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Dr Nur Hazirah Zaini has graduated with a Bachelor degree from Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) in 2008. She received a master’s degree in 2014 and Ph.D. in 2019 and both from UPM. She currently a Lecturer in Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Her main research interests include high voltage, lightning protection, insulation coordination, transmission & distribution, renewable energy, and solar photovoltaic.
This paper presents an optimum earthing system design for improving the lightning performance of a 500 kV transmission line for its sustainable operation. The study includes an interpretation of the soil profile and compares the results between default and new earthing arrangements for improving tower footing resistance and tower footing impedance. An evaluation of the tower footing resistance (TFR) and impedance (Ri) before and after earthing improvement was carried out. Moreover, the effects of TFR and Ri, also known as low and high-frequency earthing, respectively, based on a specification of TFR and soil resistivity (SR) ranges at various sites were also considered. The analysis was carried out using the SESCAD tool of Current Distribution Electromagnetic Field Grounding and Soil Structure Analysis software (CDEGS) and PSCAD/EMTDC software for low and high frequency earthing, respectively. From the analysis, the results showed that the new earthing arrangement reduced the TFR by 74.11% for Tower T40, 75.71% for Tower T41 and 80.83% for Tower T42. For Ri, the results also demonstrated that the values were significantly decreased below the TFR during a high frequency operation due to the soil ionisation phenomenon that took place during the lightning. All these improvements are now being investigated and studied in all 500 kV networks in Malaysia, where lightning is considered as a major threat in relation to power outages.
Nur Mohamad Nasir; Mohd Ab Kadir; Miszaina Osman; Muhamad Abd Rahman; Ungku Ungku Amirulddin; Mohd Mohd Nasir; Nur Zaini; Nik Nik Ali. Influence of Lightning Current Parameters and Earthing System Designs on Tower Footing Impedance of 500 kV Lines. Energies 2021, 14, 4736 .
AMA StyleNur Mohamad Nasir, Mohd Ab Kadir, Miszaina Osman, Muhamad Abd Rahman, Ungku Ungku Amirulddin, Mohd Mohd Nasir, Nur Zaini, Nik Nik Ali. Influence of Lightning Current Parameters and Earthing System Designs on Tower Footing Impedance of 500 kV Lines. Energies. 2021; 14 (16):4736.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNur Mohamad Nasir; Mohd Ab Kadir; Miszaina Osman; Muhamad Abd Rahman; Ungku Ungku Amirulddin; Mohd Mohd Nasir; Nur Zaini; Nik Nik Ali. 2021. "Influence of Lightning Current Parameters and Earthing System Designs on Tower Footing Impedance of 500 kV Lines." Energies 14, no. 16: 4736.
Improving a tower earthing system by reducing the impedance is an effective solution to prevent back flashover from occurring and thus maintaining the sustainable operation of power supply. Knowledge of the soil and earthing structure is an important element when designing an earthing system and to determine the parameters of a transmission line (TL). This paper presents the computation of soil structure interpretation based on several earthing designs using current distribution, electromagnetic interference, grounding, and soil structure analysis (CDEGS) software. The results showed that each tower has a multi-layer soil structure and it was also found that the soil resistivity at the surface layer strongly affected the earthing impedance. Subsequently, it was demonstrated that soil structure and the earthing design arrangement are the two parameters that significantly affected the ground potential rise (GPR). This aspect affects the resistance and impulse impedance of a tower and thus influences the performance of the TL system when subjected to lightning strike, which is undoubtedly one of the major culprits of power outages in Malaysia.
Nur Mohamad Nasir; Mohd Ab Kadir; Miszaina Osman; Muhamad Abd Rahman; Ungku Ungku Amirulddin; Mohd Mohd Nasir; Nur Zaini; Nik Nik Ali. Impact of Earthing System Designs and Soil Characteristics on Tower Footing Impedance and Ground Potential Rise: A Modelling Approach for Sustainable Power Operation. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8370 .
AMA StyleNur Mohamad Nasir, Mohd Ab Kadir, Miszaina Osman, Muhamad Abd Rahman, Ungku Ungku Amirulddin, Mohd Mohd Nasir, Nur Zaini, Nik Nik Ali. Impact of Earthing System Designs and Soil Characteristics on Tower Footing Impedance and Ground Potential Rise: A Modelling Approach for Sustainable Power Operation. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (15):8370.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNur Mohamad Nasir; Mohd Ab Kadir; Miszaina Osman; Muhamad Abd Rahman; Ungku Ungku Amirulddin; Mohd Mohd Nasir; Nur Zaini; Nik Nik Ali. 2021. "Impact of Earthing System Designs and Soil Characteristics on Tower Footing Impedance and Ground Potential Rise: A Modelling Approach for Sustainable Power Operation." Sustainability 13, no. 15: 8370.
This paper discusses the lightning-induced voltage effect on a hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV)-battery energy storage system with the presence of surge protection devices (SPD). Solar PV functions by utilizing solar energy, in generating electricity, to supply to the customer. To ensure its consistency, battery energy storage is introduced to cater to the energy demand. For the countries located at the Equator, lightning has always become a major issue for the system to operate at maximum efficiency, due to its nature of installation in open space areas where the equipment may suffer serious damage that may stop the operation abruptly. To minimize the possible damages, insulation coordination on the lightning protection system is needed. Hence, three case studies, i.e., lightning current amplitude, lightning strike distance, and cable length are presented in this paper, which the quantified analysis is taking into account, to identify the performance of the system with the single installation of SPD Class II at DC and AC sides. The simulation results have contributed towards a better understanding of the importance of SPDs, and the need to properly coordinate according to the standard, taking into account the quantified information obtained from this work, hence providing the necessity of proper installation of SPD will provide better maintenance and prolong the lifespan of the equipment.
Nor Ahmad; Zaipatimah Ali; Mohd Ab. Kadir; Miszaina Osman; Nur Zaini; Muhammad Roslan. Analysis of Lightning-Induced Voltages Effect with SPD Placement for Sustainable Operation in Hybrid Solar PV-Battery Energy Storage System. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6889 .
AMA StyleNor Ahmad, Zaipatimah Ali, Mohd Ab. Kadir, Miszaina Osman, Nur Zaini, Muhammad Roslan. Analysis of Lightning-Induced Voltages Effect with SPD Placement for Sustainable Operation in Hybrid Solar PV-Battery Energy Storage System. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (12):6889.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNor Ahmad; Zaipatimah Ali; Mohd Ab. Kadir; Miszaina Osman; Nur Zaini; Muhammad Roslan. 2021. "Analysis of Lightning-Induced Voltages Effect with SPD Placement for Sustainable Operation in Hybrid Solar PV-Battery Energy Storage System." Sustainability 13, no. 12: 6889.
This paper presents a comparative analysis of different earthing designs’ performances, with particular interest on the use of earthing enhancing compound (EEC) for a selected earthing design of 500 kV transmission towers in a rocky soil, using the SESCAD tool of the Current distribution, electromagnetic field grounding and soil structure analysis (CDEGS) software. The simulation included the interpretation of soil profile and comparison between designs A, B and C, which are currently used for the 500 kV tower footing resistance (TFR) improvement. Results showed each design had reduced the TFR by 66%, 54.7% and 63.2% for the towers T42, T48 and T50, respectively. In some cases, further improvement of TFR is required, especially in the rocky area where the soil resistivity (SR) value is of more than 500 Ω⋅m. In this case, EEC was used in Design C, encasing both the vertical and horizontal electrodes, and it reduced the TFR further by 16% to 20%. The characteristics of the soil and earthing arrangement design play an important role in achieving a low TFR value, which is directly proportional to the backflashover occurrence and thus to the transmission line performance.
Nur Nasir; Mohd Kadir; Miszaina Osman; Muhamad Abd Rahman; Ungku Ungku Amirulddin; Mohd Mohd Nasir; Nur Zaini; Nik Nik Ali. Effect of Earthing Enhancing Compound (EEC) on Improving Tower Footing Resistance of a 500 kV Tower in a Rocky Area. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 5623 .
AMA StyleNur Nasir, Mohd Kadir, Miszaina Osman, Muhamad Abd Rahman, Ungku Ungku Amirulddin, Mohd Mohd Nasir, Nur Zaini, Nik Nik Ali. Effect of Earthing Enhancing Compound (EEC) on Improving Tower Footing Resistance of a 500 kV Tower in a Rocky Area. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (12):5623.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNur Nasir; Mohd Kadir; Miszaina Osman; Muhamad Abd Rahman; Ungku Ungku Amirulddin; Mohd Mohd Nasir; Nur Zaini; Nik Nik Ali. 2021. "Effect of Earthing Enhancing Compound (EEC) on Improving Tower Footing Resistance of a 500 kV Tower in a Rocky Area." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12: 5623.
With increased electrical energy demands projected in the future, the development of a hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV)–battery energy storage system is considered a good option. However, since such systems are normally installed outdoors and in open areas, they are vulnerable to lightning strikes and may suffer from malfunctions or significant damage to sensitive components, which may result in a major breakdown and loss of revenue due to equipment replacement costs and inefficient operation. Thus, the objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of lightning-induced overvoltage on a hybrid solar PV–battery energy storage system, considering indirect lightning strikes nearby the system. The presented hybrid solar PV–battery energy storage system and lightning-induced overvoltage are modeled in Electro-Magnetic Transient Program-Restructured Version (EMTP-RV) software. The lightning-induced overvoltage is simulated based on a lightning waveshape of 10/350 µs using the Heidler expression, whilst the Rusck model is used to simulate the lightning-induced overvoltage. Different lightning current amplitudes (3, 19, and 169 kA), lightning strike locations (20, 50, and 100 m), and cable lengths (5, 10, and 20 m) are used to investigate the induced effects on the system and on the impulse withstand voltage of 6kV, as stated in MS IEC 60664-1 for solar PV–battery systems and inverters at the DC side. The results indicate that as the lightning strike distance increases from 20 to 100 m, the percentage of strikes exceeding the impulse withstand voltage reduces from 67% to 54% at 19 kA. At 169 kA, the impulse withstand voltage is exceeded by more than 100%, regardless of the strike distance (from 20 to 100 m). Furthermore, differences in cable length do not have much impact on the lightning-induced overvoltage due to the small voltage drop across the short cable length. This study provides useful information for PV systems owners and will be useful in assigning appropriate lightning protection schemes for PV farms.
Nor Ahmad; Zaipatimah Ali; Mohd Ab. Kadir; Miszaina Osman; Nur Zaini; Muhammad Roslan. Impacts of Lightning-Induced Overvoltage on a Hybrid Solar PV–Battery Energy Storage System. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 3633 .
AMA StyleNor Ahmad, Zaipatimah Ali, Mohd Ab. Kadir, Miszaina Osman, Nur Zaini, Muhammad Roslan. Impacts of Lightning-Induced Overvoltage on a Hybrid Solar PV–Battery Energy Storage System. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (8):3633.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNor Ahmad; Zaipatimah Ali; Mohd Ab. Kadir; Miszaina Osman; Nur Zaini; Muhammad Roslan. 2021. "Impacts of Lightning-Induced Overvoltage on a Hybrid Solar PV–Battery Energy Storage System." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8: 3633.
The Sustainable Energy Development Authority of Malaysia (SEDA) regularly receives complaints about damaged components and distribution boards of PV systems due to lightning strikes. Permanent and momentary interruptions of distribution circuits may also occur from the disturbance. In this paper, a solar PV Rooftop system (3.91 kWp) provided by SEDA was modelled in the PSCAD/EMTDC. The Heidler function was used as a lightning current waveform model to analyse the transient current and voltage at two different points susceptible to the influence of lightning events such as different lightning current wave shape, standard lightning current and non-standard lightning current. This study examines the effect on the system components when lightning directly strikes at two different points of the installation. The two points lie between the inverter and the solar PV array and between inverter and grid. Exceptionally high current and voltage due to the direct lightning strike on a certain point of a PV Rooftop system was also studied. The result of this case study is observed with and without the inclusion of surge protective devices (SPDs). The parameters used were 31 kA of peak current, 10 metres cable length and lightning impulse current wave shape of 8/20μs. The high current and voltage at P1 striking point were 31 kA and 2397 kV, respectively. As for the AC part, the current and voltage values were found to be 5.97 kA and 5392 kV, respectively.Therefore, SPDs with suitable rating provided by SEDA were deployed. Results showed that high transient current voltage is expected to clamp sharply at the values of 1.915 kV and 0 A at the P1 striking point. As for the AC part, the current and voltage values were found to be 0 kA and 0.751 V, respectively. Varying lightning impulse current wave shapes at striking point P2 showed that the highest voltage was obtained at waveshape 10/350 μs at 11277 kV followed by wave shapes of 2/70 μs, 8/20 μs and 0.7/6 μs. The high value of transient voltage was clamped at a lower level of 2.029 kV. Different lightning amplitudes were also applied, ranging from 2–200 kA selected based on the CIGRE distribution. It showed that the current and voltage at P1 and P2 were directly proportional. Therefore, the SPD will be designed at an acceptable rating and proper position of SPD installation at solar PV Rooftop will be proposed. The results obtained in this study can then be utilised to appropriately assign a SPD to protect the PV systems that are connected to the grid. Installing SPDs without considering the needs of lightning protection zones would expose the expensive equipment to potential damage even though the proper energy coordination of SPDs is in place. As such, the simulation results provide a basis for controlling the impacts of direct lightning strikes on electrical equipment and power grids and thus justify SPD coordination to ensure the reliability of the system.
M. S. M. Nasir; M. Z. A. Ab-Kadir; M. A. M. Radzi; M. Izadi; N. I. Ahmad; N. H. Zaini. Lightning performance analysis of a rooftop grid-connected solar photovoltaic without external lightning protection system. PLOS ONE 2019, 14, e0219326 .
AMA StyleM. S. M. Nasir, M. Z. A. Ab-Kadir, M. A. M. Radzi, M. Izadi, N. I. Ahmad, N. H. Zaini. Lightning performance analysis of a rooftop grid-connected solar photovoltaic without external lightning protection system. PLOS ONE. 2019; 14 (7):e0219326.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. S. M. Nasir; M. Z. A. Ab-Kadir; M. A. M. Radzi; M. Izadi; N. I. Ahmad; N. H. Zaini. 2019. "Lightning performance analysis of a rooftop grid-connected solar photovoltaic without external lightning protection system." PLOS ONE 14, no. 7: e0219326.
The solar PV has become an alternative solution in Malaysia to generate electricity. Unfortunately the solar PV installed in Malaysia is attracted to the lightning strike. There were two points that have high possibilities of being strike by the lightning; on the DC side between the solar PV and inverter and on the AC side, between the inverter and the substation. Therefore, this study was performed to analyse the effects of lightning strike at these two different points at the solar PV farm without any lightning protection system (LPS).
Nur Hazirah Zaini; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir; M. A. M. Radzi; Norhafiz Azis; N. I. Ahmad; M. S. M. Nasir; M. Izadi; N. F. Ab Aziz; Z. Ali. Lightning Surge on the DC and AC Side of Solar PV System. 2019 11th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL) 2019, 1 -5.
AMA StyleNur Hazirah Zaini, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir, M. A. M. Radzi, Norhafiz Azis, N. I. Ahmad, M. S. M. Nasir, M. Izadi, N. F. Ab Aziz, Z. Ali. Lightning Surge on the DC and AC Side of Solar PV System. 2019 11th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL). 2019; ():1-5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNur Hazirah Zaini; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir; M. A. M. Radzi; Norhafiz Azis; N. I. Ahmad; M. S. M. Nasir; M. Izadi; N. F. Ab Aziz; Z. Ali. 2019. "Lightning Surge on the DC and AC Side of Solar PV System." 2019 11th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL) , no. : 1-5.
The solar PV farm is expected to gain greater popularity in Malaysia as an alternative energy source. Malaysia lies in the tropics and enjoys abundant sunlight, but is also prone to frequent lightning strikes. The solar PV farm is at great risk of being struck by lightning because of its location and installation in an open and flat area. Due to the high cost of maintaining the solar PV farm, a suitable lightning protection system should be installed to avoid or minimise the potential damage. Hence, the objective of this study is to offer a basic reference for the installation of a surge protection device (SPD) for a proper location according to the standard.
Nur Hazirah Zaini; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir; M. A. M. Radzi; M. Izadi; N. I. Ahmad; N. Azis; M. S. M. Nasir. On the Effect of Surge Protection Devices (SPDs) Placement for Grid-connected Solar PV Farm. 2018 34th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP) 2018, 1 -5.
AMA StyleNur Hazirah Zaini, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir, M. A. M. Radzi, M. Izadi, N. I. Ahmad, N. Azis, M. S. M. Nasir. On the Effect of Surge Protection Devices (SPDs) Placement for Grid-connected Solar PV Farm. 2018 34th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP). 2018; ():1-5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNur Hazirah Zaini; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir; M. A. M. Radzi; M. Izadi; N. I. Ahmad; N. Azis; M. S. M. Nasir. 2018. "On the Effect of Surge Protection Devices (SPDs) Placement for Grid-connected Solar PV Farm." 2018 34th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP) , no. : 1-5.
N.I. Ahmad; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir; M. Izadi; Norhafiz Azis; Mohd Amran Mohd Radzi; Nur Hazirah Zaini; M.S.M. Nasir. Lightning protection on photovoltaic systems: A review on current and recommended practices. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2018, 82, 1611 -1619.
AMA StyleN.I. Ahmad, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir, M. Izadi, Norhafiz Azis, Mohd Amran Mohd Radzi, Nur Hazirah Zaini, M.S.M. Nasir. Lightning protection on photovoltaic systems: A review on current and recommended practices. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2018; 82 ():1611-1619.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN.I. Ahmad; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir; M. Izadi; Norhafiz Azis; Mohd Amran Mohd Radzi; Nur Hazirah Zaini; M.S.M. Nasir. 2018. "Lightning protection on photovoltaic systems: A review on current and recommended practices." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 82, no. : 1611-1619.
Solar photovoltaic (PV) farms currently play a vital role in the generation of electrical power in different countries, such as Malaysia, which is moving toward the use of renewable energy. Malaysia is one of the countries with abundant sunlight and thus can use solar PV farms as alternative sources for electricity generation. However, lightning strikes frequently occur in the country. Being installed in open and flat areas, solar PV farms, especially their electronic components, are at great risk of damage caused by lightning. In this paper, the effects of lightning currents with different peak currents and waveshapes on grid-connected solar PV farms were determined to approximate the level of transient effect that can damage solar PV modules, inverters and transformers. Depending on the location of the solar PV farm, engineer can obtain information on the peak current and median current of the site from the lightning location system (LLS) and utilise the results obtained in this study to appropriately assign an SPD to protect the solar panel, inverter and the main panel that connected to the grid. Therefore, the simulation results serve as the basis for controlling the effects of lightning strikes on electrical equipment and power grids where it provides proper justification on the ‘where to be installed’ and ‘what is the rating’ of the SPD. This judgment and decision will surely reduce the expensive cost of repair and replacement of electrical equipment damages due to the lightning.
Nur Hazirah Zaini; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab. Kadir; Mohd Amran Mohd Radzi; Mahdi Izadi; Norhafiz Azis; Nor Izzati Ahmad; Mohd Solehin Mohd Nasir. Lightning Surge Analysis on a Large Scale Grid-Connected Solar Photovoltaic System. Energies 2017, 10, 2149 .
AMA StyleNur Hazirah Zaini, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab. Kadir, Mohd Amran Mohd Radzi, Mahdi Izadi, Norhafiz Azis, Nor Izzati Ahmad, Mohd Solehin Mohd Nasir. Lightning Surge Analysis on a Large Scale Grid-Connected Solar Photovoltaic System. Energies. 2017; 10 (12):2149.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNur Hazirah Zaini; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab. Kadir; Mohd Amran Mohd Radzi; Mahdi Izadi; Norhafiz Azis; Nor Izzati Ahmad; Mohd Solehin Mohd Nasir. 2017. "Lightning Surge Analysis on a Large Scale Grid-Connected Solar Photovoltaic System." Energies 10, no. 12: 2149.
Lightning events are one of the factors that affect performance of a solar power system either by direct or indirect strikes. When lightning strikes directly to a panel, it can affect function and life cycle of the panel. Therefore, considering the electrical performance characteristics such as open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and maximum power of the solar panels under high voltage conditions is an important issue. In this paper, the effect of impulse voltage on the change of electrical behaviour of a polycrystalline solar panel is studied. The experimental platform is tested by a lightning impulse generated over a range of 100 kV to 300 kV. The results revealed that as the lightning impulse voltage is increased, the maximum power output gradually decreases. The performance of percentage difference from normal between 100 kV to 300 kV increased to 10.02 % for the maximum power output and the graph showed an increasing non-linear trend. After testing with lightning impulse voltages, the electrical performance of the solar panel under different thermal conditions (temperature) was evaluated in the range of 25 °C to 70 °C and the results are discussed accordingly. When the different temperatures were applied, efficiency of the polycrystalline panel continuously degraded. The percentage difference of the maximum power between samples of 100 kV to 300 kV at 70 °C increased from 2.09 % to 7.11 %.
N. I. Ahmad; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir; M. Izadi; Nur Hazirah Zaini; Mohd Amran Mohd Radzi; Norhafiz Azis; Wan Zuha Wan Hasan. On the performance of a polycrystalline PV panel under different impulse voltages and temperatures. 2016 33rd International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP) 2016, 1 -6.
AMA StyleN. I. Ahmad, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir, M. Izadi, Nur Hazirah Zaini, Mohd Amran Mohd Radzi, Norhafiz Azis, Wan Zuha Wan Hasan. On the performance of a polycrystalline PV panel under different impulse voltages and temperatures. 2016 33rd International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP). 2016; ():1-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN. I. Ahmad; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir; M. Izadi; Nur Hazirah Zaini; Mohd Amran Mohd Radzi; Norhafiz Azis; Wan Zuha Wan Hasan. 2016. "On the performance of a polycrystalline PV panel under different impulse voltages and temperatures." 2016 33rd International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP) , no. : 1-6.
A solar PV system was modelled and the effect of lightning striking different parts of a solar PV system was studied and the results discussed appropriately. Lightning strikes of different wave shapes and different magnitudes were considered. The purpose of this research is to observe the transient current and voltage that appears in a solar PV system when struck by lightning. The results show that a transient current will appear at the nearest point to the lightning strike and the value of the transient current is same as the lightning current, while the transient voltage will appear at AC side at any point of lightning strike. This could damage the inverter which requires a high cost to repair or replace. The information of this paper can be useful to decide a suitable lightning protection system before installing a solar PV system.
Nur Hazirah Zaini; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir; M. Izadi; N. I. Ahmad; M. A. M Radzi; Norhafiz Azis; W. Z. Wan Hasan. On the effect of lightning on a solar photovoltaic system. 2016 33rd International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP) 2016, 1 -4.
AMA StyleNur Hazirah Zaini, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir, M. Izadi, N. I. Ahmad, M. A. M Radzi, Norhafiz Azis, W. Z. Wan Hasan. On the effect of lightning on a solar photovoltaic system. 2016 33rd International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP). 2016; ():1-4.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNur Hazirah Zaini; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir; M. Izadi; N. I. Ahmad; M. A. M Radzi; Norhafiz Azis; W. Z. Wan Hasan. 2016. "On the effect of lightning on a solar photovoltaic system." 2016 33rd International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP) , no. : 1-4.
There are three important parameters in solar photovoltaic (PV) panel performance, namely maximum output power, short-circuit current, and open-circuit voltage. All these parameters are affected by temperature fluctuations. This research is focused on the behaviour of a mono-crystalline solar PV panel under different temperatures using experimental work and the results are validated with a corresponding simulation using Matlab/Simulink software. The experimental and simulation results show that the electrical parameters change with a variation in temperature. When the temperature rises, the maximum output power and the open-circuit voltage decrease while the short-circuit current increases. Typically, when the surface temperature of the solar PV panel increases, the efficiency of the solar PV panel reduces.
Nur Hazirah Zaini; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir; M. Izadi; N.I. Ahmad; Mohd Amran Mohd Radzi; Norhafiz Azis. The effect of temperature on a mono-crystalline solar PV panel. 2015 IEEE Conference on Energy Conversion (CENCON) 2015, 249 -253.
AMA StyleNur Hazirah Zaini, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir, M. Izadi, N.I. Ahmad, Mohd Amran Mohd Radzi, Norhafiz Azis. The effect of temperature on a mono-crystalline solar PV panel. 2015 IEEE Conference on Energy Conversion (CENCON). 2015; ():249-253.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNur Hazirah Zaini; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir; M. Izadi; N.I. Ahmad; Mohd Amran Mohd Radzi; Norhafiz Azis. 2015. "The effect of temperature on a mono-crystalline solar PV panel." 2015 IEEE Conference on Energy Conversion (CENCON) , no. : 249-253.
The development of large-scale photovoltaic (PV) plants in Malaysia is on the rise since Malaysia is typically tropical and also has high potential for generating electricity. The climate in Malaysia is always humid and hot over a year, hence this paper the influence of temperature variations on a poly-crystalline solar panel is studied. It is very useful to understand the influence of temperature on solar panel output performance in order to predict panel performance under various temperature conditions. This study was founded on experimental results by setting up 50 W polycrystalline silicon panels under various temperatures. It was determined that the short circuit current, I sc gradually increased with marginal changes, while the open circuit voltage, V oc decreased linearly when the temperature increased. Due to this effect the maximum power output, P max as well as its efficiency was linearly reduced once the temperature increased. All the results are considered and discussed accordingly.
N.I. Ahmad; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir; M. Izadi; Nur Hazirah Zaini; Mohd Amran Mohd Radzi; Norhafiz Azis. Effect of temperature on a poly-crystalline solar panel in large scale solar plants in Malaysia. 2015 IEEE Conference on Energy Conversion (CENCON) 2015, 244 -248.
AMA StyleN.I. Ahmad, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir, M. Izadi, Nur Hazirah Zaini, Mohd Amran Mohd Radzi, Norhafiz Azis. Effect of temperature on a poly-crystalline solar panel in large scale solar plants in Malaysia. 2015 IEEE Conference on Energy Conversion (CENCON). 2015; ():244-248.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN.I. Ahmad; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir; M. Izadi; Nur Hazirah Zaini; Mohd Amran Mohd Radzi; Norhafiz Azis. 2015. "Effect of temperature on a poly-crystalline solar panel in large scale solar plants in Malaysia." 2015 IEEE Conference on Energy Conversion (CENCON) , no. : 244-248.