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Dr. Christine Edwards
Robert Gordon University, Garthdee House, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen, AB10 7QB, Scotland, UK

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0 Bioremediation
0 Advanced oxidation processes
0 Bioactive Peptides
0 cyanotoxins
0 Nature-based water treatment

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cyanotoxins
Bioremediation
Advanced oxidation processes
Bioactive Peptides
Purification and analysis

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Journal article
Published: 08 April 2021 in Toxins
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Since conventional drinking water treatments applied in different countries are inefficient at eliminating potentially toxic cyanobacterial peptides, a number of bacteria have been studied as an alternative to biological filters for the removal of microcystins (MCs). Here, we evaluated the degradation of not only MCs variants (-LR/DM-LR/-RR/-LF/-YR), but also non-MCs peptides (anabaenopeptins A/B, aerucyclamides A/D) by Paucibacter toxinivorans over 7 days. We also evaluated the degradation rate of MC-LR in a peptide mix, with all peptides tested, and in the presence of M. aeruginosa crude extract. Furthermore, biodegradation was assessed for non-cyanobacterial peptides with different chemical structures, such as cyclosporin A, (Glu1)-fibrinopeptide-B, leucine-enkephalin, and oxytocin. When cyanopeptides were individually added, P. toxinivorans degraded them (99%) over 7 days, except for MC-LR and -RR, which decreased by about 85 and 90%, respectively. The degradation rate of MC-LR decreased in the peptide mix compared to an individual compound, however, in the presence of the Microcystis extract, it was degraded considerably faster (3 days). It was noted that biodegradation rates decreased in the mix for all MCs while non-MCs peptides were immediately degraded. UPLC–QTOF–MS/MS allowed us to identify two linear biodegradation products for MC-LR and MC-YR, and one for MC-LF. Furthermore, P. toxinivorans demonstrated complete degradation of non-cyanobacterial peptides, with the exception of oxytocin, where around 50% remained after 7 days. Thus, although P. toxinivorans was previously identified as a MC-degrader, it also degrades a wide range of peptides under a range of conditions, which could be optimized as a potential biological tool for water treatment.

ACS Style

Allan Santos; Sylvia Soldatou; Valeria de Magalhães; Sandra Azevedo; Dolores Camacho-Muñoz; Linda Lawton; Christine Edwards. Degradation of Multiple Peptides by Microcystin-Degrader Paucibacter toxinivorans (2C20). Toxins 2021, 13, 265 .

AMA Style

Allan Santos, Sylvia Soldatou, Valeria de Magalhães, Sandra Azevedo, Dolores Camacho-Muñoz, Linda Lawton, Christine Edwards. Degradation of Multiple Peptides by Microcystin-Degrader Paucibacter toxinivorans (2C20). Toxins. 2021; 13 (4):265.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Allan Santos; Sylvia Soldatou; Valeria de Magalhães; Sandra Azevedo; Dolores Camacho-Muñoz; Linda Lawton; Christine Edwards. 2021. "Degradation of Multiple Peptides by Microcystin-Degrader Paucibacter toxinivorans (2C20)." Toxins 13, no. 4: 265.

Review
Published: 03 April 2021 in Sensors
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In the past twenty years marine biotoxin analysis in routine regulatory monitoring has advanced significantly in Europe (EU) and other regions from the use of the mouse bioassay (MBA) towards the high-end analytical techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS). Previously, acceptance of these advanced methods, in progressing away from the MBA, was hindered by a lack of commercial certified analytical standards for method development and validation. This has now been addressed whereby the availability of a wide range of analytical standards from several companies in the EU, North America and Asia has enhanced the development and validation of methods to the required regulatory standards. However, the cost of the high-end analytical equipment, lengthy procedures and the need for qualified personnel to perform analysis can still be a challenge for routine monitoring laboratories. In developing regions, aquaculture production is increasing and alternative inexpensive Sensitive, Measurable, Accurate and Real-Time (SMART) rapid point-of-site testing (POST) methods suitable for novice end users that can be validated and internationally accepted remain an objective for both regulators and the industry. The range of commercial testing kits on the market for marine toxin analysis remains limited and even more so those meeting the requirements for use in regulatory control. Individual assays include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and lateral flow membrane-based immunoassays (LFIA) for EU-regulated toxins, such as okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxins (DTXs), saxitoxin (STX) and its analogues and domoic acid (DA) in the form of three separate tests offering varying costs and benefits for the industry. It can be observed from the literature that not only are developments and improvements ongoing for these assays, but there are also novel assays being developed using upcoming state-of-the-art biosensor technology. This review focuses on both currently available methods and recent advances in innovative methods for marine biotoxin testing and the end-user practicalities that need to be observed. Furthermore, it highlights trends that are influencing assay developments such as multiplexing capabilities and rapid POST, indicating potential detection methods that will shape the future market.

ACS Style

Michael Dillon; Maja Zaczek-Moczydlowska; Christine Edwards; Andrew Turner; Peter Miller; Heather Moore; April McKinney; Linda Lawton; Katrina Campbell. Current Trends and Challenges for Rapid SMART Diagnostics at Point-of-Site Testing for Marine Toxins. Sensors 2021, 21, 2499 .

AMA Style

Michael Dillon, Maja Zaczek-Moczydlowska, Christine Edwards, Andrew Turner, Peter Miller, Heather Moore, April McKinney, Linda Lawton, Katrina Campbell. Current Trends and Challenges for Rapid SMART Diagnostics at Point-of-Site Testing for Marine Toxins. Sensors. 2021; 21 (7):2499.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Dillon; Maja Zaczek-Moczydlowska; Christine Edwards; Andrew Turner; Peter Miller; Heather Moore; April McKinney; Linda Lawton; Katrina Campbell. 2021. "Current Trends and Challenges for Rapid SMART Diagnostics at Point-of-Site Testing for Marine Toxins." Sensors 21, no. 7: 2499.

Journal article
Published: 11 March 2021 in Toxicon
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Primary consumers in freshwater ecosystems, such as the zooplankton organism Daphnia magna, are highly affected by cyanobacteria, both as they may use it as a food source but also by cyanobacterial metabolites present in the water. Here, we investigate the impacts of cyanobacterial metabolites focussing on the environmental realistic scenario of the naturally released mixture without crushing cyanobacterial cells or their uptake as food. Therefore, D. magna were exposed to two concentrations of cell free cyanobacterial spent medium from Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 to represent higher and lower ecologically-relevant concentrations of cyanobacterial metabolites. Including microcystin-LR, 11 metabolites have been detected of which 5 were quantified. Hypothesising concentration and time dependent negative impact, survival, gene expression marking digestion and metabolism, oxidative stress response, cell cycle and molting as well as activities of detoxification and antioxidant enzymes were followed for 7 days. D. magna suffered from oxidative stress as both catalase and glutathione S-transferase enzyme activities significantly decreased, suggesting enzyme exhaustibility after 3 and 7 days. Moreover, gene-expressions of the 4 stress markers (glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and thioredoxin) were merely downregulated after 7 days of exposure. Energy allocation (expression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) was increased after 3 days but decreased as well after 7 days exposure. Cell cycle was impacted time dependently but differently by the two concentrations, along with an increasing downregulation of myosin heavy chain responsible for cell arrangement and muscular movements. Deregulation of nuclear hormone receptor genes indicate that D. magna hormonal steering including molting seemed impaired despite no detection of microviridin J in the extracts. As a consequence of all those responses and presumably of more than investigated molecular and physiological changes, D. magna survival was impaired over time, in a concentration dependent manner. Our results confirm that besides microcystin-LR, other secondary metabolites contribute to negative impact on D. magna survival and stress response.

ACS Style

Gorenka Bojadzija Savic; Hervé Colinet; Myriam Bormans; Christine Edwards; Linda A. Lawton; Enora Briand; Claudia Wiegand. Cell free Microcystis aeruginosa spent medium affects Daphnia magna survival and stress response. Toxicon 2021, 195, 37 -47.

AMA Style

Gorenka Bojadzija Savic, Hervé Colinet, Myriam Bormans, Christine Edwards, Linda A. Lawton, Enora Briand, Claudia Wiegand. Cell free Microcystis aeruginosa spent medium affects Daphnia magna survival and stress response. Toxicon. 2021; 195 ():37-47.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gorenka Bojadzija Savic; Hervé Colinet; Myriam Bormans; Christine Edwards; Linda A. Lawton; Enora Briand; Claudia Wiegand. 2021. "Cell free Microcystis aeruginosa spent medium affects Daphnia magna survival and stress response." Toxicon 195, no. : 37-47.

Journal article
Published: 28 October 2020 in Chemosphere
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Cyanobacterial blooms are observed when high cell densities occur and are often dangerous to human and animal health due to the presence of cyanotoxins. Conventional drinking water treatment technology struggles to efficiently remove cyanobacterial cells and their metabolites during blooms, increasing costs and decreasing water quality. Although field applications of hydrogen peroxide have been shown to successfully suppress cyanobacterial growth, a rapid and accurate measure of the effect of oxidative stress on cyanobacterial cells is required. In the current study, H2O2 (5 and 20 mg L−1) was used to induce oxidative stress in Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7813. Cell density, quantum yield of photosystem II, minimal fluorescence and microcystin (MC-LR, -LY, -LW, -LF) concentrations were compared when evaluating M. aeruginosa cellular stress. Chlorophyll content (determined by minimal fluorescence) decreased by 10% after 48 h while cell density was reduced by 97% after 24 h in samples treated with 20 mg L−1 H2O2. Photosystem II quantum yield (photosynthetic activity) indicated cyanobacteria cell stress within 6 h, which was considerably faster than the other methods. Intracellular microcystins (MC-LR, -LY, -LW and -LF) were reduced by at least 96% after 24 h of H2O2 treatment. No increase in extracellular microcystin concentration was detected, which suggests that the intracellular microcystins released into the surrounding water were completely removed by the hydrogen peroxide. Thus, photosynthetic activity was deemed the most suitable and rapid method for oxidative cell stress detection in cyanobacteria, however, an approach using combined methods is recomended for efficient water treatment management.

ACS Style

Indira Menezes; Declan Maxwell-McQueeney; José Capelo-Neto; Carlos J. Pestana; Christine Edwards; Linda A. Lawton. Oxidative stress in the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7813: Comparison of different analytical cell stress detection assays. Chemosphere 2020, 269, 128766 .

AMA Style

Indira Menezes, Declan Maxwell-McQueeney, José Capelo-Neto, Carlos J. Pestana, Christine Edwards, Linda A. Lawton. Oxidative stress in the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7813: Comparison of different analytical cell stress detection assays. Chemosphere. 2020; 269 ():128766.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Indira Menezes; Declan Maxwell-McQueeney; José Capelo-Neto; Carlos J. Pestana; Christine Edwards; Linda A. Lawton. 2020. "Oxidative stress in the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7813: Comparison of different analytical cell stress detection assays." Chemosphere 269, no. : 128766.

Journal article
Published: 28 September 2020 in Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry
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Many drinking water reservoirs can contain organic pollutants such as artificial synthesized dye and drugs. On the other hand, some naturally occurring microorganisms such as cyanobacteria, are capable of producing toxic secondary metabolites (cyanotoxins) causing detrimental health effects in humans and animals are also present in water reservoirs. Photocatalytic destruction of organic pollutants in-reservoir requires not only good photo-catalytically activity but also efficacy of distribution and recycling. We report here, a facile calcination method of coating graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) onto porous glass beads. Influences of precursor and heating temperature on photocatalytic activity were evaluated by photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange. The yellow floating beads show comparable activity to P25 (TiO2) coated beads in the removal of two of the most frequently occurring cyanobacterial toxins, microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin, in artificial freshwater under UV light irradiation. Microcystin-LR was destroyed within 60 min and cylindrospermopsin was removed after 100 min UV irradiation. The coated g-C3N4 layer is very robust and shows negligible degradation on photocatalytic performance when recycled. The recycling of the photocatalyst is very simple because of the large size of the catalyst-coated beads. A large batch was successfully produced in a lab tube furnace. For further application, the ability of g-C3N4 absorbing visible light could pave the way to utilise sunlight for the destruction of toxins in the water.

ACS Style

Jianing Hui; Carlos J. Pestana; Marine Caux; H. Q. Nimal Gunaratne; Christine Edwards; Peter K.J. Robertson; Linda A. Lawton; John T.S. Irvine. Graphitic-C3N4 coated floating glass beads for photocatalytic destruction of synthetic and natural organic compounds in water under UV light. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 2020, 405, 112935 .

AMA Style

Jianing Hui, Carlos J. Pestana, Marine Caux, H. Q. Nimal Gunaratne, Christine Edwards, Peter K.J. Robertson, Linda A. Lawton, John T.S. Irvine. Graphitic-C3N4 coated floating glass beads for photocatalytic destruction of synthetic and natural organic compounds in water under UV light. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry. 2020; 405 ():112935.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jianing Hui; Carlos J. Pestana; Marine Caux; H. Q. Nimal Gunaratne; Christine Edwards; Peter K.J. Robertson; Linda A. Lawton; John T.S. Irvine. 2020. "Graphitic-C3N4 coated floating glass beads for photocatalytic destruction of synthetic and natural organic compounds in water under UV light." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 405, no. : 112935.

Journal article
Published: 22 July 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
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Cyanobacteria and their toxic secondary metabolites are a challenge in water treatment due to increased biomass and dissolved metabolites in the raw water. Retrofitting existing water treatment infrastructure is prohibitively expensive or unfeasible, hence ‘in-reservoir’ treatment options are being explored. In the current study, a treatment system was able to photocatalytically inhibit the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa and remove released microcystins by photocatalysis using titanium dioxide coated, porous foamed glass beads and UV-LEDs (365 nm). A 35% reduction of M. aeruginosa PCC7813 cell density compared to control samples was achieved in seven days. As a function of cell removal, intracellular microcystins (microcystin-LR, -LY, -LW, and -LF) were removed by 49% from 0.69 to 0.35 μg mL−1 in seven days. Microcystins that leaked into the surrounding water from compromised cells were completely removed by photocatalysis. The findings of the current study demonstrate the feasibility of an in-reservoir treatment unit applying low cost UV-LEDs and porous foamed beads made from recycled glass coated with titanium dioxide as a means to control cyanobacteria and their toxins before they can reach the water treatment plant.

ACS Style

Carlos J. Pestana; Jolita Portela Noronha; Jianing Hui; Christine Edwards; H. Q. Nimal Gunaratne; John Irvine; Peter K.J. Robertson; José Capelo-Neto; Linda A. Lawton. Photocatalytic removal of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7813 and four microcystins by TiO2 coated porous glass beads with UV-LED irradiation. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 745, 141154 .

AMA Style

Carlos J. Pestana, Jolita Portela Noronha, Jianing Hui, Christine Edwards, H. Q. Nimal Gunaratne, John Irvine, Peter K.J. Robertson, José Capelo-Neto, Linda A. Lawton. Photocatalytic removal of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7813 and four microcystins by TiO2 coated porous glass beads with UV-LED irradiation. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 745 ():141154.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos J. Pestana; Jolita Portela Noronha; Jianing Hui; Christine Edwards; H. Q. Nimal Gunaratne; John Irvine; Peter K.J. Robertson; José Capelo-Neto; Linda A. Lawton. 2020. "Photocatalytic removal of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7813 and four microcystins by TiO2 coated porous glass beads with UV-LED irradiation." Science of The Total Environment 745, no. : 141154.

Journal article
Published: 12 May 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
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The consumption of contaminated shellfish with marine toxins causes adverse socioeconomical, environmental and health impacts. The marine toxin okadaic acid (OA) provokes diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) syndrome characterized by severe gastrointestinal symptoms. Therefore, there is increasing interest in removing these toxins from the marine environment to protect shellfish harvesting sites. Photocatalysis is proposed as an efficient method to detoxify the marine environment. In this study, Prorocentrum lima was used to produce high purity DSP toxins, in particular OA, for degradation studies. The profiling, characterization and quantification of DSP toxins in the culture of P. lima were achieved by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MSE) for accurate-mass full spectrum acquisition data. The effectiveness of UV/TiO2 system to degrade OA in seawater was assessed in lab-scale experiments and identification of transformation products was proposed based on the data obtained during analysis by UPLC-QTOF-MSE. The detoxification potential of the UV/TiO2 system was investigated using the phosphatase inhibition assay. Sufficient amount of high-purity OA (25 mg, >90% purity) was produced in-house for use in photocatalysis experiments by simple reversed-phase flash chromatography. Complete degradation of OA was observed in seawater after 30 min and 7.5 min in deionized water. The rate constants fitted with the pseudo-first order kinetic model (R2 > 0.96). High-resolution mass spectrometry analysis of the photocatalyzed OA allowed tentative identification of four transformation products. Detoxification was achieved in parallel with the degradation of OA in deionized water and artificial ocean water (≤20 min) but not for seawater. Overall, results suggest that UV/TiO2 photocatalysis can be an effective approach for degrading OA and their TPs in the marine environment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the use of photocatalysis to degrade marine toxins and its promising potential to protect shellfish harvesting sites.

ACS Style

Dolores Camacho-Muñoz; Linda Ann Lawton; Christine Edwards. Degradation of okadaic acid in seawater by UV/TiO2 photocatalysis – Proof of concept. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 733, 139346 .

AMA Style

Dolores Camacho-Muñoz, Linda Ann Lawton, Christine Edwards. Degradation of okadaic acid in seawater by UV/TiO2 photocatalysis – Proof of concept. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 733 ():139346.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dolores Camacho-Muñoz; Linda Ann Lawton; Christine Edwards. 2020. "Degradation of okadaic acid in seawater by UV/TiO2 photocatalysis – Proof of concept." Science of The Total Environment 733, no. : 139346.

Journal article
Published: 19 July 2019 in Toxins
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While the intracellular function of many toxic and bioactive cyanobacterial metabolites is not yet known, microcystins have been suggested to have a protective role in the cyanobacterial metabolism, giving advantage to toxic over nontoxic strains under stress conditions. The zooplankton grazer Daphnia reduce cyanobacterial dominance until a certain density, which may be supported by Daphnia exudates, affecting the cyanobacterial physiological state and metabolites' production. Therefore, we hypothesized that D. magna spent medium will impact the production of cyanobacterial bioactive metabolites and affect cyanobacterial photosynthetic activity in the nontoxic, but not the toxic strain. Microcystin (MC-LR and des-MC-LR) producing M. aeruginosa PCC7806 and its non-microcystin producing mutant were exposed to spent media of different D. magna densities and culture durations. D. magna spent medium of the highest density (200/L) cultivated for the shortest time (24 h) provoked the strongest effect. D.magna spent medium negatively impacted the photosynthetic activity of M. aeruginosa PCC7806, as well as the dynamics of intracellular and extracellular cyanobacterial metabolites, while its mutant was unaffected. In the presence of Daphnia medium, microcystin does not appear to have a protective role for the strain. On the contrary, extracellular cyanopeptolin A increased in M. aeruginosa PCC7806 although the potential anti-grazing role of this compound would require further studies.

ACS Style

Gorenka Bojadzija Savic; Christine Edwards; Enora Briand; Linda Lawton; Claudia Wiegand; Myriam Bormans. Daphnia magna Exudates Impact Physiological and Metabolic Changes in Microcystis aeruginosa. Toxins 2019, 11, 421 .

AMA Style

Gorenka Bojadzija Savic, Christine Edwards, Enora Briand, Linda Lawton, Claudia Wiegand, Myriam Bormans. Daphnia magna Exudates Impact Physiological and Metabolic Changes in Microcystis aeruginosa. Toxins. 2019; 11 (7):421.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gorenka Bojadzija Savic; Christine Edwards; Enora Briand; Linda Lawton; Claudia Wiegand; Myriam Bormans. 2019. "Daphnia magna Exudates Impact Physiological and Metabolic Changes in Microcystis aeruginosa." Toxins 11, no. 7: 421.

Journal article
Published: 26 June 2018 in Marine Drugs
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Cyanopeptolins (CPs) are one of the most frequently occurring cyanobacterial peptides, many of which are inhibitors of serine proteases. Some CP variants are also acutely toxic to aquatic organisms, especially small crustaceans. In this study, thirteen CPs, including twelve new variants, were detected in the cyanobacterium Nostoc edaphicum CCNP1411 isolated from the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic Sea). Structural elucidation was performed by tandem mass spectrometry with verification by NMR for CP962 and CP985. Trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibition assays confirmed the significance of the residue adjacent to 3-amino-6-hydroxy-2-piperidone (Ahp) for the activity of the peptides. Arginine-containing CPs (CPs-Arg2) inhibited trypsin at low IC50 values (0.24–0.26 µM) and showed mild activity against chymotrypsin (IC50 3.1–3.8 µM), while tyrosine-containing CPs (CPs-Tyr2) were selectively and potently active against chymotrypsin (IC50 0.26 µM). No degradation of the peptides was observed during the enzyme assays. Neither of the CPs were active against thrombin, elastase or protein phosphatase 1. Two CPs (CP962 and CP985) had no cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Strong and selective activity of the new cyanopeptolin variants makes them potential candidates for the development of drugs against metabolic disorders and other diseases.

ACS Style

Hanna Mazur-Marzec; Anna Fidor; Marta Cegłowska; Ewa Wieczerzak; Magdalena Kropidłowska; Marie Goua; Jenny Macaskill; Christine Edwards. Cyanopeptolins with Trypsin and Chymotrypsin Inhibitory Activity from the Cyanobacterium Nostoc edaphicum CCNP1411. Marine Drugs 2018, 16, 220 .

AMA Style

Hanna Mazur-Marzec, Anna Fidor, Marta Cegłowska, Ewa Wieczerzak, Magdalena Kropidłowska, Marie Goua, Jenny Macaskill, Christine Edwards. Cyanopeptolins with Trypsin and Chymotrypsin Inhibitory Activity from the Cyanobacterium Nostoc edaphicum CCNP1411. Marine Drugs. 2018; 16 (7):220.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hanna Mazur-Marzec; Anna Fidor; Marta Cegłowska; Ewa Wieczerzak; Magdalena Kropidłowska; Marie Goua; Jenny Macaskill; Christine Edwards. 2018. "Cyanopeptolins with Trypsin and Chymotrypsin Inhibitory Activity from the Cyanobacterium Nostoc edaphicum CCNP1411." Marine Drugs 16, no. 7: 220.

Journal article
Published: 13 April 2018 in Toxins
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Insight into how environmental change determines the production and distribution of cyanobacterial toxins is necessary for risk assessment. Management guidelines currently focus on hepatotoxins (microcystins). Increasing attention is given to other classes, such as neurotoxins (e.g., anatoxin-a) and cytotoxins (e.g., cylindrospermopsin) due to their potency. Most studies examine the relationship between individual toxin variants and environmental factors, such as nutrients, temperature and light. In summer 2015, we collected samples across Europe to investigate the effect of nutrient and temperature gradients on the variability of toxin production at a continental scale. Direct and indirect effects of temperature were the main drivers of the spatial distribution in the toxins produced by the cyanobacterial community, the toxin concentrations and toxin quota. Generalized linear models showed that a Toxin Diversity Index (TDI) increased with latitude, while it decreased with water stability. Increases in TDI were explained through a significant increase in toxin variants such as MC-YR, anatoxin and cylindrospermopsin, accompanied by a decreasing presence of MC-LR. While global warming continues, the direct and indirect effects of increased lake temperatures will drive changes in the distribution of cyanobacterial toxins in Europe, potentially promoting selection of a few highly toxic species or strains.

ACS Style

Evanthia Mantzouki; Miquel Lürling; Jutta Fastner; Lisette De Senerpont Domis; Elżbieta Wilk-Woźniak; Judita Koreivienė; Laura Seelen; Sven Teurlincx; Yvon Verstijnen; Wojciech Krztoń; Edward Walusiak; Jūratė Karosienė; Jūratė Kasperovičienė; Ksenija Savadova; Irma Vitonytė; Carmen Cillero-Castro; Agnieszka Budzyńska; Ryszard Goldyn; Anna Kozak; Joanna Rosińska; Elżbieta Szeląg-Wasielewska; Piotr Domek; Natalia Jakubowska-Krepska; Kinga Kwasizur; Beata Messyasz; Aleksandra Pełechata; Mariusz Pełechaty; Mikolaj Kokocinski; Ana García-Murcia; Monserrat Real; Elvira Romans; Jordi Noguero-Ribes; David Parreño Duque; Elísabeth Fernández-Morán; Nusret Karakaya; Kerstin Häggqvist; Nilsun Demir; Meryem Beklioğlu; Nur Filiz; Eti E. Levi; Uğur Iskin; Gizem Bezirci; Ülkü Nihan Tavşanoğlu; Koray Özhan; Spyros Gkelis; Manthos Panou; Özden Fakioglu; Christos Avagianos; Triantafyllos Kaloudis; Kemal Çelik; Mete Yilmaz; Rafael Marcé; Nuria Catalán; Andrea G. Bravo; Moritz Buck; William Colom-Montero; Kristiina Mustonen; Don Pierson; Yang Yang; Pedro M. Raposeiro; Vítor Gonçalves; Maria G. Antoniou; Nikoletta Tsiarta; Valerie McCarthy; Victor C. Perello; Tõnu Feldmann; Alo Laas; Kristel Panksep; Lea Tuvikene; Ilona Gagala; Joana Mankiewicz-Boczek; Meral Apaydın Yağcı; Şakir Çınar; Kadir Çapkın; Abdulkadir Yağcı; Mehmet Cesur; Fuat Bilgin; Cafer Bulut; Rahmi Uysal; Ulrike Obertegger; Adriano Boscaini; Giovanna Flaim; Nico Salmaso; Leonardo Cerasino; Jessica Richardson; Petra M. Visser; Jolanda M. H. Verspagen; Tünay Karan; Elif Neyran Soylu; Faruk Maraşlıoğlu; Agnieszka Napiórkowska-Krzebietke; Agnieszka Ochocka; Agnieszka Pasztaleniec; Ana M. Antão-Geraldes; Vitor Vasconcelos; João Morais; Micaela Vale; Latife Köker; Reyhan Akçaalan; Meriç Albay; Dubravka Špoljarić Maronić; Filip Stević; Tanja Žuna Pfeiffer; Jeremy Fonvielle; Dietmar Straile; Karl-Otto Rothhaupt; Lars-Anders Hansson; Pablo Urrutia-Cordero; Luděk Bláha; Rodan Geriš; Markéta Fránková; Mehmet Ali Turan Koçer; Mehmet Tahir Alp; Spela Remec-Rekar; Tina Elersek; Theodoros Triantis; Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou; Anastasia Hiskia; Sigrid Haande; Birger Skjelbred; Beata Madrecka; Hana Nemova; Iveta Drastichova; Lucia Chomova; Christine Edwards; Tuğba Ongun Sevindik; Hatice Tunca; Burçin Önem; Boris Aleksovski; Svetislav Krstić; Itana Bokan Vucelić; Lidia Nawrocka; Pauliina Salmi; Danielle Machado-Vieira; Alinne Gurjão De Oliveira; Jordi Delgado-Martín; David García; Jose Luís Cereijo; Joan Gomà; Mari Carmen Trapote; Teresa Vegas-Vilarrúbia; Biel Obrador; Magdalena Grabowska; Maciej Karpowicz; Damian Chmura; Bárbara Úbeda; José Ángel Gálvez; Arda Özen; Kirsten Seestern Christoffersen; Trine Perlt Warming; Justyna Kobos; Hanna Mazur-Marzec; Carmen Pérez-Martínez; Eloísa Ramos-Rodríguez; Lauri Arvola; Pablo Alcaraz-Párraga; Magdalena Toporowska; Barbara Pawlik-Skowronska; Michał Niedźwiecki; Wojciech Pęczuła; Manel Leira; Armand Hernández; Enrique Moreno-Ostos; José María Blanco; Valeriano Rodríguez; Jorge Juan Montes-Pérez; Roberto L. Palomino; Estela Rodríguez-Pérez; Rafael Carballeira; Antonio Camacho; Antonio Picazo; Carlos Rochera; Anna C. Santamans; Carmen Ferriol; Susana Romo; Juan Miguel Soria; Julita Dunalska; Justyna Sieńska; Daniel Szymański; Marek Kruk; Iwona Kostrzewska-Szlakowska; Iwona Jasser; Petar Žutinić; Marija Gligora Udovič; Anđelka Plenković-Moraj; Magdalena Frąk; Agnieszka Bańkowska-Sobczak; Michał Wasilewicz; Korhan Özkan; Valentini Maliaka; Kersti Kangro; Hans-Peter Grossart; Hans Paerl; Cayelan C. Carey; Bas W. Ibelings. Temperature Effects Explain Continental Scale Distribution of Cyanobacterial Toxins. Toxins 2018, 10, 156 .

AMA Style

Evanthia Mantzouki, Miquel Lürling, Jutta Fastner, Lisette De Senerpont Domis, Elżbieta Wilk-Woźniak, Judita Koreivienė, Laura Seelen, Sven Teurlincx, Yvon Verstijnen, Wojciech Krztoń, Edward Walusiak, Jūratė Karosienė, Jūratė Kasperovičienė, Ksenija Savadova, Irma Vitonytė, Carmen Cillero-Castro, Agnieszka Budzyńska, Ryszard Goldyn, Anna Kozak, Joanna Rosińska, Elżbieta Szeląg-Wasielewska, Piotr Domek, Natalia Jakubowska-Krepska, Kinga Kwasizur, Beata Messyasz, Aleksandra Pełechata, Mariusz Pełechaty, Mikolaj Kokocinski, Ana García-Murcia, Monserrat Real, Elvira Romans, Jordi Noguero-Ribes, David Parreño Duque, Elísabeth Fernández-Morán, Nusret Karakaya, Kerstin Häggqvist, Nilsun Demir, Meryem Beklioğlu, Nur Filiz, Eti E. Levi, Uğur Iskin, Gizem Bezirci, Ülkü Nihan Tavşanoğlu, Koray Özhan, Spyros Gkelis, Manthos Panou, Özden Fakioglu, Christos Avagianos, Triantafyllos Kaloudis, Kemal Çelik, Mete Yilmaz, Rafael Marcé, Nuria Catalán, Andrea G. Bravo, Moritz Buck, William Colom-Montero, Kristiina Mustonen, Don Pierson, Yang Yang, Pedro M. Raposeiro, Vítor Gonçalves, Maria G. Antoniou, Nikoletta Tsiarta, Valerie McCarthy, Victor C. Perello, Tõnu Feldmann, Alo Laas, Kristel Panksep, Lea Tuvikene, Ilona Gagala, Joana Mankiewicz-Boczek, Meral Apaydın Yağcı, Şakir Çınar, Kadir Çapkın, Abdulkadir Yağcı, Mehmet Cesur, Fuat Bilgin, Cafer Bulut, Rahmi Uysal, Ulrike Obertegger, Adriano Boscaini, Giovanna Flaim, Nico Salmaso, Leonardo Cerasino, Jessica Richardson, Petra M. Visser, Jolanda M. H. Verspagen, Tünay Karan, Elif Neyran Soylu, Faruk Maraşlıoğlu, Agnieszka Napiórkowska-Krzebietke, Agnieszka Ochocka, Agnieszka Pasztaleniec, Ana M. Antão-Geraldes, Vitor Vasconcelos, João Morais, Micaela Vale, Latife Köker, Reyhan Akçaalan, Meriç Albay, Dubravka Špoljarić Maronić, Filip Stević, Tanja Žuna Pfeiffer, Jeremy Fonvielle, Dietmar Straile, Karl-Otto Rothhaupt, Lars-Anders Hansson, Pablo Urrutia-Cordero, Luděk Bláha, Rodan Geriš, Markéta Fránková, Mehmet Ali Turan Koçer, Mehmet Tahir Alp, Spela Remec-Rekar, Tina Elersek, Theodoros Triantis, Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou, Anastasia Hiskia, Sigrid Haande, Birger Skjelbred, Beata Madrecka, Hana Nemova, Iveta Drastichova, Lucia Chomova, Christine Edwards, Tuğba Ongun Sevindik, Hatice Tunca, Burçin Önem, Boris Aleksovski, Svetislav Krstić, Itana Bokan Vucelić, Lidia Nawrocka, Pauliina Salmi, Danielle Machado-Vieira, Alinne Gurjão De Oliveira, Jordi Delgado-Martín, David García, Jose Luís Cereijo, Joan Gomà, Mari Carmen Trapote, Teresa Vegas-Vilarrúbia, Biel Obrador, Magdalena Grabowska, Maciej Karpowicz, Damian Chmura, Bárbara Úbeda, José Ángel Gálvez, Arda Özen, Kirsten Seestern Christoffersen, Trine Perlt Warming, Justyna Kobos, Hanna Mazur-Marzec, Carmen Pérez-Martínez, Eloísa Ramos-Rodríguez, Lauri Arvola, Pablo Alcaraz-Párraga, Magdalena Toporowska, Barbara Pawlik-Skowronska, Michał Niedźwiecki, Wojciech Pęczuła, Manel Leira, Armand Hernández, Enrique Moreno-Ostos, José María Blanco, Valeriano Rodríguez, Jorge Juan Montes-Pérez, Roberto L. Palomino, Estela Rodríguez-Pérez, Rafael Carballeira, Antonio Camacho, Antonio Picazo, Carlos Rochera, Anna C. Santamans, Carmen Ferriol, Susana Romo, Juan Miguel Soria, Julita Dunalska, Justyna Sieńska, Daniel Szymański, Marek Kruk, Iwona Kostrzewska-Szlakowska, Iwona Jasser, Petar Žutinić, Marija Gligora Udovič, Anđelka Plenković-Moraj, Magdalena Frąk, Agnieszka Bańkowska-Sobczak, Michał Wasilewicz, Korhan Özkan, Valentini Maliaka, Kersti Kangro, Hans-Peter Grossart, Hans Paerl, Cayelan C. Carey, Bas W. Ibelings. Temperature Effects Explain Continental Scale Distribution of Cyanobacterial Toxins. Toxins. 2018; 10 (4):156.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Evanthia Mantzouki; Miquel Lürling; Jutta Fastner; Lisette De Senerpont Domis; Elżbieta Wilk-Woźniak; Judita Koreivienė; Laura Seelen; Sven Teurlincx; Yvon Verstijnen; Wojciech Krztoń; Edward Walusiak; Jūratė Karosienė; Jūratė Kasperovičienė; Ksenija Savadova; Irma Vitonytė; Carmen Cillero-Castro; Agnieszka Budzyńska; Ryszard Goldyn; Anna Kozak; Joanna Rosińska; Elżbieta Szeląg-Wasielewska; Piotr Domek; Natalia Jakubowska-Krepska; Kinga Kwasizur; Beata Messyasz; Aleksandra Pełechata; Mariusz Pełechaty; Mikolaj Kokocinski; Ana García-Murcia; Monserrat Real; Elvira Romans; Jordi Noguero-Ribes; David Parreño Duque; Elísabeth Fernández-Morán; Nusret Karakaya; Kerstin Häggqvist; Nilsun Demir; Meryem Beklioğlu; Nur Filiz; Eti E. Levi; Uğur Iskin; Gizem Bezirci; Ülkü Nihan Tavşanoğlu; Koray Özhan; Spyros Gkelis; Manthos Panou; Özden Fakioglu; Christos Avagianos; Triantafyllos Kaloudis; Kemal Çelik; Mete Yilmaz; Rafael Marcé; Nuria Catalán; Andrea G. Bravo; Moritz Buck; William Colom-Montero; Kristiina Mustonen; Don Pierson; Yang Yang; Pedro M. Raposeiro; Vítor Gonçalves; Maria G. Antoniou; Nikoletta Tsiarta; Valerie McCarthy; Victor C. Perello; Tõnu Feldmann; Alo Laas; Kristel Panksep; Lea Tuvikene; Ilona Gagala; Joana Mankiewicz-Boczek; Meral Apaydın Yağcı; Şakir Çınar; Kadir Çapkın; Abdulkadir Yağcı; Mehmet Cesur; Fuat Bilgin; Cafer Bulut; Rahmi Uysal; Ulrike Obertegger; Adriano Boscaini; Giovanna Flaim; Nico Salmaso; Leonardo Cerasino; Jessica Richardson; Petra M. Visser; Jolanda M. H. Verspagen; Tünay Karan; Elif Neyran Soylu; Faruk Maraşlıoğlu; Agnieszka Napiórkowska-Krzebietke; Agnieszka Ochocka; Agnieszka Pasztaleniec; Ana M. Antão-Geraldes; Vitor Vasconcelos; João Morais; Micaela Vale; Latife Köker; Reyhan Akçaalan; Meriç Albay; Dubravka Špoljarić Maronić; Filip Stević; Tanja Žuna Pfeiffer; Jeremy Fonvielle; Dietmar Straile; Karl-Otto Rothhaupt; Lars-Anders Hansson; Pablo Urrutia-Cordero; Luděk Bláha; Rodan Geriš; Markéta Fránková; Mehmet Ali Turan Koçer; Mehmet Tahir Alp; Spela Remec-Rekar; Tina Elersek; Theodoros Triantis; Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou; Anastasia Hiskia; Sigrid Haande; Birger Skjelbred; Beata Madrecka; Hana Nemova; Iveta Drastichova; Lucia Chomova; Christine Edwards; Tuğba Ongun Sevindik; Hatice Tunca; Burçin Önem; Boris Aleksovski; Svetislav Krstić; Itana Bokan Vucelić; Lidia Nawrocka; Pauliina Salmi; Danielle Machado-Vieira; Alinne Gurjão De Oliveira; Jordi Delgado-Martín; David García; Jose Luís Cereijo; Joan Gomà; Mari Carmen Trapote; Teresa Vegas-Vilarrúbia; Biel Obrador; Magdalena Grabowska; Maciej Karpowicz; Damian Chmura; Bárbara Úbeda; José Ángel Gálvez; Arda Özen; Kirsten Seestern Christoffersen; Trine Perlt Warming; Justyna Kobos; Hanna Mazur-Marzec; Carmen Pérez-Martínez; Eloísa Ramos-Rodríguez; Lauri Arvola; Pablo Alcaraz-Párraga; Magdalena Toporowska; Barbara Pawlik-Skowronska; Michał Niedźwiecki; Wojciech Pęczuła; Manel Leira; Armand Hernández; Enrique Moreno-Ostos; José María Blanco; Valeriano Rodríguez; Jorge Juan Montes-Pérez; Roberto L. Palomino; Estela Rodríguez-Pérez; Rafael Carballeira; Antonio Camacho; Antonio Picazo; Carlos Rochera; Anna C. Santamans; Carmen Ferriol; Susana Romo; Juan Miguel Soria; Julita Dunalska; Justyna Sieńska; Daniel Szymański; Marek Kruk; Iwona Kostrzewska-Szlakowska; Iwona Jasser; Petar Žutinić; Marija Gligora Udovič; Anđelka Plenković-Moraj; Magdalena Frąk; Agnieszka Bańkowska-Sobczak; Michał Wasilewicz; Korhan Özkan; Valentini Maliaka; Kersti Kangro; Hans-Peter Grossart; Hans Paerl; Cayelan C. Carey; Bas W. Ibelings. 2018. "Temperature Effects Explain Continental Scale Distribution of Cyanobacterial Toxins." Toxins 10, no. 4: 156.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2018 in Journal of Chromatography B
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A simple, rapid UHPLC-MS/MS method has been developed and optimised for the quantitation of microcystins and nodularin in wide variety of sample matrices. Microcystin analogues targeted were MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-LA, MC-LY, MC-LF, LC-LW, MC-YR, MC-WR, [Asp3] MC-LR, [Dha7] MC-LR, MC-HilR and MC-HtyR. Optimisation studies were conducted to develop a simple, quick and efficient extraction protocol without the need for complex pre-analysis concentration procedures, together with a rapid sub 5 min chromatographic separation of toxins in shellfish and algal supplement tablet powders, as well as water and cyanobacterial bloom samples. Validation studies were undertaken on each matrix-analyte combination to the full method performance characteristics following international guidelines. The method was found to be specific and linear over the full calibration range. Method sensitivity in terms of limits of detection, quantitation and reporting were found to be significantly improved in comparison to LC-UV methods and applicable to the analysis of each of the four matrices. Overall, acceptable recoveries were determined for each of the matrices studied, with associated precision and within-laboratory reproducibility well within expected guidance limits. Results from the formalised ruggedness analysis of all available cyanotoxins, showed that the method was robust for all parameters investigated. The results presented here show that the optimised LC-MS/MS method for cyanotoxins is fit for the purpose of detection and quantitation of a range of microcystins and nodularin in shellfish, algal supplement tablet powder, water and cyanobacteria. The method provides a valuable early warning tool for the rapid, routine extraction and analysis of natural waters, cyanobacterial blooms, algal powders, food supplements and shellfish tissues, enabling monitoring labs to supplement traditional microscopy techniques and report toxicity results within a short timeframe of sample receipt. The new method, now accredited to ISO17025 standard, is simple, quick, applicable to multiple matrices and is highly suitable for use as a routine, high-throughout, fast turnaround regulatory monitoring tool.

ACS Style

Andrew D. Turner; Julia Waack; Adam Lewis; Christine Edwards; Linda Lawton. Development and single-laboratory validation of a UHPLC-MS/MS method for quantitation of microcystins and nodularin in natural water, cyanobacteria, shellfish and algal supplement tablet powders. Journal of Chromatography B 2018, 1074-1075, 111 -123.

AMA Style

Andrew D. Turner, Julia Waack, Adam Lewis, Christine Edwards, Linda Lawton. Development and single-laboratory validation of a UHPLC-MS/MS method for quantitation of microcystins and nodularin in natural water, cyanobacteria, shellfish and algal supplement tablet powders. Journal of Chromatography B. 2018; 1074-1075 ():111-123.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew D. Turner; Julia Waack; Adam Lewis; Christine Edwards; Linda Lawton. 2018. "Development and single-laboratory validation of a UHPLC-MS/MS method for quantitation of microcystins and nodularin in natural water, cyanobacteria, shellfish and algal supplement tablet powders." Journal of Chromatography B 1074-1075, no. : 111-123.

Journal article
Published: 28 April 2017 in Toxicology and Forensic Medicine – Open Journal
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ACS Style

Gloria Naa Dzama Addico; Linda Lawton; Christine Edwards. Hepatotoxic-Microcystins in Two Drinking Water Reservoirs in the Central Region of Ghana. Toxicology and Forensic Medicine – Open Journal 2017, 2, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Gloria Naa Dzama Addico, Linda Lawton, Christine Edwards. Hepatotoxic-Microcystins in Two Drinking Water Reservoirs in the Central Region of Ghana. Toxicology and Forensic Medicine – Open Journal. 2017; 2 (1):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gloria Naa Dzama Addico; Linda Lawton; Christine Edwards. 2017. "Hepatotoxic-Microcystins in Two Drinking Water Reservoirs in the Central Region of Ghana." Toxicology and Forensic Medicine – Open Journal 2, no. 1: 1-11.

Article
Published: 18 March 2017 in Journal of Applied Phycology
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Nodularia spumigena is one of the dominant toxic cyanobacteria which produce blooms in the Baltic Sea, a brackish water body, particularly in late summer. Nodularia spp. are known to produce hepatotoxic nodularins (NODs) and other bioactive peptides such as spumigins and nodulopeptins. In a recent study, three new nodulopeptins with a molecular weight of 899, 901 and 917 Da were characterized from N. spumigena KAC66. To gain further insight into the effects of environmental stress on growth and production of bioactive metabolites in N. spumigena KAC66, two parameters were investigated: temperature and salinity. It was found that growth conditions have a considerable effect on biomass and toxin levels of N. spumigena KAC66. Increasing temperature had a profound effect on NOD production with an increase from 22 to 25 °C resulting in a 50% decrease in intracellular NOD levels. At 30 °C, little or no NOD was detected. In contrast, while concentrations of nodulopeptin 901 decreased with increasing temperature, it was still detectable throughout the growth cycle at elevated temperatures. The light intensity of 13 μmol photons m−2 s−1, 22 °C and 11–20‰ salinity were optimal growth conditions to obtain maximum biomass, intra- and extracellular peptide productions. This is the first report to evaluate the effects of selected environmental parameters on NOD/nodulopeptin 901 productions which ultimately may be helpful to explain the distribution, control of natural blooms and toxin levels of N. spumigena in the Baltic Sea, as well as in laboratory based experiments.

ACS Style

Shaista Hameed; Linda A. Lawton; Christine Edwards; Ajmal Khan; Umar Farooq; Farhan A. Khan. Effects of temperature and salinity on the production of cell biomass, chlorophyll-a and intra- and extracellular nodularins (NOD) and nodulopeptin 901 produced by Nodularia spumigena KAC 66. Journal of Applied Phycology 2017, 29, 1801 -1810.

AMA Style

Shaista Hameed, Linda A. Lawton, Christine Edwards, Ajmal Khan, Umar Farooq, Farhan A. Khan. Effects of temperature and salinity on the production of cell biomass, chlorophyll-a and intra- and extracellular nodularins (NOD) and nodulopeptin 901 produced by Nodularia spumigena KAC 66. Journal of Applied Phycology. 2017; 29 (4):1801-1810.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shaista Hameed; Linda A. Lawton; Christine Edwards; Ajmal Khan; Umar Farooq; Farhan A. Khan. 2017. "Effects of temperature and salinity on the production of cell biomass, chlorophyll-a and intra- and extracellular nodularins (NOD) and nodulopeptin 901 produced by Nodularia spumigena KAC 66." Journal of Applied Phycology 29, no. 4: 1801-1810.

Book chapter
Published: 11 February 2017 in Handbook of Cyanobacterial Monitoring and Cyanotoxin Analysis
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This procedure is a simple and robust method of extracting and analysing the problematic taste and odour compounds, geosmin (GSM) and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), from water sampled from surface and drinking water sources. The use of solid-phase extraction (SPE) for extraction facilitates high throughput clean-up and concentration of GSM and 2-MIB in diverse water samples. In addition to simplicity, this approach offers an option of remote sampling, shipping, and analysis. Elution of the SPE cartridge is followed by established GC-MS analysis. This method was successfully applied for investigating the destruction of GSM and 2-MIB in a continuous packed bed photocatalytic reactor.

ACS Style

Christine Edwards; Craig McKenzie; Carlos Joao Pestana; Kyari Yates; Linda A. Lawton. Rapid Analysis of Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol from Aqueous Samples Using Solid-Phase Extraction and GC-MS. Handbook of Cyanobacterial Monitoring and Cyanotoxin Analysis 2017, 475 -480.

AMA Style

Christine Edwards, Craig McKenzie, Carlos Joao Pestana, Kyari Yates, Linda A. Lawton. Rapid Analysis of Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol from Aqueous Samples Using Solid-Phase Extraction and GC-MS. Handbook of Cyanobacterial Monitoring and Cyanotoxin Analysis. 2017; ():475-480.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine Edwards; Craig McKenzie; Carlos Joao Pestana; Kyari Yates; Linda A. Lawton. 2017. "Rapid Analysis of Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol from Aqueous Samples Using Solid-Phase Extraction and GC-MS." Handbook of Cyanobacterial Monitoring and Cyanotoxin Analysis , no. : 475-480.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2016 in Aquatic Toxicology
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Freshwater gastropods are increasingly exposed to multiple stressors in the field such as the herbicide glyphosate in Roundup formulations and cyanobacterial blooms either producing or not producing microcystins (MCs), potentially leading to interacting effects. Here, the responses of Lymnaea stagnalis to a 21-day exposure to non-MC or MC-producing (33 μg L−1) Planktothrix agardhii alone or in combination with the commercial formulation RoundUp® Flash at a concentration of 1 μg L−1 glyphosate, followed by 14 days of depuration, were studied via i) accumulation of free and bound MCs in tissues, and ii) activities of anti-oxidant (catalase CAT) and biotransformation (glutathione-S-transferase GST) enzymes. During the intoxication, the cyanobacterial exposure induced an early increase of CAT activity, independently of the MC content, probably related to the production of secondary cyanobacterial metabolites. The GST activity was induced by RoundUp® Flash alone or in combination with non MC-producing cyanobacteria, but was inhibited by MC-producing cyanobacteria with or without RoundUp® Flash. Moreover, MC accumulation in L. stagnalis was 3.2 times increased when snails were concomitantly exposed to MC-producing cyanobacteria with RoundUp®, suggesting interacting effects of MCs on biotransformation processes. The potent inhibition of detoxication systems by MCs and RoundUp® Flash was reversible during the depuration, during which CAT and GST activities were significantly higher in snails previously exposed to MC-producing cyanobacteria with or without RoundUp® Flash than in other conditions, probably related to the oxidative stress caused by accumulated MCs remaining in tissues.

ACS Style

Emilie Lance; Julia Desprat; Bente Frost Holbech; Claudia Gérard; Myriam Bormans; Linda A. Lawton; Christine Edwards; Claudia Wiegand. Accumulation and detoxication responses of the gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis to single and combined exposures to natural (cyanobacteria) and anthropogenic (the herbicide RoundUp® Flash) stressors. Aquatic Toxicology 2016, 177, 116 -124.

AMA Style

Emilie Lance, Julia Desprat, Bente Frost Holbech, Claudia Gérard, Myriam Bormans, Linda A. Lawton, Christine Edwards, Claudia Wiegand. Accumulation and detoxication responses of the gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis to single and combined exposures to natural (cyanobacteria) and anthropogenic (the herbicide RoundUp® Flash) stressors. Aquatic Toxicology. 2016; 177 ():116-124.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emilie Lance; Julia Desprat; Bente Frost Holbech; Claudia Gérard; Myriam Bormans; Linda A. Lawton; Christine Edwards; Claudia Wiegand. 2016. "Accumulation and detoxication responses of the gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis to single and combined exposures to natural (cyanobacteria) and anthropogenic (the herbicide RoundUp® Flash) stressors." Aquatic Toxicology 177, no. : 116-124.

Standard paper
Published: 07 April 2016 in Journal of Ecology
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Biodiversity is declining world‐wide with detrimental effects on ecosystems. However, we lack a quantitative understanding of the shape of the relationship between microbial biodiversity and ecosystem function (BEF). This limits our understanding of how microbial diversity depletion can impact key functions for human well‐being, including pollutant detoxification. Three independent microcosm experiments were conducted to evaluate the direction (i.e. positive, negative or null) and the shape of the relationships between bacterial diversity and both broad (i.e. microbial respiration) and specialized (i.e. toxin degradation) functions in five Australian and two UK freshwater ecosystems using next‐generation sequencing platforms. Reduced bacterial diversity, even after accounting for biomass, caused a decrease in broad (i.e. cumulative microbial respiration) and specialized (biodegradation of two important toxins) functions in all cases. Unlike the positive but decelerating BEF relationship observed most frequently in plants and animals, most evaluated functional measurements were related to bacterial diversity in a non‐redundant fashion (e.g. exponentially and/or linearly). Synthesis. Our results suggest that there is a lack of functional redundancy in the relationship between bacterial diversity and ecosystem functioning; thus, the consequences of declining microbial diversity on ecosystem functioning and human welfare have likely been considerably underestimated.

ACS Style

Manuel Delgado‐Baquerizo; Luca Giaramida; Peter B. Reich; Amit N. Khachane; Kelly Hamonts; Christine Edwards; Linda A. Lawton; Brajesh K. Singh. Lack of functional redundancy in the relationship between microbial diversity and ecosystem functioning. Journal of Ecology 2016, 104, 936 -946.

AMA Style

Manuel Delgado‐Baquerizo, Luca Giaramida, Peter B. Reich, Amit N. Khachane, Kelly Hamonts, Christine Edwards, Linda A. Lawton, Brajesh K. Singh. Lack of functional redundancy in the relationship between microbial diversity and ecosystem functioning. Journal of Ecology. 2016; 104 (4):936-946.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Manuel Delgado‐Baquerizo; Luca Giaramida; Peter B. Reich; Amit N. Khachane; Kelly Hamonts; Christine Edwards; Linda A. Lawton; Brajesh K. Singh. 2016. "Lack of functional redundancy in the relationship between microbial diversity and ecosystem functioning." Journal of Ecology 104, no. 4: 936-946.

Journal article
Published: 29 February 2016 in Marine Drugs
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Exposure to β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) might be linked to the incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Analytical chemistry plays a crucial role in determining human BMAA exposure and the associated health risk, but the performance of various analytical methods currently employed is rarely compared. A CYANOCOST initiated workshop was organized aimed at training scientists in BMAA analysis, creating mutual understanding and paving the way towards interlaboratory comparison exercises. During this workshop, we tested different methods (extraction followed by derivatization and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, or directly followed by LC-MS/MS analysis) for trueness and intermediate precision. We adapted three workup methods for the underivatized analysis of animal, brain and cyanobacterial samples. Based on recovery of the internal standard D3BMAA, the underivatized methods were accurate (mean recovery 80%) and precise (mean relative standard deviation 10%), except for the cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya. However, total BMAA concentrations in the positive controls (cycad seeds) showed higher variation (relative standard deviation 21%–32%), implying that D3BMAA was not a good indicator for the release of BMAA from bound forms. Significant losses occurred during workup for the derivatized method, resulting in low recovery (<10%). Most BMAA was found in a trichloroacetic acid soluble, bound form and we recommend including this fraction during analysis.

ACS Style

Elisabeth J. Faassen; Maria G. Antoniou; Wendy Beekman-Lukassen; Lucie Bláhová; Ekaterina Chernova; Christophoros Christophoridis; Audrey Combes; Christine Edwards; Jutta Fastner; Joop Harmsen; Anastasia Hiskia; Leopold L. Ilag; Triantafyllos Kaloudis; Srdjan Lopicic; Miquel Lürling; Hanna Mazur-Marzec; Jussi Meriluoto; Cristina Porojan; Yehudit Viner-Mozzini; Nadezda Zguna. A Collaborative Evaluation of LC-MS/MS Based Methods for BMAA Analysis: Soluble Bound BMAA Found to Be an Important Fraction. Marine Drugs 2016, 14, 45 .

AMA Style

Elisabeth J. Faassen, Maria G. Antoniou, Wendy Beekman-Lukassen, Lucie Bláhová, Ekaterina Chernova, Christophoros Christophoridis, Audrey Combes, Christine Edwards, Jutta Fastner, Joop Harmsen, Anastasia Hiskia, Leopold L. Ilag, Triantafyllos Kaloudis, Srdjan Lopicic, Miquel Lürling, Hanna Mazur-Marzec, Jussi Meriluoto, Cristina Porojan, Yehudit Viner-Mozzini, Nadezda Zguna. A Collaborative Evaluation of LC-MS/MS Based Methods for BMAA Analysis: Soluble Bound BMAA Found to Be an Important Fraction. Marine Drugs. 2016; 14 (3):45.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elisabeth J. Faassen; Maria G. Antoniou; Wendy Beekman-Lukassen; Lucie Bláhová; Ekaterina Chernova; Christophoros Christophoridis; Audrey Combes; Christine Edwards; Jutta Fastner; Joop Harmsen; Anastasia Hiskia; Leopold L. Ilag; Triantafyllos Kaloudis; Srdjan Lopicic; Miquel Lürling; Hanna Mazur-Marzec; Jussi Meriluoto; Cristina Porojan; Yehudit Viner-Mozzini; Nadezda Zguna. 2016. "A Collaborative Evaluation of LC-MS/MS Based Methods for BMAA Analysis: Soluble Bound BMAA Found to Be an Important Fraction." Marine Drugs 14, no. 3: 45.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2015 in Journal of Hazardous Materials
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Microcystins and nodularin are toxic cyanobacterial secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacteria that pose a threat to human health in drinking water. Conventional water treatment methods often fail to remove these toxins. Advanced oxidation processes such as TiO2 photocatalysis have been shown to effectively degrade these compounds. A particular issue that has limited the widespread application of TiO2 photocatalysis for water treatment has been the separation of the nanoparticulate powder from the treated water. A novel catalyst format, TiO2 coated hollow glass spheres (Photospheres™), is far more easily separated from treated water due to its buoyancy. This paper reports the photocatalytic degradation of eleven microcystin variants and nodularin in water using Photospheres™. It was found that the Photospheres™ successfully decomposed all compounds in 5 min or less. This was found to be comparable to the rate of degradation observed using a Degussa P25 material, which has been previously reported to be the most efficient TiO2 for photocatalytic degradation of microcystins in water. Furthermore, it was observed that the degree of initial catalyst adsorption of the cyanotoxins depended on the amino acid in the variable positions of the microcystin molecule. The fastest degradation (2 min) was observed for the hydrophobic variants (microcystin-LY, -LW, -LF). Suitability of UV-LEDs as an alternative low energy light source was also evaluated.

ACS Style

Carlos J. Pestana; Christine Edwards; Radhakrishna Prabhu; Peter K.J. Robertson; Linda Lawton. Photocatalytic degradation of eleven microcystin variants and nodularin by TiO2 coated glass microspheres. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2015, 300, 347 -353.

AMA Style

Carlos J. Pestana, Christine Edwards, Radhakrishna Prabhu, Peter K.J. Robertson, Linda Lawton. Photocatalytic degradation of eleven microcystin variants and nodularin by TiO2 coated glass microspheres. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2015; 300 ():347-353.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos J. Pestana; Christine Edwards; Radhakrishna Prabhu; Peter K.J. Robertson; Linda Lawton. 2015. "Photocatalytic degradation of eleven microcystin variants and nodularin by TiO2 coated glass microspheres." Journal of Hazardous Materials 300, no. : 347-353.

Journal article
Published: 27 August 2015 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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Plant extracts are complex matrices and, although crude extracts are widely in use, purified compounds are pivotal in drug discovery. This study describes the application of automated preparative-HPLC combined with a rapid off-line bacterial bioassay, using reduction of a tetrazolium salt as an indicator of bacterial metabolism. This approach enabled the identification of fractions from Dodonaea viscosa that were active against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, which, ultimately, resulted in the identification of a clerodane type diterpenoid, 6β-hydroxy-15,16-epoxy-5β, 8β, 9β, 10α-cleroda-3, 13(16), 14-trien-18-oic acid, showing bacteriostatic activity (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 64–128 µg/mL) against test bacteria. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on antibacterial activity of this metabolite from D. viscosa.

ACS Style

Muhammad Khurram; Linda A. Lawton; Christine Edwards; Marcello Iriti; Abdul Hameed; Murad A. Khan; Farman A. Khan; Shafiq Ur Rahman. Rapid Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Antibacterial Clerodane Type Diterpenoid from Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jaeq. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2015, 16, 20290 -20307.

AMA Style

Muhammad Khurram, Linda A. Lawton, Christine Edwards, Marcello Iriti, Abdul Hameed, Murad A. Khan, Farman A. Khan, Shafiq Ur Rahman. Rapid Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Antibacterial Clerodane Type Diterpenoid from Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jaeq. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2015; 16 (9):20290-20307.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Khurram; Linda A. Lawton; Christine Edwards; Marcello Iriti; Abdul Hameed; Murad A. Khan; Farman A. Khan; Shafiq Ur Rahman. 2015. "Rapid Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Antibacterial Clerodane Type Diterpenoid from Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jaeq." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16, no. 9: 20290-20307.

Journal article
Published: 04 November 2014 in Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry
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Marine benthic cyanobacteria are widely known as a source of toxic and potentially useful compounds. These microorganisms have been studied from many Caribbean locations, which recently include locations in the Colombian Caribbean Sea. In the present study, six lipopeptides named almiramides D to H, together with the known almiramide B are identified from a mat characterized as Oscillatoria nigroviridis collected at the Island of Providence (Colombia, S.W. Caribbean Sea). The most abundant compounds, almiramides B and D were characterized by NMR and HRESIMS, while the structures of the minor compounds almiramides E to H were proposed by the analysis of their HRESIMS and MS2 spectra. Almiramides B and D were tested against six human cell lines including a gingival fibroblast cell line and five human tumor cell lines (A549, MDA-MB231, MCF-7, HeLa and PC3) showing a strong but not selective toxicity.

ACS Style

Jairo Quintana; Lina M. Bayona; Leonardo Castellanos; Mónica Puyana; Paola Camargo; Fabio Aristizábal; Christine Edwards; Jioji Tabudravu; Marcel Jaspars; Freddy A. Ramos. Almiramide D, cytotoxic peptide from the marine cyanobacterium Oscillatoria nigroviridis. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 2014, 22, 6789 -6795.

AMA Style

Jairo Quintana, Lina M. Bayona, Leonardo Castellanos, Mónica Puyana, Paola Camargo, Fabio Aristizábal, Christine Edwards, Jioji Tabudravu, Marcel Jaspars, Freddy A. Ramos. Almiramide D, cytotoxic peptide from the marine cyanobacterium Oscillatoria nigroviridis. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 2014; 22 (24):6789-6795.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jairo Quintana; Lina M. Bayona; Leonardo Castellanos; Mónica Puyana; Paola Camargo; Fabio Aristizábal; Christine Edwards; Jioji Tabudravu; Marcel Jaspars; Freddy A. Ramos. 2014. "Almiramide D, cytotoxic peptide from the marine cyanobacterium Oscillatoria nigroviridis." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 22, no. 24: 6789-6795.