The work is devoted to the study of the climatic effects of black carbon (BC) transferred from forest fires to the Arctic zone. The HYSPLIT (The Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model) trajectory model was used to initially assess the potential for particle transport from fires. The results of the trajectory analysis of the 2019 fires showed that the probability of the transfer of particles to the Arctic ranges from 1% to 10%, and in some cases increases to 20%. Detailed studies of the possible influence of BC ejected as a result of fires became possible by using the climate model of the INMCM5 (Institute of Numerical Mathematics Climate Model). The results of the numerical experiments have shown that the maximum concentration of BC in the Arctic atmosphere is observed in July and August and is associated with emissions from fires. The deposition of BC in the Arctic increases by about 1.5–2 times in the same months, in comparison with simulation without forest fire emissions. This caused an average decrease in solar radiation forcing of 0.3–0.4 Wt/m² and an increase in atmospheric radiation heating of up to 5–6 Wt/m². To assess the radiation forcing from BC contaminated snow, we used the dependences of the change in the snow albedo on the snow depth, and the albedo of the underlying surface for a given amount of BC fallen on the snow. These dependences were constructed on the basis of the SNICAR (Snow, Ice, and Aerosol Radiative) model. According to our calculations, the direct radiative forcing from BC in the atmosphere with a clear sky is a maximum of 4–5 W/m² in July and August.

This paper describes the modification of a simple land snow cover module of the INM RAS climate model. The possible liquid water and refreezing of meltwater in the snow layer are taken into account by the proposed parameterization. This is particularly important for modelling the transition season, as this phenomenon is mainly observed during the formation and melting of the snow cover when the surface temperature fluctuates around $0 °$C. The snow density evolution simulation is also added. This parameterization is implemented in the INM-CM snow module and verified on observation data using the ESM-SnowMIP-like protocol. As a result, the INM-CM mean climate snow melt periods are refined, particularly in middle and high latitudes. The snow-covered area according to the model is also improved. In the future, a modified version of the land snow module can be used, coupled with a snow albedo model that takes into account snow metamorphism. This module can also be applied to sea ice snow.

This paper presents a new version of the terrestrial carbon cycle module for the INM RAS Earth system model family (INM-CM). Its main difference from the previous one is a more detailed account of anthropogenic impacts on land ecosystems. This article describes a new land use database for INM-CM that takes into account changes in the spatial distribution of vegetation from 1850 to 2100. Harvesting in cultivated areas is also accommodated in the new version of the model. Numerical simulations are performed with the original and modified versions of the terrestrial carbon cycle module, covering both the historical period (1850–2014) and the possible future scenario (2015–2100). Estimates of the change in global land carbon stocks compared to the end of the pre-industrial period are obtained. The paper also proposes an effective way to prepare the initial state of carbon pools using the terrestrial carbon cycle module in stand-alone mode. В данной работе представлена новая версия модуля углеродного цикла суши для семейства Моделей Земной системы ИВМ РАН. Ее основное отличие от предыдущей заключается в более подробном учете антропогенного влияния на наземные экосистемы. В статье описывается подготовка новой базы данных землепользования, иллюстрирующей изменения в пространственном распределении растительности с 1850 по 2100 годы. Кроме того, новая версия модели учитывает сбор урожая на возделываемых территориях. С исходной и модифицированной версиями модуля наземного углеродного цикла проведены вычислительные эксперименты, охватывающие как исторический период (1850–2014), так и возможный сценарий будущего (2015–2100). Получены оценки изменения глобальных запасов углерода суши по сравнению с концом прединдустриального периода. Также в работе предложен экономичный способ формирования начального состояния для углеродных пулов с помощью автономной версии модуля наземного углеродного цикла.

Using a balance model of the snow layer, we estimate the concentration of black carbon (BC) in the snow; then, with the help of radiative transfer model SNICAR, we calculate the snow albedo and radiative forcing (RF) from snow darkening with BC. Data from an ensemble simulation with INMCM5, the 5th version of the climate model of Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences for the period 1998–2002 are used as input, which include snow both on land and on sea ice. The regionally averaged results are compared with other model data and field measurements.

Nitrogen is one of the most abundant chemical elements on the Earth and plays an important role in global environmental change. Leading Earth system models include coupled carbon and nitrogen cycle modules of varying complexity, but the INM RAS climate model family has not yet included an explicit N-cycle description. This paper presents a parameterization of the terrestrial N-cycle based on a simplification of the JULES-CN model, adapted for coupled use with the INM-CM land C-cycle module. Numerical simulations were carried out with a standalone carbon cycle model with nitrogen feedback disabled and enabled versions for the period 1850–2100. The simulated global pools show good agreement with results of other models with an implemented N-cycle. Taking into account the N-limitation of the C-cycle, the modelled dynamics of total carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems from 1850 to the mid-20th century is specified.