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Miszaina Osman
Institute of Power Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia

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Review
Published: 14 August 2021 in Applied Sciences
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Designing an effective grounding system for AC substations needs predetermination of ground resistance and ground potential distribution caused by fault current’s presence in the ground. Therefore, it is necessary to have a suitable grounding grid structure in the soil properties in which the grid is buried. Though the soil composition where the grounding grid is located is typically non-homogeneous, the soil is often presumed to be homogeneous due to the complexities of grounding system analysis in non-homogeneous soil. This assumption will lead to inaccuracies in the computation of ground resistance and ground potentials. Although extensive research has been done on non-homogeneous soil structure, comprehensive literature on grounding system performance in non-homogeneous soil is yet to be reviewed. Thus, this paper reviews the effect of non-homogeneous soil on the grounding system, with different soil characteristics in horizontal and vertical two-layer soil structure and the horizontal three-layer soil structure. In addition, the effect of design parameters on the grounding performance in non-homogeneous soil conditions for non-transient fault conditions is also studied. The significance of this study is that it provides a comprehensive review of grounding performance as grounding design changes and their effects as soil layers and their corresponding features change. This knowledge will be useful in developing safe grounding designs in non-homogeneous soil.

ACS Style

Navinesshani Permal; Miszaina Osman; Azrul Mohd Ariffin; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir. Effect of Non-Homogeneous Soil Characteristics on Substation Grounding-Grid Performances: A Review. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 7468 .

AMA Style

Navinesshani Permal, Miszaina Osman, Azrul Mohd Ariffin, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir. Effect of Non-Homogeneous Soil Characteristics on Substation Grounding-Grid Performances: A Review. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (16):7468.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Navinesshani Permal; Miszaina Osman; Azrul Mohd Ariffin; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir. 2021. "Effect of Non-Homogeneous Soil Characteristics on Substation Grounding-Grid Performances: A Review." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16: 7468.

Journal article
Published: 04 August 2021 in Energies
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This paper presents an optimum earthing system design for improving the lightning performance of a 500 kV transmission line for its sustainable operation. The study includes an interpretation of the soil profile and compares the results between default and new earthing arrangements for improving tower footing resistance and tower footing impedance. An evaluation of the tower footing resistance (TFR) and impedance (Ri) before and after earthing improvement was carried out. Moreover, the effects of TFR and Ri, also known as low and high-frequency earthing, respectively, based on a specification of TFR and soil resistivity (SR) ranges at various sites were also considered. The analysis was carried out using the SESCAD tool of Current Distribution Electromagnetic Field Grounding and Soil Structure Analysis software (CDEGS) and PSCAD/EMTDC software for low and high frequency earthing, respectively. From the analysis, the results showed that the new earthing arrangement reduced the TFR by 74.11% for Tower T40, 75.71% for Tower T41 and 80.83% for Tower T42. For Ri, the results also demonstrated that the values were significantly decreased below the TFR during a high frequency operation due to the soil ionisation phenomenon that took place during the lightning. All these improvements are now being investigated and studied in all 500 kV networks in Malaysia, where lightning is considered as a major threat in relation to power outages.

ACS Style

Nur Mohamad Nasir; Mohd Ab Kadir; Miszaina Osman; Muhamad Abd Rahman; Ungku Ungku Amirulddin; Mohd Mohd Nasir; Nur Zaini; Nik Nik Ali. Influence of Lightning Current Parameters and Earthing System Designs on Tower Footing Impedance of 500 kV Lines. Energies 2021, 14, 4736 .

AMA Style

Nur Mohamad Nasir, Mohd Ab Kadir, Miszaina Osman, Muhamad Abd Rahman, Ungku Ungku Amirulddin, Mohd Mohd Nasir, Nur Zaini, Nik Nik Ali. Influence of Lightning Current Parameters and Earthing System Designs on Tower Footing Impedance of 500 kV Lines. Energies. 2021; 14 (16):4736.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nur Mohamad Nasir; Mohd Ab Kadir; Miszaina Osman; Muhamad Abd Rahman; Ungku Ungku Amirulddin; Mohd Mohd Nasir; Nur Zaini; Nik Nik Ali. 2021. "Influence of Lightning Current Parameters and Earthing System Designs on Tower Footing Impedance of 500 kV Lines." Energies 14, no. 16: 4736.

Journal article
Published: 27 July 2021 in Sustainability
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Improving a tower earthing system by reducing the impedance is an effective solution to prevent back flashover from occurring and thus maintaining the sustainable operation of power supply. Knowledge of the soil and earthing structure is an important element when designing an earthing system and to determine the parameters of a transmission line (TL). This paper presents the computation of soil structure interpretation based on several earthing designs using current distribution, electromagnetic interference, grounding, and soil structure analysis (CDEGS) software. The results showed that each tower has a multi-layer soil structure and it was also found that the soil resistivity at the surface layer strongly affected the earthing impedance. Subsequently, it was demonstrated that soil structure and the earthing design arrangement are the two parameters that significantly affected the ground potential rise (GPR). This aspect affects the resistance and impulse impedance of a tower and thus influences the performance of the TL system when subjected to lightning strike, which is undoubtedly one of the major culprits of power outages in Malaysia.

ACS Style

Nur Mohamad Nasir; Mohd Ab Kadir; Miszaina Osman; Muhamad Abd Rahman; Ungku Ungku Amirulddin; Mohd Mohd Nasir; Nur Zaini; Nik Nik Ali. Impact of Earthing System Designs and Soil Characteristics on Tower Footing Impedance and Ground Potential Rise: A Modelling Approach for Sustainable Power Operation. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8370 .

AMA Style

Nur Mohamad Nasir, Mohd Ab Kadir, Miszaina Osman, Muhamad Abd Rahman, Ungku Ungku Amirulddin, Mohd Mohd Nasir, Nur Zaini, Nik Nik Ali. Impact of Earthing System Designs and Soil Characteristics on Tower Footing Impedance and Ground Potential Rise: A Modelling Approach for Sustainable Power Operation. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (15):8370.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nur Mohamad Nasir; Mohd Ab Kadir; Miszaina Osman; Muhamad Abd Rahman; Ungku Ungku Amirulddin; Mohd Mohd Nasir; Nur Zaini; Nik Nik Ali. 2021. "Impact of Earthing System Designs and Soil Characteristics on Tower Footing Impedance and Ground Potential Rise: A Modelling Approach for Sustainable Power Operation." Sustainability 13, no. 15: 8370.

Journal article
Published: 20 July 2021 in Energies
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The advancement of material technology has contributed to the variation of high-performance composites with good electrical insulation and mechanical properties. Their usage in electrical applications has grown since then. In Malaysia, the composite made of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) has been adopted for crossarm manufacturing and has successfully served 275 kV lines for a few decades. However, the combination of extreme conditions such as lightning transient and tropical climate can impose threats to the material. These issues have become major topics of discussion among the utilities in the Southeast Asian (SEA) region, and also in previous research. In Malaysia, more than 50% of total interruptions were caused by lightning. Limited studies can be found on the composite crossarm, especially on the square tube GFRP filled crossarm used in Malaysia. Therefore, this paper proposes to study the behavior of the particular GFRP crossarm, by means of its insulation characteristics. Experimental and simulation approaches are used. Throughout the study, the GFRP specimen is known to have an average breakdown strength at 7.2 kV/mm. In addition, the CFO voltages of the crossarm at different lengths are presented, whereby the behavior under dry and wet conditions is comparably discussed. At the same time, the polarity effect on the CFO voltages is highlighted. The maximum E-fields at the immediate moment before breakdown are analyzed by adopting the finite element method (FEM). Non-uniform distribution of E-fields is witnessed at different parts of the crossarm structure. Simultaneously, the maximum field localized on the crossarm immediately before the breakdown is also presented.

ACS Style

Muhammad Abd Rahman; Mohd Ab Kadir; Muhamad Abd Rahman; Miszaina Osman; Shamsul Mohd Nor; Noorlina Zainuddin. Investigation of Insulation Characteristics of GFRP Crossarm Subjected to Lightning Transient. Energies 2021, 14, 4386 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Abd Rahman, Mohd Ab Kadir, Muhamad Abd Rahman, Miszaina Osman, Shamsul Mohd Nor, Noorlina Zainuddin. Investigation of Insulation Characteristics of GFRP Crossarm Subjected to Lightning Transient. Energies. 2021; 14 (14):4386.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Abd Rahman; Mohd Ab Kadir; Muhamad Abd Rahman; Miszaina Osman; Shamsul Mohd Nor; Noorlina Zainuddin. 2021. "Investigation of Insulation Characteristics of GFRP Crossarm Subjected to Lightning Transient." Energies 14, no. 14: 4386.

Journal article
Published: 18 June 2021 in Applied Sciences
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This paper presents a comparative analysis of different earthing designs’ performances, with particular interest on the use of earthing enhancing compound (EEC) for a selected earthing design of 500 kV transmission towers in a rocky soil, using the SESCAD tool of the Current distribution, electromagnetic field grounding and soil structure analysis (CDEGS) software. The simulation included the interpretation of soil profile and comparison between designs A, B and C, which are currently used for the 500 kV tower footing resistance (TFR) improvement. Results showed each design had reduced the TFR by 66%, 54.7% and 63.2% for the towers T42, T48 and T50, respectively. In some cases, further improvement of TFR is required, especially in the rocky area where the soil resistivity (SR) value is of more than 500 Ω⋅m. In this case, EEC was used in Design C, encasing both the vertical and horizontal electrodes, and it reduced the TFR further by 16% to 20%. The characteristics of the soil and earthing arrangement design play an important role in achieving a low TFR value, which is directly proportional to the backflashover occurrence and thus to the transmission line performance.

ACS Style

Nur Nasir; Mohd Kadir; Miszaina Osman; Muhamad Abd Rahman; Ungku Ungku Amirulddin; Mohd Mohd Nasir; Nur Zaini; Nik Nik Ali. Effect of Earthing Enhancing Compound (EEC) on Improving Tower Footing Resistance of a 500 kV Tower in a Rocky Area. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 5623 .

AMA Style

Nur Nasir, Mohd Kadir, Miszaina Osman, Muhamad Abd Rahman, Ungku Ungku Amirulddin, Mohd Mohd Nasir, Nur Zaini, Nik Nik Ali. Effect of Earthing Enhancing Compound (EEC) on Improving Tower Footing Resistance of a 500 kV Tower in a Rocky Area. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (12):5623.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nur Nasir; Mohd Kadir; Miszaina Osman; Muhamad Abd Rahman; Ungku Ungku Amirulddin; Mohd Mohd Nasir; Nur Zaini; Nik Nik Ali. 2021. "Effect of Earthing Enhancing Compound (EEC) on Improving Tower Footing Resistance of a 500 kV Tower in a Rocky Area." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12: 5623.

Journal article
Published: 18 June 2021 in Sustainability
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This paper discusses the lightning-induced voltage effect on a hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV)-battery energy storage system with the presence of surge protection devices (SPD). Solar PV functions by utilizing solar energy, in generating electricity, to supply to the customer. To ensure its consistency, battery energy storage is introduced to cater to the energy demand. For the countries located at the Equator, lightning has always become a major issue for the system to operate at maximum efficiency, due to its nature of installation in open space areas where the equipment may suffer serious damage that may stop the operation abruptly. To minimize the possible damages, insulation coordination on the lightning protection system is needed. Hence, three case studies, i.e., lightning current amplitude, lightning strike distance, and cable length are presented in this paper, which the quantified analysis is taking into account, to identify the performance of the system with the single installation of SPD Class II at DC and AC sides. The simulation results have contributed towards a better understanding of the importance of SPDs, and the need to properly coordinate according to the standard, taking into account the quantified information obtained from this work, hence providing the necessity of proper installation of SPD will provide better maintenance and prolong the lifespan of the equipment.

ACS Style

Nor Ahmad; Zaipatimah Ali; Mohd Ab. Kadir; Miszaina Osman; Nur Zaini; Muhammad Roslan. Analysis of Lightning-Induced Voltages Effect with SPD Placement for Sustainable Operation in Hybrid Solar PV-Battery Energy Storage System. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6889 .

AMA Style

Nor Ahmad, Zaipatimah Ali, Mohd Ab. Kadir, Miszaina Osman, Nur Zaini, Muhammad Roslan. Analysis of Lightning-Induced Voltages Effect with SPD Placement for Sustainable Operation in Hybrid Solar PV-Battery Energy Storage System. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (12):6889.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nor Ahmad; Zaipatimah Ali; Mohd Ab. Kadir; Miszaina Osman; Nur Zaini; Muhammad Roslan. 2021. "Analysis of Lightning-Induced Voltages Effect with SPD Placement for Sustainable Operation in Hybrid Solar PV-Battery Energy Storage System." Sustainability 13, no. 12: 6889.

Journal article
Published: 27 April 2021 in Journal of Energy Storage
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Renewable Energy (RE) penetration to power system has been a trend in recent years. Malaysia under the new RE target has a vision to achieve 20% of RE in energy mix by 2025. Flexibility and stability of power system can be a concern due to high penetration of RE in the system. Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) has been identified as one of the possible solutions to mitigate this issue. This paper will discuss the capabilities of this technology to reduce peak demand charge and potential to solve power system issues and the techno-economic analysis for this technology. This covers technical and economic analysis to ensure viability and feasibility of this technology. This is a novel analysis in terms of Malaysian energy market as BESS is considered relatively new technology and still in early stage in terms of commercial deployment.

ACS Style

Wan Syakirah Wan Abdullah; Miszaina Osman; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir; Renuga Verayiah; Nur Fadilah Ab Aziz; Mohamed Abdul Rasheed. Techno-economics analysis of battery energy storage system (bess) design for virtual power plant (VPP)–A case study in Malaysia. Journal of Energy Storage 2021, 38, 102568 .

AMA Style

Wan Syakirah Wan Abdullah, Miszaina Osman, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir, Renuga Verayiah, Nur Fadilah Ab Aziz, Mohamed Abdul Rasheed. Techno-economics analysis of battery energy storage system (bess) design for virtual power plant (VPP)–A case study in Malaysia. Journal of Energy Storage. 2021; 38 ():102568.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wan Syakirah Wan Abdullah; Miszaina Osman; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir; Renuga Verayiah; Nur Fadilah Ab Aziz; Mohamed Abdul Rasheed. 2021. "Techno-economics analysis of battery energy storage system (bess) design for virtual power plant (VPP)–A case study in Malaysia." Journal of Energy Storage 38, no. : 102568.

Journal article
Published: 17 April 2021 in Applied Sciences
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With increased electrical energy demands projected in the future, the development of a hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV)–battery energy storage system is considered a good option. However, since such systems are normally installed outdoors and in open areas, they are vulnerable to lightning strikes and may suffer from malfunctions or significant damage to sensitive components, which may result in a major breakdown and loss of revenue due to equipment replacement costs and inefficient operation. Thus, the objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of lightning-induced overvoltage on a hybrid solar PV–battery energy storage system, considering indirect lightning strikes nearby the system. The presented hybrid solar PV–battery energy storage system and lightning-induced overvoltage are modeled in Electro-Magnetic Transient Program-Restructured Version (EMTP-RV) software. The lightning-induced overvoltage is simulated based on a lightning waveshape of 10/350 µs using the Heidler expression, whilst the Rusck model is used to simulate the lightning-induced overvoltage. Different lightning current amplitudes (3, 19, and 169 kA), lightning strike locations (20, 50, and 100 m), and cable lengths (5, 10, and 20 m) are used to investigate the induced effects on the system and on the impulse withstand voltage of 6kV, as stated in MS IEC 60664-1 for solar PV–battery systems and inverters at the DC side. The results indicate that as the lightning strike distance increases from 20 to 100 m, the percentage of strikes exceeding the impulse withstand voltage reduces from 67% to 54% at 19 kA. At 169 kA, the impulse withstand voltage is exceeded by more than 100%, regardless of the strike distance (from 20 to 100 m). Furthermore, differences in cable length do not have much impact on the lightning-induced overvoltage due to the small voltage drop across the short cable length. This study provides useful information for PV systems owners and will be useful in assigning appropriate lightning protection schemes for PV farms.

ACS Style

Nor Ahmad; Zaipatimah Ali; Mohd Ab. Kadir; Miszaina Osman; Nur Zaini; Muhammad Roslan. Impacts of Lightning-Induced Overvoltage on a Hybrid Solar PV–Battery Energy Storage System. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 3633 .

AMA Style

Nor Ahmad, Zaipatimah Ali, Mohd Ab. Kadir, Miszaina Osman, Nur Zaini, Muhammad Roslan. Impacts of Lightning-Induced Overvoltage on a Hybrid Solar PV–Battery Energy Storage System. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (8):3633.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nor Ahmad; Zaipatimah Ali; Mohd Ab. Kadir; Miszaina Osman; Nur Zaini; Muhammad Roslan. 2021. "Impacts of Lightning-Induced Overvoltage on a Hybrid Solar PV–Battery Energy Storage System." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8: 3633.

Journal article
Published: 29 March 2021 in Materials
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The fourth rail transit is an interesting topic to be shared and accessed by the community within that area of expertise. Several ongoing works are currently being conducted especially in the aspects of system technical performances including the rail bracket component and the sensitivity analyses on the various rail designs. Furthermore, the lightning surge study on railway electrification is significant due to the fact that only a handful of publications are available in this regard, especially on the fourth rail transit. For this reason, this paper presents a study on the electrical performance of a fourth rail Direct Current (DC) urban transit affected by an indirect lightning strike. The indirect lightning strike was modelled by means of the Rusck model and the sum of two Heidler functions. The simulations were carried out using the EMTP-RV software which included the performance comparison of polymer-insulated rail brackets, namely the Cast Epoxy (CE), the Cycloaliphatic Epoxy A (CEA), and the Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) together with the station arresters when subjected by 30 kA (5/80 µs) and 90 kA (9/200 µs) lightning currents. The results obtained demonstrated that the GRP material has been able to slightly lower its induced overvoltage as compared to other materials, especially for the case of 90 kA (9/200 µs), and thus serves better coordination with the station arresters. This improvement has also reflected on the recorded residual voltage and energy absorption capacity of the arrester, respectively.

ACS Style

Farah Abd Rahman; Mohd Ab Kadir; Ungku Ungku Amirulddin; Miszaina Osman. Electrical Performance of Polymer-Insulated Rail Brackets of DC Transit Subjected to Lightning Induced Overvoltage. Materials 2021, 14, 1684 .

AMA Style

Farah Abd Rahman, Mohd Ab Kadir, Ungku Ungku Amirulddin, Miszaina Osman. Electrical Performance of Polymer-Insulated Rail Brackets of DC Transit Subjected to Lightning Induced Overvoltage. Materials. 2021; 14 (7):1684.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farah Abd Rahman; Mohd Ab Kadir; Ungku Ungku Amirulddin; Miszaina Osman. 2021. "Electrical Performance of Polymer-Insulated Rail Brackets of DC Transit Subjected to Lightning Induced Overvoltage." Materials 14, no. 7: 1684.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2021 in IEEE Access
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It is important to ensure that a grounding system is designed with a low magnitude of earth resistance, so the protection system can divert the large fault current to earth effectively. The performances and protection level of a grounding system need to be acknowledged as the condition of soil structure changes with different soil characteristics. At present, there is a lack of systematic guide or standards for grounding grid designs that consider non-uniform soil and its impact on the grounding systems. By computing the grid safety threshold parameters consisting of the grid impedance, step, and touch voltages, a comparison has been made between uniform soil and two-layer soil models. Where the competence and level of safety of the grounding systems depend on the soil attributes, the significant impact of various soil conditions is seen. The evaluations on performance and safety assessment in two-layer soil conditions hold the novelty and originality as there is no such comparison and discussion have been made to date. These comparisons would help in forecasting the behavior and safety of the grounding system in various soil environments, which would provide engineers with additional expertise to design an effective and secure grounding system. This research would contribute to the existing body of knowledge by differentiating and predicting the performance of a grounding system when the characteristics of the soil differ significantly from uniform soil as most of the standards and guidelines only consider uniform soil while designing a grounding system, owing to its complexity at the site.

ACS Style

Navinesshani Permal; Miszaina Osman; Azrul Mohd Ariffin; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir. The Impact of Substation Grounding Grid Design Parameters in Non-Homogenous Soil to the Grid Safety Threshold Parameters. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 37497 -37509.

AMA Style

Navinesshani Permal, Miszaina Osman, Azrul Mohd Ariffin, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir. The Impact of Substation Grounding Grid Design Parameters in Non-Homogenous Soil to the Grid Safety Threshold Parameters. IEEE Access. 2021; 9 ():37497-37509.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Navinesshani Permal; Miszaina Osman; Azrul Mohd Ariffin; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir. 2021. "The Impact of Substation Grounding Grid Design Parameters in Non-Homogenous Soil to the Grid Safety Threshold Parameters." IEEE Access 9, no. : 37497-37509.

Journal article
Published: 27 November 2020 in Energies
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The crossarm is an important component of transmission towers, providing insulation for transmission lines at different voltage ratings. Recently, composite crossarms were widely used as a composite tower component and were found to be the most favorable choice for replacing old wooden crossarms. Owing to the satisfactory pilot operation and multiple sets of testing, fiberglass-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite crossarms have been used in Malaysia in both 132 and 275 kV transmission lines since the late 1990′s. Since then, some modifications have been proposed to improve the mechanical performance of the crossarm, in order to ensure the reliability of its performance. In this investigation, the effect of a proposed improvement, achieved by installing a brace for the crossarm, was investigated numerically. A simulation study was conducted, with a consideration of the lightning impulse voltage (LIV) and swing angle exhibited by the crossarm. The potential and electric field (E-Field) distribution were analyzed and are presented in this paper. It was found that the potential distribution and E-Field strength for the crossarm and the surrounding air were greatly affected by the installation of the brace.

ACS Style

Muhammad Abd Rahman; Mohd Ab Kadir; Muhamad Ab-Rahman; Miszaina Osman; Shamsul Mohd Nor; Noorlina Mohd Zainuddin. Effects of a Crossarm Brace Application on a 275 kV Fiberglass-Reinforced Polymer Crossarm Subjected to a Lightning Impulse. Energies 2020, 13, 6248 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Abd Rahman, Mohd Ab Kadir, Muhamad Ab-Rahman, Miszaina Osman, Shamsul Mohd Nor, Noorlina Mohd Zainuddin. Effects of a Crossarm Brace Application on a 275 kV Fiberglass-Reinforced Polymer Crossarm Subjected to a Lightning Impulse. Energies. 2020; 13 (23):6248.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Abd Rahman; Mohd Ab Kadir; Muhamad Ab-Rahman; Miszaina Osman; Shamsul Mohd Nor; Noorlina Mohd Zainuddin. 2020. "Effects of a Crossarm Brace Application on a 275 kV Fiberglass-Reinforced Polymer Crossarm Subjected to a Lightning Impulse." Energies 13, no. 23: 6248.

Review
Published: 23 November 2020 in IEEE Access
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This paper focuses on transits available around the world. AC voltage transits and DC voltage transit are reviewed and compared. Emphasis is given to differences, advantages and disadvantages of voltage supplies and traction types. First, differences between bus rapid transit (BRT), metro, light rail transit (LRT) and light metro are covered, with special attention to statistical of annual passengers per year, an attribute that defines the type of railway transit. Mention is also made to the history of DC and AC overhead wires, other traction preferences for metro transit and highlighted differences between the third rail and fourth rail traction. Malaysian transit systems are then discussed, with special attention to LRT Kelana Jaya line, world’s third DC transit that employs the fourth rail traction. The discussion have produced relevant statistical data that this paper is in part aimed at summarizing and at comparing with what accomplished on the same subject within the third rail traction framework. The increased in LRT Kelana Jaya line annual passengers per year is a proof of success for the fourth rail technology.

ACS Style

Farah Asyikin Abd Rahman; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir; Miszaina Osman; Ungku Anisa Ungku Amirulddin. Review of the AC Overhead Wires, the DC Third Rail and the DC Fourth Rail Transit Lines: Issues and Challenges. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 213277 -213295.

AMA Style

Farah Asyikin Abd Rahman, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir, Miszaina Osman, Ungku Anisa Ungku Amirulddin. Review of the AC Overhead Wires, the DC Third Rail and the DC Fourth Rail Transit Lines: Issues and Challenges. IEEE Access. 2020; 8 (99):213277-213295.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farah Asyikin Abd Rahman; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir; Miszaina Osman; Ungku Anisa Ungku Amirulddin. 2020. "Review of the AC Overhead Wires, the DC Third Rail and the DC Fourth Rail Transit Lines: Issues and Challenges." IEEE Access 8, no. 99: 213277-213295.

Review
Published: 24 June 2020 in IEEE Access
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The overhead transmission line system is one of the methods of transmitting electrical energy at a high voltage from one point to another, especially over long distances. The demand for electrical energy is increasing due to the increase in the world population, the evolution of transport technology, and economic expansion, thereby resulting in overloading to the overhead line (OHL) system. In building new infrastructure for transmission lines, several issues need to be addressed. Thus, optimizing existing power by increasing the ampacity of power line is a practical solution to meet energy demand issues. During long-term operation, the temperature of OHL conductors may increase beyond their rated temperature, which is typically 75 °C for conventional conductors such as aluminum-conductor steel-reinforced cable. This condition is defined as thermal stress, which results in lower sag vertical clearance, tensile loss, elongation and creep, and reduced life span of the conductors. This condition must be avoided to ensure that the line is not permanently elongated, which can disrupt the vertical ground clearance, and to expand the conductor’s life. Other factors such as lightning, wildfire, aging, and degradation of the conductor can also cause thermal stress on the conductors and have thermal effects on the conductor’s performance. Therefore, unwanted thermal stress needs to be examined and identified by monitoring the thermal effect and behavior of the lines. This paper presents the state of the art in monitoring technologies that can be used to identify thermal stress on OHL conductors, including the issues and challenges in monitoring. At the end of this paper, a few suggestions are included to address the occurrence and assessment of thermal stress in lines. Ultimately, this work may provide complete information to researchers and maintenance engineers to enable them to make better decisions on condition monitoring, operation, and maintenance of the system.

ACS Style

N. Mohd Zainuddin; M. S. Abd. Rahman; M. Z. A. Ab. Kadir; N. H. Nik Ali; Z. Ali; Miszaina Osman; Muhamad Mansor; A. Mohd Ariffin; S. F. M. Nor; N. A. F. Mohamad Nasir. Review of Thermal Stress and Condition Monitoring Technologies for Overhead Transmission Lines: Issues and Challenges. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 120053 -120081.

AMA Style

N. Mohd Zainuddin, M. S. Abd. Rahman, M. Z. A. Ab. Kadir, N. H. Nik Ali, Z. Ali, Miszaina Osman, Muhamad Mansor, A. Mohd Ariffin, S. F. M. Nor, N. A. F. Mohamad Nasir. Review of Thermal Stress and Condition Monitoring Technologies for Overhead Transmission Lines: Issues and Challenges. IEEE Access. 2020; 8 ():120053-120081.

Chicago/Turabian Style

N. Mohd Zainuddin; M. S. Abd. Rahman; M. Z. A. Ab. Kadir; N. H. Nik Ali; Z. Ali; Miszaina Osman; Muhamad Mansor; A. Mohd Ariffin; S. F. M. Nor; N. A. F. Mohamad Nasir. 2020. "Review of Thermal Stress and Condition Monitoring Technologies for Overhead Transmission Lines: Issues and Challenges." IEEE Access 8, no. : 120053-120081.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2020 in International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)
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Renewable Energy (RE) penetration is a new phenomenon in power systems. In the advent of high penetration of RE in the systems, several issues have to be addressed especially when it involves the stability and flexibility of the power systems. Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) has gained popularity due to its capability to store energy and to serve multiple purposes in solving various power system concerns. Additionally, several BESS can be combined to operate as Virtual Power Plant (VPP). This study will involve the design and implementation of BESS for five potential customer sites for the demonstration project and to be possibly integrated into one VPP system. The study is expected to demonstrate bill savings to the customers with BESS due to peak demand reduction and energy arbitrage savings.Renewable Energy (RE) penetration is a new phenomenon in power systems. In the advent of high penetration of RE in the systems, several issues have to be addressed especially when it involves the stability and flexibility of the power systems. Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) has gained popularity due to its capability to store energy and to serve multiple purposes in solving various power system concerns. Additionally, several BESS can be combined to operate as Virtual Power Plant (VPP). This study will involve the design and implementation of BESS for five potential customer sites for the demonstration project and to be possibly integrated into one VPP system. The study is expected to demonstrate bill savings to the customers with BESS due to peak demand reduction and energy arbitrage savings.

ACS Style

Wan Syakirah Wan Abdullah; Miszaina Osman; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir; Renuga Verayiah. Battery energy storage system (BESS) design for peak demand reduction, energy arbitrage and grid ancillary services. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 2020, 11, 1 .

AMA Style

Wan Syakirah Wan Abdullah, Miszaina Osman, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir, Renuga Verayiah. Battery energy storage system (BESS) design for peak demand reduction, energy arbitrage and grid ancillary services. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS). 2020; 11 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wan Syakirah Wan Abdullah; Miszaina Osman; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir; Renuga Verayiah. 2020. "Battery energy storage system (BESS) design for peak demand reduction, energy arbitrage and grid ancillary services." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 11, no. 1: 1.

Review
Published: 25 June 2019 in Energies
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The Malaysian Government has set an ambitious target to achieve a higher penetration of Renewable Energy (RE) in the Malaysian energy mix. To date, Malaysia has approximately 2% of its energy coming from RE generation sources compared to the total generation mix and targets achieving 20% penetration by 2025. The current energy mix for Malaysia power generation is mainly provided by natural gas and coal. The discussion will cover the traditional sources of generation including natural gas, coal and big hydro stations. In addition, the paper will cover in depth the potential of RE in the country, challenges, and opportunities in this sector. This study can give an initial evaluation of the Malaysian energy industry, especially for RE and can initiate further research and development in this area in order to support the Government target to achieve RE target of 20% by 2025.

ACS Style

Wan Syakirah Wan Abdullah; Miszaina Osman; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir; Renuga Verayiah. The Potential and Status of Renewable Energy Development in Malaysia. Energies 2019, 12, 2437 .

AMA Style

Wan Syakirah Wan Abdullah, Miszaina Osman, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir, Renuga Verayiah. The Potential and Status of Renewable Energy Development in Malaysia. Energies. 2019; 12 (12):2437.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wan Syakirah Wan Abdullah; Miszaina Osman; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir; Renuga Verayiah. 2019. "The Potential and Status of Renewable Energy Development in Malaysia." Energies 12, no. 12: 2437.

Conference paper
Published: 01 June 2019 in 2019 11th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL)
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This study briefly canvasses lightning fatalities in Malaysia. Acquiring lightning fatality statics are a challenge as mandatory reporting of such events is seldom required, and as such, many lightning incidences were unreported. For that reason, numerous cases were undocumented in the official records. However, for injury prevention efforts and calling a government's attention to these as a severe problem, information on numbers, exposed locations and their backgrounds are essential to determine vulnerable areas. A theoretical approach using Gomes-Kadir equation was also tested to estimate annual lightning deaths in each state of Malaysia using lightning density and sociological factors and the results compared against known fatality data.

ACS Style

A.R Syakura; M. Izadi; Miszaina Osman; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir; A. B Elistina; Chandima Gomes; J. Jasni. On the comparison of lightning fatality rates between states in Malaysia from 2008–2019. 2019 11th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL) 2019, 1 -8.

AMA Style

A.R Syakura, M. Izadi, Miszaina Osman, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir, A. B Elistina, Chandima Gomes, J. Jasni. On the comparison of lightning fatality rates between states in Malaysia from 2008–2019. 2019 11th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL). 2019; ():1-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A.R Syakura; M. Izadi; Miszaina Osman; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir; A. B Elistina; Chandima Gomes; J. Jasni. 2019. "On the comparison of lightning fatality rates between states in Malaysia from 2008–2019." 2019 11th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL) , no. : 1-8.

Conference paper
Published: 01 June 2019 in 2019 11th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL)
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This paper presents a statistical lightning study for 33kV overhead distribution line located in Northern area of Peninsular Malaysia during a period from 2008 to 2018. Data was collected by Lightning Detection System Network operated by TNB Research Sdn Bhd. The ground flash density and mean peak current maps of the selected line is produced. In addition, a cumulative probability distribution curve is obtained and compared to the widely used CIGRE curve. These few statistical parameters are useful in for several other applications, especially in determining the correct rating for arrester and in evaluating the performance of the line.

ACS Style

Norhasliza Mohd Hatta; Noradlina Abdullah; Miszaina Osman; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir. Statistical Lightning Study for 33kV Overhead Line in Peninsular Malaysia. 2019 11th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL) 2019, 1 -3.

AMA Style

Norhasliza Mohd Hatta, Noradlina Abdullah, Miszaina Osman, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir. Statistical Lightning Study for 33kV Overhead Line in Peninsular Malaysia. 2019 11th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL). 2019; ():1-3.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Norhasliza Mohd Hatta; Noradlina Abdullah; Miszaina Osman; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir. 2019. "Statistical Lightning Study for 33kV Overhead Line in Peninsular Malaysia." 2019 11th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL) , no. : 1-3.

Conference paper
Published: 01 June 2019 in 2019 11th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL)
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Severe lightning overvoltage is regarded to the multiple flashovers on the overhead lines. Therefore, it signifies the needs of having a robust insulation system, especially to those which highly susceptible to lightning strikes. In order to minimize the impact of lightning, it is necessary to evaluate lightning performance of the tower and its components before implementing any proposed design. Therefore, in this work, a feasibility study was done on proposed 275 kV and 132 kV transmission tower with composite crossarm installed. In order to assess the insulation strength of the tower against the lightning activities, lightning caused events i.e. backflashover and shielding failure were applied onto the tower models by using FEM based software. The CFO of the tower insulation were calculated based on the design provided, whereby it was complementary verified by the voltage and electric field profiles of the simulation. For each case, none had shown a voltage magnitude higher than the voltage supposed to possibly cause 50% chance of flashover.

ACS Style

M. S. Abd Rahman; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir; Miszaina Osman; Shamsul Fahmi Mohd Nor. Lightning Impulse Strength of 275 kV and 132 kV Tower with Composite Crossarm. 2019 11th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL) 2019, 1 -6.

AMA Style

M. S. Abd Rahman, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir, Miszaina Osman, Shamsul Fahmi Mohd Nor. Lightning Impulse Strength of 275 kV and 132 kV Tower with Composite Crossarm. 2019 11th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL). 2019; ():1-6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. S. Abd Rahman; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir; Miszaina Osman; Shamsul Fahmi Mohd Nor. 2019. "Lightning Impulse Strength of 275 kV and 132 kV Tower with Composite Crossarm." 2019 11th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL) , no. : 1-6.

Conference paper
Published: 01 June 2019 in 2019 11th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL)
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In this paper, an algorithm had been proposed to evaluate the lightning current parameters using measured voltage from overhead distribution lines based on lightning location obtained from lightning location system. Moreover, the performance of algorithm had been considered using different samples of induced voltage. The results showed that the proposed algorithm could determine the lightning current parameters in an acceptable accuracy range. The proposed method is based on the measured values of lightning induced voltage as collecting this parameter is easier and more accessible than electromagnetic field components that had been widely used in past researches.

ACS Style

Mahdi Izadi; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir; Miszaina Osman. Evaluation Of Lightning Current Parameters Using Measured Lightning Induced Voltage On Distribution Power Lines. 2019 11th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL) 2019, 1 -6.

AMA Style

Mahdi Izadi, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir, Miszaina Osman. Evaluation Of Lightning Current Parameters Using Measured Lightning Induced Voltage On Distribution Power Lines. 2019 11th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL). 2019; ():1-6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mahdi Izadi; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir; Miszaina Osman. 2019. "Evaluation Of Lightning Current Parameters Using Measured Lightning Induced Voltage On Distribution Power Lines." 2019 11th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL) , no. : 1-6.

Conference paper
Published: 01 June 2019 in 2019 11th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL)
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Multi chambers arresters were installed on 33kV bare overhead line in Malaysia to improve the line trippings due to lightning. In this pilot study, the line was equipped with line fault indicators and auto recloser for transient event recording. Field monitoring was carried out to determine feasibility and reliability of the device in preventing line trippings due to lightning. The case study line has been experiencing a significant amount of lightning activities, a total of 1,805 lightning strikes, detected by TNBR Lightning Detection System during 6 months monitoring period with an average peak current of 18.61 kA. Observation of one-time indicators has shown that 31 out of 180 devices have operated during the monitoring period. Line lightning performance analysis was carried out to quantify the effectiveness of the device in reducing tripping rate.

ACS Style

Noradlina Abdullah; Miszaina Osman; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir; Norhasliza Mohd Hatta; Mohd Faris Ariffin. Implementation and Use of Multi Chamber Arresters for 33kV Overhead Lines in Malaysia. 2019 11th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL) 2019, 1 -3.

AMA Style

Noradlina Abdullah, Miszaina Osman, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir, Norhasliza Mohd Hatta, Mohd Faris Ariffin. Implementation and Use of Multi Chamber Arresters for 33kV Overhead Lines in Malaysia. 2019 11th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL). 2019; ():1-3.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Noradlina Abdullah; Miszaina Osman; Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir; Norhasliza Mohd Hatta; Mohd Faris Ariffin. 2019. "Implementation and Use of Multi Chamber Arresters for 33kV Overhead Lines in Malaysia." 2019 11th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL) , no. : 1-3.