamy Manikandan; Saqer Alotaibi; Abdulaziz Almanea; Ahmed Abdel-Hadi; Ponnuswamy Vijayaraghavan; Subhanandharaj Raj; Young Kim; Hak-Jae Kim. 2021. "Paecilomyces formosus MD12, a Biocontrol Agent to Treat Meloidogyne incognita on Brinjal in Green House." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 8: 632.
This study aimed to generate predictive models for growth, sporulation, and ochratoxin A (OTA) production under abiotic climatic variables, including temperatures (15–35 °C) and water activity levels (0.99–0.90 aw) by Aspergillus ochraceus group. The data were divided into three sets: one for training, one for testing, and the third one for model validation. Optimum growth occurred at 0.95 aw and 25 °C and 0.95 aw and 30 °C for A. westerdijkiae and A. steynii, respectively. Significantly improved A. westerdijkiae and A. steynii spore production occurred at 0.95 aw and 20 °C and 0.90 aw and 35 °C, respectively. A. steynii and A. westerdijkiae produced the majority of OTA at 35 °C and 0.95 aw and 25–30 °C at 0.95–0.99 aw, respectively. The accuracy of the third-order polynomial regression model reached 96% in growth cases, 94.7% in sporulation cases, and 90.9% in OTA production cases; the regression coefficients (R2) ranged from 0.8819 to 0.9978 for the Aspergillus ochraceus group. A reliable agreement was reached between the predicted and observed growth, sporulation, and OTA production. The effects of abiotic climatic variables on growth, sporulation, and OTA production of A. ochraceus group have been effectively defined, and the models generated were responsible for adequately predicted and validated models against data from other strains within A. ochraceus group that had been published in the literature under the current treatments. These models could be successfully implemented to predict fungal growth and OTA contamination on food matrices for these strains under these conditions.
Ahmed Abdel-Hadi; Bader Alshehri; Mohammed Waly; Mohammed Aboamer; Saeed Banawas; Mohammed Alaidarous; Manikandan Palanisamy; Mohamed Awad; Alaa Baazeem. Predictive Modeling and Validation on Growth, Production of Asexual Spores and Ochratoxin A of Aspergillus Ochraceus Group under Abiotic Climatic Variables. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1321 .
AMA StyleAhmed Abdel-Hadi, Bader Alshehri, Mohammed Waly, Mohammed Aboamer, Saeed Banawas, Mohammed Alaidarous, Manikandan Palanisamy, Mohamed Awad, Alaa Baazeem. Predictive Modeling and Validation on Growth, Production of Asexual Spores and Ochratoxin A of Aspergillus Ochraceus Group under Abiotic Climatic Variables. Microorganisms. 2021; 9 (6):1321.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmed Abdel-Hadi; Bader Alshehri; Mohammed Waly; Mohammed Aboamer; Saeed Banawas; Mohammed Alaidarous; Manikandan Palanisamy; Mohamed Awad; Alaa Baazeem. 2021. "Predictive Modeling and Validation on Growth, Production of Asexual Spores and Ochratoxin A of Aspergillus Ochraceus Group under Abiotic Climatic Variables." Microorganisms 9, no. 6: 1321.
Accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) by ornamental plants (OPs) from contaminated agriculture soils is a unique technique that can efficiently reduce the metal load in the food chain. Amaranthus tricolor L. has attractive characteristics acquiring a higher growth rate and large biomass when grown at heavy metal contaminated soils. Site-specific detailed information is not available on the use of A. tricolor plant in metal phytoremediation from the polluted sites. The study aimed to enhance the uptake of HMs (Pb, Zn, and Cu) via amending poultry litter extract (PLE), vinasse sugarcane (VSC), and humic acid (HA) as natural mobilized organic materials compared to ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), as a common mobilized chemical agent by A. tricolor plant. The studied soils collected from Helwan, El-Gabal El-Asfar (Cairo Governorate), Arab El-Madabeg (Assiut Governorate), Egypt, and study have been conducted under pot condition. Our results revealed all organic materials in all studied soils, except EDTA in EL-Gabal El-Asfar soil, significantly increased the dry weight of the A. tricolor plant compared to the control treatment. The uptake of Pb and Zn significantly (p > 0.05) increased due to applying all organic materials to the studied soils. HA application caused the highest uptake as shown in Pb concentration by more than 5 times in Helwan soil and EDTA by 65% in El-Gabal El-Asfar soil while VSC increased it by 110% in El-Madabeg soil. Also, an increase in Zn concentration due to EDTA application was 58, 42, and 56% for Helwan, El-Gabal El-Asfar, and El-Madabeg soil, respectively. In all studied soils, the application of organic materials increased the remediation factor (RF) than the control. El-Madabeg soil treated with vinasse sugarcane gave the highest RF values; 6.40, 3.26, and 4.02% for Pb, Zn, and Cu, respectively, than the control. Thus, we identified A. tricolor as a successful ornamental candidate that, along with organic mobilization amendments, most efficiently develop soil health, reduce metal toxicity, and recommend remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils. Additionally, long-term application of organic mobilization amendments and continued growth of A. tricolor under field conditions could be recommended for future directions to confirm the results.
Mahrous Awad; M. El-Desoky; A. Ghallab; Jan Kubes; S. Abdel-Mawly; Subhan Danish; Disna Ratnasekera; Mohammad Sohidul Islam; Milan Skalicky; Marian Brestic; Alaa Baazeem; Saqer Alotaibi; Talha Javed; Rubab Shabbir; Shah Fahad; Muhammad Habib Ur Rahman; Ayman EL Sabagh. Ornamental Plant Efficiency for Heavy Metals Phytoextraction from Contaminated Soils Amended with Organic Materials. Molecules 2021, 26, 3360 .
AMA StyleMahrous Awad, M. El-Desoky, A. Ghallab, Jan Kubes, S. Abdel-Mawly, Subhan Danish, Disna Ratnasekera, Mohammad Sohidul Islam, Milan Skalicky, Marian Brestic, Alaa Baazeem, Saqer Alotaibi, Talha Javed, Rubab Shabbir, Shah Fahad, Muhammad Habib Ur Rahman, Ayman EL Sabagh. Ornamental Plant Efficiency for Heavy Metals Phytoextraction from Contaminated Soils Amended with Organic Materials. Molecules. 2021; 26 (11):3360.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahrous Awad; M. El-Desoky; A. Ghallab; Jan Kubes; S. Abdel-Mawly; Subhan Danish; Disna Ratnasekera; Mohammad Sohidul Islam; Milan Skalicky; Marian Brestic; Alaa Baazeem; Saqer Alotaibi; Talha Javed; Rubab Shabbir; Shah Fahad; Muhammad Habib Ur Rahman; Ayman EL Sabagh. 2021. "Ornamental Plant Efficiency for Heavy Metals Phytoextraction from Contaminated Soils Amended with Organic Materials." Molecules 26, no. 11: 3360.
Minimum soil disturbance and increased crop residue retention practices are promising options to enhance soil organic matter, nutrient concentration and crop yield. However, the potentials of the practices in improving soil properties, increasing crop yield and in ensuring economic return have not been tested in the monsoon rice (Oryza sativa L.)-lentil (Lens culinaris L.)/wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-jute (Corchorus culinaris L.) cropping systems on seasonally flooded lowlands of the Eastern Gangetic Plain of South Asia. A field trial for consecutive three years was conducted in the Gangetic Plains of Bangladesh to evaluate the effects of zero tillage (ZT), strip-tillage (ST), bed planting (BP) and conventional tillage (CT) with two residue retention levels (RL—a low level similar to current farmers’ practice and RH—increased retention) on soil properties, yield and economic return. Between rice and jute crops, lentil was grown for the 1st and 2nd years and wheat for the 3rd year during the dry winter season. The ST and BP performed better than the CT and ZT in terms of yield of rice and lentil, whereas ST and ZT performed better than other practices in the case of jute. Higher residue retention (RH) increased crop yield for all the years. The highest rice equivalent yield (sum of 3 crop yields, expressed as rice yield) and the greatest benefit-cost ratio (BCR) were recorded with ST and RH. The increased yield in the ST was associated with reduced soil bulk density (BD), while ST with RH increased soil water (SW) and decreased penetration resistance (PR) of soil. Compared to CT, minimum soil disturbance of ZT and ST increased soil organic matter (SOM) stock by 24% and 23%, respectively; total nitrogen (TN) by 23.5% and 18.4%, respectively; extractable sulphur (S) by 21% and 18%, respectively; whereas Zinc (Zn) concentrations increased by 53% and 47%, respectively, in the upper 0–5 cm soil depth. Accumulation of extractable P, S and Zn in the 0–5 cm depth of soil followed the sequence as ZT > ST > BP > CT practice. The higher amount of residue retention significantly increased SOM, TN and extractable P, K, S and Zn concentrations at 0–5 cm and 5–10 cm soil depths. The 3-year study suggests that ST with RH is a potential crop management approach for the seasonally flooded rice-lentil/wheat-jute cropping systems to enhance soil nutrients status, crop yield and farm economy.
Nazmus Salahin; Mohammad Jahiruddin; Mohammad Islam; Khairul Alam; M. Haque; Sharif Ahmed; Alaa Baazeem; Adel Hadifa; Ayman EL Sabagh; Richard Bell. Establishment of Crops under Minimal Soil Disturbance and Crop Residue Retention in Rice-Based Cropping System: Yield Advantage, Soil Health Improvement, and Economic Benefit. Land 2021, 10, 581 .
AMA StyleNazmus Salahin, Mohammad Jahiruddin, Mohammad Islam, Khairul Alam, M. Haque, Sharif Ahmed, Alaa Baazeem, Adel Hadifa, Ayman EL Sabagh, Richard Bell. Establishment of Crops under Minimal Soil Disturbance and Crop Residue Retention in Rice-Based Cropping System: Yield Advantage, Soil Health Improvement, and Economic Benefit. Land. 2021; 10 (6):581.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNazmus Salahin; Mohammad Jahiruddin; Mohammad Islam; Khairul Alam; M. Haque; Sharif Ahmed; Alaa Baazeem; Adel Hadifa; Ayman EL Sabagh; Richard Bell. 2021. "Establishment of Crops under Minimal Soil Disturbance and Crop Residue Retention in Rice-Based Cropping System: Yield Advantage, Soil Health Improvement, and Economic Benefit." Land 10, no. 6: 581.
Pistachio nuts are an important economic tree nut crop which is used directly or processed for many food-related activities. They can become colonized by mycotoxigenic spoilage fungi, especially Aspergillus flavus, mainly resulting in contamination with aflatoxins (AFs), especially aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The prevailing climate in which these crops are grown changes as temperature and atmospheric CO2 levels increase, and episodes of extreme wet/dry cycles occur due to human industrial activity. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of interacting Climate Change (CC)-related abiotic factors of temperature (35 vs. 37 °C), CO2 (400 vs. 1000 ppm), and water stress (0.98–0.93 water activity, aw) on (a) growth (b) aflD and aflR biosynthetic gene expression and (c) AFB1 production by two strains A. flavus (AB3, AB10) in vitro on milled pistachio-based media and when colonizing layers of shelled raw pistachio nuts. The A. flavus strains were resilient in terms of growth on pistachio-based media and the colonisation of pistachio nuts with no significant difference when exposed to the interacting three-way climate-related abiotic factors. However, in vitro studies showed that AFB1 production was significantly stimulated (p< 0.05), especially when exposed to 1000 ppm CO2 at 0.98–0.95 aw and 35 °C, and sometimes in the 37 °C treatment group at 0.98 aw. The relative expression of the structural aflD gene involved in AFB1 biosynthesis was decreased or only slightly increased, relative to the control conditions at elevated CO, regardless of the aw level examined. For the regulatory aflR gene expression, there was a significant (p< 0.05) increase in 1000 ppm CO2 and 37 °C for both strains, especially at 0.95 aw. The in situ colonization of pistachio nuts resulted in a significant (p< 0.05) stimulation of AFB1 production at 35 °C and 1000 ppm CO2 for both strains, especially at 0.98 aw. At 37 °C, AFB1 production was either decreased, in strain AB3, or remained similar, as in strain AB10, when exposed to 1000 ppm CO2. This suggests that CC factors may have a differential effect, depending on the interacting conditions of temperature, exposure to CO2 and the level of water stress on AFB1 production.
Alaa Baazeem; Alicia Rodriguez; Angel Medina; Naresh Magan. Impacts of Climate Change Interacting Abiotic Factors on Growth, aflD and aflR Gene Expression and Aflatoxin B1 Production by Aspergillus flavus Strains In Vitro and on Pistachio Nuts. Toxins 2021, 13, 385 .
AMA StyleAlaa Baazeem, Alicia Rodriguez, Angel Medina, Naresh Magan. Impacts of Climate Change Interacting Abiotic Factors on Growth, aflD and aflR Gene Expression and Aflatoxin B1 Production by Aspergillus flavus Strains In Vitro and on Pistachio Nuts. Toxins. 2021; 13 (6):385.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlaa Baazeem; Alicia Rodriguez; Angel Medina; Naresh Magan. 2021. "Impacts of Climate Change Interacting Abiotic Factors on Growth, aflD and aflR Gene Expression and Aflatoxin B1 Production by Aspergillus flavus Strains In Vitro and on Pistachio Nuts." Toxins 13, no. 6: 385.
Lipoic acid (LA) and melatonin (MT) are pleiotropic molecules participating in plant stress resistance by modulating cellular biochemical changes, ion homeostasis, and antioxidant enzyme activities. However, the combined role of these two molecules in counteracting the detrimental impacts of salinity stress is still unknown. In the present study, we determined the effects of exogenous LA (0.5 µM), MT (1 µM) and their combination (LA + MT) on growth performance and biomass accumulation, photosynthetic pigments, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities, and ions homeostatic in canola (Brassica napus L.) seedlings under salinity stress (0, 100 mM) for 40 days. The results indicate that exogenous application of LA + MT improved the phenotypic growth (by 25 to 45%), root thickness (by 68%), number of later lateral roots (by 52%), root viability (by 44%), and root length (by 50%) under salinity stress. Moreover, total soluble protein, chlorophyll pigments, the concentration of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase peroxidase (CAT), and ascorbic peroxidase (ASA) increased with the presence of salt concentration into the growth media and then decreased with the addition of LA + MT to saline solution. Leaf protein contents and the degradation of photosynthetic pigments were lower when LA + MT treatments were added into NaCl media. The proline and phenol contents decreased in the exogenous application of LA + MT treatments more than individual LA or MT treatments under the salinity stress. The incorporation of LA or MT or a combination of LA + MT to saline solution decreased salinity-induced malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage. In conclusion, the alteration of metabolic pathways, redox modulation, and ions homeostasis in plant tissues by the combined LA and MT application are helpful towards the adaptation of Brassica napus L. seedlings in a saline environment. The results of this study provide, for the first time, conclusive evidence about the protective role of exogenous LA + MT in canola seedlings under salinity stress.
Hafiz Javeed; Mazhar Ali; Milan Skalicky; Fahim Nawaz; Rafi Qamar; Atique Rehman; Maooz Faheem; Muhammad Mubeen; Muhammad Iqbal; Muhammad Rahman; Pavla Vachova; Marian Brestic; Alaa Baazeem; Ayman EL Sabagh. Lipoic Acid Combined with Melatonin Mitigates Oxidative Stress and Promotes Root Formation and Growth in Salt-Stressed Canola Seedlings (Brassica napus L.). Molecules 2021, 26, 3147 .
AMA StyleHafiz Javeed, Mazhar Ali, Milan Skalicky, Fahim Nawaz, Rafi Qamar, Atique Rehman, Maooz Faheem, Muhammad Mubeen, Muhammad Iqbal, Muhammad Rahman, Pavla Vachova, Marian Brestic, Alaa Baazeem, Ayman EL Sabagh. Lipoic Acid Combined with Melatonin Mitigates Oxidative Stress and Promotes Root Formation and Growth in Salt-Stressed Canola Seedlings (Brassica napus L.). Molecules. 2021; 26 (11):3147.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHafiz Javeed; Mazhar Ali; Milan Skalicky; Fahim Nawaz; Rafi Qamar; Atique Rehman; Maooz Faheem; Muhammad Mubeen; Muhammad Iqbal; Muhammad Rahman; Pavla Vachova; Marian Brestic; Alaa Baazeem; Ayman EL Sabagh. 2021. "Lipoic Acid Combined with Melatonin Mitigates Oxidative Stress and Promotes Root Formation and Growth in Salt-Stressed Canola Seedlings (Brassica napus L.)." Molecules 26, no. 11: 3147.
Ginger is used as one of the important ingredients in traditional as well as modern medicine besides as a spice. It boosts immunity and is a rich source of many biologically active substances and minerals. Although it is a medicinally important crop, its productivity is, however, affected due to poor nutrient management and therefore it requires an adequate supply of nutrients in the form of inorganic fertilizers or organic manuring, or a mixture of both. In this context, the present study was aimed to investigate the effect of mineral fertilizers on the content of mineral elements in the ginger rhizome, on soil enzyme activity, and soil properties. Lysimeter experiments were conducted at the Institute of Genetics and Plant Experimental Biology, Kibray, Tashkent region, Uzbekistan. The experiment comprised of four treatments T1 – Control, T2 - N75P50K50 kg/ha, T3 - and T4 - N100P75K75 + B3Zn6Fe6 kg/ha. The results showed that the application of N125P100K100 kg/ha increased rhizome K content by 49%, P content by 20%, and Na content by 58% as compared to control without fertilizer. While the application of N100P75K75 + B3Zn6Fe6 kg/ha showed a significant enhancement in rhizome K, Ca, P, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Mo, and Si contents over the control. This treatment also improved active P content by 29%, total P content by 80%, total K content 16%, and N content by 33% content, and the activities of urease, invertase, and catalase activities as compared to control of without mineral fertilizer and control respectively. Thus the application of NPK + BZnFe at the rate of 100:75:75:3:6:6 kg/ha helps in improving macroelements and microelements in the ginger rhizome and activities of soil enzymes that helps in mineral nutrition of the rhizome.
D. Jabborova; R.Z. Sayyed; A. Azimov; Z. Jabbarov; A. Matchanov; Y. Enakiev; Alaa Baazeem; Ayman EL Sabagh; Subhan Danish; Rahul Datta. Impact of mineral fertilizers on mineral nutrients in the ginger rhizome and on soil enzymes activities and soil properties. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 2021, 28, 5268 -5274.
AMA StyleD. Jabborova, R.Z. Sayyed, A. Azimov, Z. Jabbarov, A. Matchanov, Y. Enakiev, Alaa Baazeem, Ayman EL Sabagh, Subhan Danish, Rahul Datta. Impact of mineral fertilizers on mineral nutrients in the ginger rhizome and on soil enzymes activities and soil properties. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021; 28 (9):5268-5274.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Jabborova; R.Z. Sayyed; A. Azimov; Z. Jabbarov; A. Matchanov; Y. Enakiev; Alaa Baazeem; Ayman EL Sabagh; Subhan Danish; Rahul Datta. 2021. "Impact of mineral fertilizers on mineral nutrients in the ginger rhizome and on soil enzymes activities and soil properties." Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 28, no. 9: 5268-5274.
Nitrogen (N) losses are prevalent under South East Asia’s due to high N fertilizer inputs, but low N fertilizer use efficiency. This leaves a large quantity of reactive N at risk of loss to the environment. Biochar has been found to reduce N losses across a variety of soil types, however, there is limited data available for semi-arid climates, particularly at a field-scale. Herein we present an exploration of the biological and chemical enhancement effects observed of a cotton stalk-based biochar on wheat growth and yield under arid field conditions. The biochar was treated with urea-N and biofertilizer (bio-power) in different treatment setups. The six experimental treatments included; (i) a full N dose “recommended for wheat crops in the region” (104 kg N ha−1) as a positive control; (ii) a half N dose (52 kg N ha−1); (iii) a half N dose + biofertilizer (4.94 kg ha−1) as a soil mixture; (iv) a half N dose + biofertilizer as a seed inoculation; (v) a full N dose as broadcast + biochar (5 t ha−1) inoculated with biofertilizer; and (vi) a full N dose loaded on biochar + biofertilizer applied as a soil mixture. The half dose N application or biofertilizer addition as soil mix/seed inoculated/biochar inoculation with biofertilizer caused reduced wheat growth and yield compared to the control (conventional N fertilization). However, co-application of chemically enhanced biochar (loaded with a full N dose) and biofertilizer as soil mixture significantly increased the crop growth rate (CGR) and leaf area index (LAI). A significantly higher crop growth and canopy development led to a higher light interception and radiation use efficiency (RUE) for total dry matter (TDM) and grain yield (11% greater than control) production compared to the control. A greater grain yield, observed for the full N dose loaded on biochar + biofertilizer applied as a soil mixture, is attributed to prolonged N availability as indicated by greater plant and soil N content at harvest and different crop growth stages, respectively. The present study has improved our understanding of how the application of nitrogen loaded biochar and biofertilizer as soil mixtures can synergize to positively affect wheat growth and soil-nitrogen retention under arid environmental conditions.
Zarmeena Khan; Muhammad Rahman; Ghulam Haider; Rabia Amir; Rao Ikram; Shakeel Ahmad; Hannah Schofield; Bilal Riaz; Rashid Iqbal; Shah Fahad; Rahul Datta; Alaa Baazeem; Ayman Sabagh; Subhan Danish. Chemical and Biological Enhancement Effects of Biochar on Wheat Growth and Yield under Arid Field Conditions. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5890 .
AMA StyleZarmeena Khan, Muhammad Rahman, Ghulam Haider, Rabia Amir, Rao Ikram, Shakeel Ahmad, Hannah Schofield, Bilal Riaz, Rashid Iqbal, Shah Fahad, Rahul Datta, Alaa Baazeem, Ayman Sabagh, Subhan Danish. Chemical and Biological Enhancement Effects of Biochar on Wheat Growth and Yield under Arid Field Conditions. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):5890.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZarmeena Khan; Muhammad Rahman; Ghulam Haider; Rabia Amir; Rao Ikram; Shakeel Ahmad; Hannah Schofield; Bilal Riaz; Rashid Iqbal; Shah Fahad; Rahul Datta; Alaa Baazeem; Ayman Sabagh; Subhan Danish. 2021. "Chemical and Biological Enhancement Effects of Biochar on Wheat Growth and Yield under Arid Field Conditions." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 5890.
The changing climate and global warming have rendered existing surface water insufficient, which is projected to adversely influence the irrigated farming systems globally. Consequently, groundwater demand has increased significantly owing to increasing population and demand for plant-based foods especially in South Asia and Pakistan. This study aimed to determine the potential areas for groundwater use for agriculture sector development in the study area Lower Dir District. ArcGIS 10.4 was utilized for geospatial analysis, which is referred to as Multi Influencing Factor (MIF) methodology. Seven parameters including land cover, geology, soil, rainfall, underground faults (liniment) density, drainage density, and slope, were utilized for delineation purpose. Considering relative significance and influence of each parameter in the groundwater recharge rating and weightage was given and potential groundwater areas were classified into very high, high, good, and poor. The result of classification disclosed that the areas of 113.10, 659.38, 674.68, and 124.17 km2 had very high, high, good, and poor potential for groundwater agricultural uses, respectively. Field surveys for water table indicated groundwater potentiality, which was high for Kotkay and Lalqila union councils having shallow water table. However, groundwater potentiality was poor in Zimdara, Khal, and Talash, characterized with a very deep water table. Moreover, the study effectively revealed that remote sensing and GIS could be developed as potent tools for mapping potential sites for groundwater utilization. Furthermore, MIF technique could be a suitable approach for delineation of groundwater potential zone, which can be applied for further research in different areas.
Abid Sarwar; Sajid Ahmad; Muhammad Rehmani; Muhammad Asif Javid; Shazia Gulzar; Muhammad Shehzad; Javeed Shabbir Dar; Alaa Baazeem; Muhammad Iqbal; Muhammad Rahman; Milan Skalicky; Marian Brestic; Ayman EL Sabagh. Mapping Groundwater Potential for Irrigation, by Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing Techniques: A Case Study of District Lower Dir, Pakistan. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 669 .
AMA StyleAbid Sarwar, Sajid Ahmad, Muhammad Rehmani, Muhammad Asif Javid, Shazia Gulzar, Muhammad Shehzad, Javeed Shabbir Dar, Alaa Baazeem, Muhammad Iqbal, Muhammad Rahman, Milan Skalicky, Marian Brestic, Ayman EL Sabagh. Mapping Groundwater Potential for Irrigation, by Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing Techniques: A Case Study of District Lower Dir, Pakistan. Atmosphere. 2021; 12 (6):669.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbid Sarwar; Sajid Ahmad; Muhammad Rehmani; Muhammad Asif Javid; Shazia Gulzar; Muhammad Shehzad; Javeed Shabbir Dar; Alaa Baazeem; Muhammad Iqbal; Muhammad Rahman; Milan Skalicky; Marian Brestic; Ayman EL Sabagh. 2021. "Mapping Groundwater Potential for Irrigation, by Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing Techniques: A Case Study of District Lower Dir, Pakistan." Atmosphere 12, no. 6: 669.
Green nanotechnology has acquired immense demand due to its cost-effective, eco-friendly and benevolent approach for the synthesis of nanoparticles. Among the biological methods, plants aid as a significant green resource for synthesizing nanoparticles that are safe and non-toxic for human use. In the present investigation, Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using bulbs extract of Allium ampeloprasum under the influence of sunlight irradiation and characterized using different techniques. Distinct in-vitro assays were performed to test the antioxidant and anticandida potential of the synthesized AgNPs. Results suggested the efficient and rapid sunlight-driven synthesis of AgNPs using A. ampeloprasum extract. UV–Vis spectrum showed absorption peak at 446 nm which confirmed the formation of AgNPs. FTIR analysis suggested the presence of functional groups associated with flavonoids and sulfur compounds in A. ampeloprasum extract. The synthesized AgNPs showed Face Centred Cubic (FCC) structure with an average size of 35 nm. Spherical, quasi spherical, triangular and ellipsoidal morphology of the NPs were observed from the TEM micrograph. The synthesized AgNPs showed pronounced free radical scavenging potential for DPPH, ABTS∙+ and H2O2 radicals. The anticandida potency of the synthesized AgNPs was observed as follows: C. albicans ≥ C. tropicalis ≥ C. glabrata ≥ C. parapsilosis ≥ C. krusei. Results showed that sunlight driven nanoparticle synthesis of AgNPs is rapid, facile and exhibit enhanced antioxidant and antifungal activity.
V. Uma Maheshwari Nallal; K. Prabha; I. VethaPotheher; Balasubramani Ravindran; Alaa Baazeem; Soon Woong Chang; Gloria Aderonke Otunola; M. Razia. Sunlight-driven rapid and facile synthesis of Silver nanoparticles using Allium ampeloprasum extract with enhanced antioxidant and antifungal activity. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 2021, 28, 3660 -3668.
AMA StyleV. Uma Maheshwari Nallal, K. Prabha, I. VethaPotheher, Balasubramani Ravindran, Alaa Baazeem, Soon Woong Chang, Gloria Aderonke Otunola, M. Razia. Sunlight-driven rapid and facile synthesis of Silver nanoparticles using Allium ampeloprasum extract with enhanced antioxidant and antifungal activity. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021; 28 (7):3660-3668.
Chicago/Turabian StyleV. Uma Maheshwari Nallal; K. Prabha; I. VethaPotheher; Balasubramani Ravindran; Alaa Baazeem; Soon Woong Chang; Gloria Aderonke Otunola; M. Razia. 2021. "Sunlight-driven rapid and facile synthesis of Silver nanoparticles using Allium ampeloprasum extract with enhanced antioxidant and antifungal activity." Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 28, no. 7: 3660-3668.
Bacillus anthracis is a gram positive, deadly spore forming bacteria causing anthrax and these bacteria having the complex mechanism in the cell wall envelope, which can adopt the changes in environmental conditions. In this, the membrane bound cell wall proteins are said to progressive drug target for the inhibition of Bacillus anthracis. Among the cell wall proteins, the SrtA is one of the important mechanistic protein, which mediate the ligation with LPXTG motif by forming the amide bonds. The SrtA plays the vital role in cell signalling, cell wall formation, and biofilm formations. Inhibition of SrtA leads to rupture of the cell wall and biofilm formation, and that leads to inhibition of Bacillus anthracis and thus, SrtA is core important enzyme to study the inhibition mechanism. In this study, we have examined 28 compounds, which have the inhibitory activity against the Bacillus anthracis SrtA for developing the 3D-QSAR and also, compounds binding selectivity with both open and closed SrtA conformations, obtained from 100 ns of MD simulations. The binding site loop deviate in forming the open and closed gate mechanism is investigated to understand the inhibitory profile of reported compounds, and results show the closed state active site conformations are required for ligand binding specificity. Overall, the present study may offer an opportunity for better understanding of the mechanism of action and can be aided to further designing of a novel and highly potent SrtA inhibitors.
Chandrabose Selvaraj; Gurudeeban Selvaraj; Randa Mohamed Ismail; Rajendran Vijayakumar; Alaa Baazeem; Dong-Qing Wei; Sanjeev Kumar Singh. Interrogation of Bacillus anthracis SrtA active site loop forming open/close lid conformations through extensive MD simulations for understanding binding selectivity of SrtA inhibitors. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 2021, 28, 3650 -3659.
AMA StyleChandrabose Selvaraj, Gurudeeban Selvaraj, Randa Mohamed Ismail, Rajendran Vijayakumar, Alaa Baazeem, Dong-Qing Wei, Sanjeev Kumar Singh. Interrogation of Bacillus anthracis SrtA active site loop forming open/close lid conformations through extensive MD simulations for understanding binding selectivity of SrtA inhibitors. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021; 28 (7):3650-3659.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChandrabose Selvaraj; Gurudeeban Selvaraj; Randa Mohamed Ismail; Rajendran Vijayakumar; Alaa Baazeem; Dong-Qing Wei; Sanjeev Kumar Singh. 2021. "Interrogation of Bacillus anthracis SrtA active site loop forming open/close lid conformations through extensive MD simulations for understanding binding selectivity of SrtA inhibitors." Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 28, no. 7: 3650-3659.
BACKGROUND Induced resistance against several plant pathogens was reported using different beneficial plant growth promoting microorganisms. The potential of 5 fungal isolates, Trichoderma harzianum GT 3‐2, Fusarium equiseti GF 18‐3, Fusarium equiseti GF 19‐1, Phoma sp. GS 10‐1 and Phoma sp. GS 14‐1, was evaluated to stimulate tomato growth and resistance against bacterial speck disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pathovar (pv.) tomato DC3000. RESULTS Based on the results of disease severity and growth promotion experiments, GF 18‐3 exhibited the best results among all fungal isolates. Treatment with barley grain inocula (BGI) and culture filtrate (CF) of the isolates promoted tomato growth and suppressed the pathogen in pot trials. Furthermore, expressions of the pathogenesis‐related genes (PR‐1, β‐1,3‐glucanase A, β‐1,3‐glucanase B and LOX) were relatively higher than the control in the leaves of tomato plants treated with both BGI and CF. The transcription levels remained consistently higher than the control plants for six days after pathogen inoculation. CONCLUSION Taken together, the results indicate that the tested fungal isolates have the potential to promote tomato growth and induce systemic resistance against the bacterial speck disease. Analysis of certain PR genes expression reveals significant activation in both BGI and CF treatments, leading to stimulated resistance against the pathogen.
Mohsen Mohamed Elsharkawy; Amr Ahmed Khedr; Farid Mehiar; Elsayed Mesbah El‐Kady; Alaa Baazeem; Masafumi Shimizu. Suppression of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato infection by rhizosphere fungi. Pest Management Science 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleMohsen Mohamed Elsharkawy, Amr Ahmed Khedr, Farid Mehiar, Elsayed Mesbah El‐Kady, Alaa Baazeem, Masafumi Shimizu. Suppression of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato infection by rhizosphere fungi. Pest Management Science. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohsen Mohamed Elsharkawy; Amr Ahmed Khedr; Farid Mehiar; Elsayed Mesbah El‐Kady; Alaa Baazeem; Masafumi Shimizu. 2021. "Suppression of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato infection by rhizosphere fungi." Pest Management Science , no. : 1.
Weed-competitive rice cultivars, a viable tool for integrated weed management of rice-field weeds, may greatly reduce the weed pressure and excessive dependence on herbicide in controlling weeds. Based on this premise, field experiments were conducted in 2018 and 2019 during the monsoon and winter rice-growing seasons at the Agronomy Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh, to evaluate the weed competitiveness of the selected rice varieties. A total of 42 monsoon and 28 winter rice varieties from Bangladesh were evaluated under “weedy” and “weed-free” conditions in the puddled transplanted system of cultivation. The field experiments were designed with three replications in a randomized complete block design. The results revealed that weed competition greatly reduces the yield of rice, and relative yield loss was 15–68% and 20–50% in monsoon and winter season rice, respectively. The lowest relative yield losses were recorded in monsoon rice from the variety BU dhan 1 (18%) and from the winter rice BRRI hybrid dhan5 (23.7%), which exhibited high weed tolerance. The weed competitive index (WCI) greatly varied among the varieties in both seasons and the monsoon season, ranging from 0.4 to 2.8, and the highest value was recorded from the hybrid variety Dhani Gold followed by BU dhan 1. In winter season rice, the WCI varied 0.25 to 2.4 and the highest value was recorded from the variety BRRI hybrid dhan3, followed by hybrid variety Heera 6. In monsoon rice, hybrid Dhani Gold was the most productive, but BU dhan 1 was the most weed competitive variety. Among the winter-grown varieties, the hybrid Heera 6 was the most productive, and the most weed competitive. Our research confirmed a high degree of variability in weed competitiveness among the 70 Bangladeshi rice varieties tested.
A. Islam; Mohammad Nasir; Mahmuda Akter Mou; Sabina Yeasmin; Shafiqul Islam; Sharif Ahmed; Parvez Anwar; Adel Hadifa; Alaa Baazeem; Muhammad Iqbal; Abdul Juraimi; Ayman EL Sabagh. Preliminary Reports on Comparative Weed Competitiveness of Bangladeshi Monsoon and Winter Rice Varieties under Puddled Transplanted Conditions. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5091 .
AMA StyleA. Islam, Mohammad Nasir, Mahmuda Akter Mou, Sabina Yeasmin, Shafiqul Islam, Sharif Ahmed, Parvez Anwar, Adel Hadifa, Alaa Baazeem, Muhammad Iqbal, Abdul Juraimi, Ayman EL Sabagh. Preliminary Reports on Comparative Weed Competitiveness of Bangladeshi Monsoon and Winter Rice Varieties under Puddled Transplanted Conditions. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (9):5091.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Islam; Mohammad Nasir; Mahmuda Akter Mou; Sabina Yeasmin; Shafiqul Islam; Sharif Ahmed; Parvez Anwar; Adel Hadifa; Alaa Baazeem; Muhammad Iqbal; Abdul Juraimi; Ayman EL Sabagh. 2021. "Preliminary Reports on Comparative Weed Competitiveness of Bangladeshi Monsoon and Winter Rice Varieties under Puddled Transplanted Conditions." Sustainability 13, no. 9: 5091.
Microbial natural biocides have attracted much more attention in recent years in order to avoid the unrestricted use of chemical biocides in the environment. The aim of this study is to analyze the antibacterial and antifungal activities of secondary metabolites and growth promoting, nematicidal, and soil enzyme activity mediated by Trichoderma hamatum FB10. The bactericidal and fungicidal activities were performed using cell-free extract. Results revealed that the selected strain exert antibacterial activity against Acidovorax avenae, Erutimacarafavora, and Xanthomonas campestris. The selected fungal strain FB10 showed antagonistic activity against fungal pathogens such as, S. sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria radicina, Alternaria citri, and Alternaria dauci. Among the bacterial pathogens, A. avenae showed least MIC (30 ± 2.5 µg/mL) and MBC (70 ± 1.25 µg/mL) values. T. hamatum FB10 strain synthesized bioactive volatile secondary metabolite, which effectively inhibited the growth of bacteria and fungi and indicated the presence of 6-pentyl-alpha-pyrone as the major compound (67.05%). The secondary metabolite synthesized by T. hamatum FB10 showed nematicidal activity against M. incognita eggs. Egg hatch inhibition was 78 ± 2.6% and juvenile stage mortality rate was 89 ± 2.5% when the strain FB10 was treated with nematode. The cell free extract of T. hamatum FB10 showed protease, amylase, cellulase, chitinase, glucanase activities. T. hamatum FB10 inoculated with green gram increased 11% plant height, compared to the control. The fresh weight of the experimental group inoculated with T. hamatum FB10 increased 33.6% more compared to the control group. The green gram seedlings inoculated with T. hamatum FB10 increased 18% more dry weight than control group. Soil enzymes such as, urease, phosphatase, catalase and saccharase were improved in the soil inoculated with T. hamatum FB10. These biochemical components play potent role in soil fertility, energy conversion, and in soil organic matter conversion.
Alaa Baazeem; Abdulaziz Almanea; Palanisamy Manikandan; Mohammed Alorabi; Ponnuswamy Vijayaraghavan; Ahmed Abdel-Hadi. In Vitro Antibacterial, Antifungal, Nematocidal and Growth Promoting Activities of Trichoderma hamatum FB10 and Its Secondary Metabolites. Journal of Fungi 2021, 7, 331 .
AMA StyleAlaa Baazeem, Abdulaziz Almanea, Palanisamy Manikandan, Mohammed Alorabi, Ponnuswamy Vijayaraghavan, Ahmed Abdel-Hadi. In Vitro Antibacterial, Antifungal, Nematocidal and Growth Promoting Activities of Trichoderma hamatum FB10 and Its Secondary Metabolites. Journal of Fungi. 2021; 7 (5):331.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlaa Baazeem; Abdulaziz Almanea; Palanisamy Manikandan; Mohammed Alorabi; Ponnuswamy Vijayaraghavan; Ahmed Abdel-Hadi. 2021. "In Vitro Antibacterial, Antifungal, Nematocidal and Growth Promoting Activities of Trichoderma hamatum FB10 and Its Secondary Metabolites." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 5: 331.
Deteriorating soil fertility and gradually decreasing rice productivity along with higher greenhouse gas emissions from paddy fields have emerged as serious threats to the sustainability of rice production and food security. Rice production in the subtropical environment in Bangladesh is mostly dependent on synthetic inorganic fertilizer to maintain productivity; however, the inorganic fertilizer has negative effects on global warming. Climate-smart and resilient agricultural production systems are major concerns nowadays to meet sustainable development goals. The study was conducted to evaluate the optimum rate and source of organic amendments on rice productivity and soil fertility along with CH4 emission. A total of nine nutrient combinations were used in the study. The CH4 emission, soil redox potential (Eh), soil pH, soil nitrogen and organic carbon, available phosphorus, rice grain and straw were greatly affected by the application of different rates and sources of the nutrient. However, the soil exchangeable K content, plant height, and harvest index were not affected. Among the treatments, the application of 75% recommended fertilizer (RF) + biosolid 2 t ha−1 (T3) was the most effective and showed the superior performance in terms of available P (12.90 ppm), the number of grains panicle−1 (121), and 1000-grain weight (24.6g), rice grain, and straw yield along with the moderate CH4 emission (18.25 mg m−2h−1). On the other hand, the lowest soil Eh (−158 mV) and soil pH (6.65) were measured from the treatment T3. The finding of this study revealed that the application of 75% of RF + biosolid 2 t ha−1 can be recommended as the preferable soil amendment for boosting rice yield, reduce CH4 emissions, and sustainably maintain soil fertility. Furthermore, this finding may help to introduce preferable soil amendment doses, which will contribute to boosting rice productivity and economic turnouts of the farmers.
Mahamudul Haque; Juel Datta; Tareq Ahmed; Ehsanullah; Neaul Karim; Mt. Akter; Muhammad Iqbal; Alaa Baazeem; Adel Hadifa; Sharif Ahmed; Ayman EL Sabagh. Organic Amendments Boost Soil Fertility and Rice Productivity and Reduce Methane Emissions from Paddy Fields under Sub-Tropical Conditions. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3103 .
AMA StyleMahamudul Haque, Juel Datta, Tareq Ahmed, Ehsanullah, Neaul Karim, Mt. Akter, Muhammad Iqbal, Alaa Baazeem, Adel Hadifa, Sharif Ahmed, Ayman EL Sabagh. Organic Amendments Boost Soil Fertility and Rice Productivity and Reduce Methane Emissions from Paddy Fields under Sub-Tropical Conditions. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (6):3103.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahamudul Haque; Juel Datta; Tareq Ahmed; Ehsanullah; Neaul Karim; Mt. Akter; Muhammad Iqbal; Alaa Baazeem; Adel Hadifa; Sharif Ahmed; Ayman EL Sabagh. 2021. "Organic Amendments Boost Soil Fertility and Rice Productivity and Reduce Methane Emissions from Paddy Fields under Sub-Tropical Conditions." Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3103.
The endophytic fungus, Beauveria bassiana has been found to occur endophytically in hundreds of plant species tissues and has been inoculated for establishment in different plants. It has negative effect on piercing-sucking insects in grapevine plants. Thus, the present study aimed to detect the endophytic fungus, B. bassiana throughout ITS genes analysis in the grapevine plant, Vitis venifera cv. Taify and assess its potential for controlling the grapevine aphid, Aphis illinoisensis Shimer (Hemiptera: Aphididae). The obtained 5 isolates were DNA sequenced for ITS region. Data analysis showed that there were 2 different isolates (accession number: MN900613 for isolate Bb-Taif1 and MN900614 for isolate Bb-Taif2). The values of LC50 were 6.041 × 104, 3.199 × 105 spores/ml while those of LC90 were 6.13 × 106 and 7.474 × 107 spores/ml after 3 days of treatment by Bb-Taif1 and Bb-Taif2, respectively. These values showed that the virulence of Bb-Taif1 isolate was higher in its efficacy than the Bb-Taif2 isolate. Further investigations are needed to evaluate its efficacy on other piercing sucking or chewing insect pests throughout conidia spraying, soil inoculation, and/or root immersion for grapevine plants.
Samy Sayed; Ahmed El-Shehawi; Saad Al-Otaibi; Samir El-Shazly; Saqer Al-Otaibi; Reda Ibrahim; Mohammed Alorabi; Alaa Baazeem; Mona Elseehy. Isolation and efficacy of the endophytic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin on grapevine aphid, Aphis illinoisensis Shimer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) under laboratory conditions. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 2020, 30, 1 -7.
AMA StyleSamy Sayed, Ahmed El-Shehawi, Saad Al-Otaibi, Samir El-Shazly, Saqer Al-Otaibi, Reda Ibrahim, Mohammed Alorabi, Alaa Baazeem, Mona Elseehy. Isolation and efficacy of the endophytic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin on grapevine aphid, Aphis illinoisensis Shimer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) under laboratory conditions. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control. 2020; 30 (1):1-7.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamy Sayed; Ahmed El-Shehawi; Saad Al-Otaibi; Samir El-Shazly; Saqer Al-Otaibi; Reda Ibrahim; Mohammed Alorabi; Alaa Baazeem; Mona Elseehy. 2020. "Isolation and efficacy of the endophytic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin on grapevine aphid, Aphis illinoisensis Shimer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) under laboratory conditions." Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 30, no. 1: 1-7.
Climate change (CC) scenarios are predicted to have significant effects on the security of staple commodities. A key component of this impact is the infection of such crops by mycotoxigenic moulds and contamination with mycotoxins. The impacts of CC on mycotoxigenic fungi requires examination of the impacts of the three-way interactions between elevated CO2 (350–400 vs 650–1200 ppm), temperature increases (+2–5 °C) and drought stress on growth/mycotoxin production by key spoilage fungi in cereals and nuts. This review examines the available evidence on the impacts of interacting CC factors on growth and mycotoxin production by key mycotoxigenic fungi including Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium species. Aspergillus flavus responsible for producing aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a class 1A carcinogen and its growth appears to be unaffected by CC factors. However, there is a significant stimulation of AFB1 production both in vitro and in vivo in maize. In contrast, studies on Aspergillus section Circumdati and Nigri species responsible for ochratoxin A contamination of a range of commodities and F. verticillioides and fumonisins suggest that some species are more resilient than others, especially in terms of mycotoxin production. Acclimatisation of mycotoxigenic fungal pathogens to CC factors may result in increased disease and perhaps mycotoxin contamination of staple cereals. Predictive modelling approaches to help identify regions where maximum impact may occur in terms of infection by mycotoxigenic fungi and toxin contamination of staple crops is hindered by the lack of reliable inputs on effects of the interacting CC factors. The present available knowledge is discussed in the context of the resilience of staple food chains and the impact that interacting CC factors may have on the availability of food in the future
Angel Medina; Asya Akbar; Alaa Baazeem; Alicia Rodriguez; Naresh Magan. Climate change, food security and mycotoxins: Do we know enough? Fungal Biology Reviews 2017, 31, 143 -154.
AMA StyleAngel Medina, Asya Akbar, Alaa Baazeem, Alicia Rodriguez, Naresh Magan. Climate change, food security and mycotoxins: Do we know enough? Fungal Biology Reviews. 2017; 31 (3):143-154.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAngel Medina; Asya Akbar; Alaa Baazeem; Alicia Rodriguez; Naresh Magan. 2017. "Climate change, food security and mycotoxins: Do we know enough?" Fungal Biology Reviews 31, no. 3: 143-154.