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This article presents the analysis of the performance of a flexible wind turbine blade. The simulation analysis is based on a 3 m span blade prototype. The blade has a flexible surface and a cam mechanism that modifies the aerodynamic profile and adapts the surface to different configurations. The blade surface was built with a flexible fiberglass composite, and the internal mechanism consists of a flexible structure actuated with an eccentric cam. The cam mechanism deforms five sections of the blade, and the airfoil geometry for each section was measured from zero cam displacement to full cam displacement. The measured data were interpolated to obtain the aerodynamic profiles of the five sections to model the flexible blade in the simulation process. The simulation analysis consisted of determining the different aerodynamic coefficients for different deformed surfaces and a range of wind speeds. The aerodynamic coefficients were calculated with the BEM method (QBlade®); as a result, the data performance of the flexible blade was compared for the different deformation configurations. Finally, a decrease of up to approximately 6% in the mean bending moment suggests that the flexible turbine rotor presented in this article can be used to reduce extreme and fatigue loads on wind turbines.
Azael Duran Castillo; Juan C. Jauregui-Correa; Francisco Herbert; Krystel K. Castillo-Villar; Jesus Alejandro Franco; Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno; Alfredo Alcayde. The Effect of a Flexible Blade for Load Alleviation in Wind Turbines. Energies 2021, 14, 4988 .
AMA StyleAzael Duran Castillo, Juan C. Jauregui-Correa, Francisco Herbert, Krystel K. Castillo-Villar, Jesus Alejandro Franco, Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo, Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno, Alfredo Alcayde. The Effect of a Flexible Blade for Load Alleviation in Wind Turbines. Energies. 2021; 14 (16):4988.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAzael Duran Castillo; Juan C. Jauregui-Correa; Francisco Herbert; Krystel K. Castillo-Villar; Jesus Alejandro Franco; Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno; Alfredo Alcayde. 2021. "The Effect of a Flexible Blade for Load Alleviation in Wind Turbines." Energies 14, no. 16: 4988.
The blades in a wind turbine are currently manufactured with flexible and light materials, which make them more susceptible to the effects of vibrations when the wind speed is high enough, causing fatigue damage, affecting the functionality of its structure and aerodynamic efficiency. This work presents a comparison of the modal vibration parameters, applied to a cantilever beam, determined with two experimental methods—the use of accelerometers and a proposed optical non-contact method—based on the principle of laser triangulation and photogrammetry techniques. This technique uses the geometric symmetry of the equidistant displacements along the z axis of the beam to obtain the amplitude data. Parameters such as natural frequency and modal form are obtained by fitting the data to a nonlinear equation with a solution which is an exponential/harmonic equation. Also, analytically, these parameters are determined, and a comparison is made between the experimental methods. The result shows that the relative error of the first-order natural vibration frequency is below 1%. The proposed method is simple, efficient, reliable, and it is also a method that has not been applied to the test of wind turbine blades, so its implementation as this type of wind turbine component is an area of opportunity for the validation of modal vibration parameters in the wind industry. An analysis of results is presented showing benefits of the proposed method and its limitations.
Víctor Moreno-Oliva; Ociel Flores-Diaz; Edwin Román-Hernández; Manuel Campos-García; Eduardo Campos-Mercado; José Dorrego-Portela; Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo; Jesus Franco; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno; Alfredo García. Vibration Measurement Using Laser Triangulation for Applications in Wind Turbine Blades. Symmetry 2021, 13, 1017 .
AMA StyleVíctor Moreno-Oliva, Ociel Flores-Diaz, Edwin Román-Hernández, Manuel Campos-García, Eduardo Campos-Mercado, José Dorrego-Portela, Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo, Jesus Franco, Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno, Alfredo García. Vibration Measurement Using Laser Triangulation for Applications in Wind Turbine Blades. Symmetry. 2021; 13 (6):1017.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVíctor Moreno-Oliva; Ociel Flores-Diaz; Edwin Román-Hernández; Manuel Campos-García; Eduardo Campos-Mercado; José Dorrego-Portela; Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo; Jesus Franco; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno; Alfredo García. 2021. "Vibration Measurement Using Laser Triangulation for Applications in Wind Turbine Blades." Symmetry 13, no. 6: 1017.
This work proposed a base method for automated assessment of Small Hydro-Power (SHP) potential for a run-of-river (RoR) scheme using geographic information systems (GIS). The hydro-power potential (HP) was represented through a comprehensive methodology consisting of a structured raster database. A calibrated and validated hydrological model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool—SWAT) was used to estimate monthly streamflow as the Mesh Sweeping Approach (MSA) driver. The methodology was applied for the upper part of the Huazuntlan River Watershed in Los Tuxtlas Mountains, Mexico. The MSA divided the study area into a rectangular mesh. Then, at every location within the mesh, SHP was obtained. The main components of the MSA as a RoR scheme were the intake, the powerhouse, and the surge tank. The surge tank was located at cells where the hydro-power was calculated and used as a reference to later locate the intake and powerhouse by maximizing the discharge and head. SHP calculation was performed by sweeping under different values of the penstock’s length, and the headrace’s length. The maximum permissible lengths for these two variables represented potential hydro-power generation locations. Results showed that the headrace’s length represented the major contribution for hydro-power potential estimation. Additionally, values of 2000 m and 1500 m for the penstock and the headrace were considered potential thresholds as there is no significant increment in hydro-power after increasing any of these values. The availability of hydro-power on a raster representation has advantages for further hydro-power data analysis and processing.
Gerardo Alcalá; Luis Grisales-Noreña; Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo; Jose Muñoz-Criollo; J. Revuelta-Acosta. SHP Assessment for a Run-of-River (RoR) Scheme Using a Rectangular Mesh Sweeping Approach (MSA) Based on GIS. Energies 2021, 14, 3095 .
AMA StyleGerardo Alcalá, Luis Grisales-Noreña, Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo, Jose Muñoz-Criollo, J. Revuelta-Acosta. SHP Assessment for a Run-of-River (RoR) Scheme Using a Rectangular Mesh Sweeping Approach (MSA) Based on GIS. Energies. 2021; 14 (11):3095.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGerardo Alcalá; Luis Grisales-Noreña; Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo; Jose Muñoz-Criollo; J. Revuelta-Acosta. 2021. "SHP Assessment for a Run-of-River (RoR) Scheme Using a Rectangular Mesh Sweeping Approach (MSA) Based on GIS." Energies 14, no. 11: 3095.
This paper presents an analysis of sound pressure levels through theoretical modeling and experimental validation in a 1 kW small wind turbine. The models used in the theoretical analysis are BPM (Brooks, Pope, and Marcolini) and BM (Brooks and Marcolini), where wind turbine blades are divided in sections, and each section has its own contribution with respect to the total emitted sound pressure level. The noise propagation study and its experimental validation were accomplished within the requirements of the standard IEC 61400-11 Ed.3 and the standard NOM-081-SEMARNAT-1994. The comparative study of theoretical and experimental results showed that the BPM and BM methods have a maximum error of 5.5% corresponding to the rated wind speed of 10 m/s. However, at low wind speeds, the theoretical models fit well to experimental data, for example, in the range from 5 to 8 m/s. The experimental data showed that the rotor's aerodynamic noise is more evident at low wind speed, because under these conditions, environmental noise is much less than wind turbine noise. Finally, to prevent possible negative effects on people’s health, there is a recommended minimum and suitable distance between small wind turbine installations and buildings.
José Dorrego; Armando Ríos; Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo; Rafael Campos-Amezcua; Reynaldo Iracheta; Orlando Lastres; Pascual López; Antonio Verde; Liliana Hechavarria; Miguel-Angel Perea-Moreno; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Aerodynamic Noise in Small Wind Turbines. Energies 2021, 14, 727 .
AMA StyleJosé Dorrego, Armando Ríos, Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo, Rafael Campos-Amezcua, Reynaldo Iracheta, Orlando Lastres, Pascual López, Antonio Verde, Liliana Hechavarria, Miguel-Angel Perea-Moreno, Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Aerodynamic Noise in Small Wind Turbines. Energies. 2021; 14 (3):727.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé Dorrego; Armando Ríos; Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo; Rafael Campos-Amezcua; Reynaldo Iracheta; Orlando Lastres; Pascual López; Antonio Verde; Liliana Hechavarria; Miguel-Angel Perea-Moreno; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. 2021. "Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Aerodynamic Noise in Small Wind Turbines." Energies 14, no. 3: 727.
In the design of renewable energy projects, a present problem is the techno-economic evaluation of them, regularly different methods and models are used to do it, in this work it is proposed to innovate in the degree of Engineering in Renewable Energies (LIER) of the UNAM in the National School of Superior Studies Juriquilla campus the way to evaluate projects using the software RETScreen. This paper presents a methodology to evaluate a wind energy project in the state of Queretaro Mexico. The project contemplates a wind turbine brand VESTAS V44 - 40m of 600 kW capacity of 40 m height in the state of Querétaro in the center of the country of Mexico. The initial costs of this wind turbine are 1,283 $/kW or 770,000 USD, with a rate of 80 $/kW. The electricity exported to the grid is 1,703 MWh and the income from electricity exports is 136,235.52 USD. With this wind turbine you can save 1,318.2 tCO2 per year or 566,414 liters of unused gasoline.
Felipe Mendoza-González; Quetzalcoatl Hernández-Escobedo; Alejandro Vargas; Jesús Fausto Córdova-Escobedo. Educational evaluation of renewable energy projects based on RETScreen software. Revista de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicaciones 2020, 17 -22.
AMA StyleFelipe Mendoza-González, Quetzalcoatl Hernández-Escobedo, Alejandro Vargas, Jesús Fausto Córdova-Escobedo. Educational evaluation of renewable energy projects based on RETScreen software. Revista de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicaciones. 2020; ():17-22.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFelipe Mendoza-González; Quetzalcoatl Hernández-Escobedo; Alejandro Vargas; Jesús Fausto Córdova-Escobedo. 2020. "Educational evaluation of renewable energy projects based on RETScreen software." Revista de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicaciones , no. : 17-22.
The current population rate has increasing the number of inhabitants with some kind of disability. In this work a proposal to determining trends, research groups, authors, countries, journals and organizations about Physical Therapy has done. The study is based on the Web of Science (WoS) database, where were found 77,960 documents regarding Physical Therapy; the category with most documents published is Rehabilitation with 13%; the most prolific author is PhD Julie Fritz from the University of Utah with more 10,000 citations; the organization with the greatest number of documents is the University of Toronto; a map of the countries with most documents is presented and shows that United States of America (USA) is the number one. The top 5 of journals is leaded by Physical Therapy journal. A clustering analysis to find out groups of researchers and main keywords show that there are 38 clusters where there is a high collaboration between authors; the collaboration between organizations shows that the University of Toronto interacted with several organizations; regarding keywords, the most used is Therapy, followed by rehabilitation, physical-activity and quality of life.
Igor Salinas-Sánchez; Felipe Mendoza-González; Jesús Manuel Dorador-González; Quetzalcoatl Hernández-Escobedo. Physical therapy: A worldwide overview. ECORFAN Journal Republic of Paraguay 2020, 28 -35.
AMA StyleIgor Salinas-Sánchez, Felipe Mendoza-González, Jesús Manuel Dorador-González, Quetzalcoatl Hernández-Escobedo. Physical therapy: A worldwide overview. ECORFAN Journal Republic of Paraguay. 2020; ():28-35.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIgor Salinas-Sánchez; Felipe Mendoza-González; Jesús Manuel Dorador-González; Quetzalcoatl Hernández-Escobedo. 2020. "Physical therapy: A worldwide overview." ECORFAN Journal Republic of Paraguay , no. : 28-35.
This paper addresses the problem of the locating and sizing of distributed generators (DGs) in direct current (DC) grids and proposes a hybrid methodology based on a parallel version of the Population-Based Incremental Learning (PPBIL) algorithm and the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method. The objective function of the method is based on the reduction of the power loss by using a master-slave structure and the consideration of the set of restrictions associated with DC grids in a distributed generation environment. In such a structure, the master stage (PPBIL) finds the location of the generators and the slave stage (PSO) finds the corresponding sizes. For the purpose of comparison, eight additional hybrid methods were formed by using two additional location methods and two additional sizing methods, and this helped in the evaluation of the effectiveness of the proposed solution. Such an evaluation is illustrated with the electrical test systems composed of 10, 21 and 69 buses and simulated on the software, MATLAB. Finally, the results of the simulation demonstrated that the PPBIL–PSO method obtains the best balance between the reduction of power loss and the processing time.
Luis Grisales-Noreña; Oscar Montoya; Carlos Ramos-Paja; Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. Optimal Location and Sizing of Distributed Generators in DC Networks Using a Hybrid Method Based on Parallel PBIL and PSO. Electronics 2020, 9, 1808 .
AMA StyleLuis Grisales-Noreña, Oscar Montoya, Carlos Ramos-Paja, Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo, Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. Optimal Location and Sizing of Distributed Generators in DC Networks Using a Hybrid Method Based on Parallel PBIL and PSO. Electronics. 2020; 9 (11):1808.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Grisales-Noreña; Oscar Montoya; Carlos Ramos-Paja; Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. 2020. "Optimal Location and Sizing of Distributed Generators in DC Networks Using a Hybrid Method Based on Parallel PBIL and PSO." Electronics 9, no. 11: 1808.
According to the Law for the Use of Renewable Energies and the Financing of Energy Transition, Mexico’s goal for 2024 is to generate 35% of its energy from non-fossil sources. Each year, up to 2630 tons of residual biomass from the zapote industry are dismissed without sustainable use. The main purposes of this study were to determine the elemental chemical analysis of the zapote seed and its energy parameters to further evaluate its suitability as a solid biofuel in boilers for the generation of thermal energy in a tropical climate. Additionally, energy, economic, and environmental assessments of the installation were carried out. The results obtained show that zapote seed has a higher heating value (18.342 MJ/kg), which makes it appealing for power generation. The Yucatan Peninsula is the main zapote-producing region, with an annual production of 11,084 tons. If the stone of this fruit were used as biofuel, 7860.87 MWh could be generated and a CO2 saving of 1996.66 tons could be obtained. Additionally, replacing a 200 kW liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) boiler with a biomass boiler using zapote seed as a biofuel would result in a reduction of 60,960.00 kg/year of CO2 emissions. Furthermore, an annual saving of $7819.79 would be obtained, which means a saving of 53.19% relative to the old LPG installation. These results pave the way toward the utilization of zapote seed as a solid biofuel and contribute to achieving Mexico’s energy goal for 2024 while promoting sustainability in universities.
Miguel-Angel Perea-Moreno; Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo; Fernando Rueda-Martinez; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. Zapote Seed (Pouteria mammosa L.) Valorization for Thermal Energy Generation in Tropical Climates. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4284 .
AMA StyleMiguel-Angel Perea-Moreno, Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo, Fernando Rueda-Martinez, Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. Zapote Seed (Pouteria mammosa L.) Valorization for Thermal Energy Generation in Tropical Climates. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (10):4284.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiguel-Angel Perea-Moreno; Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo; Fernando Rueda-Martinez; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. 2020. "Zapote Seed (Pouteria mammosa L.) Valorization for Thermal Energy Generation in Tropical Climates." Sustainability 12, no. 10: 4284.
Drying is a very important stage in the treatment of spent coffee grounds destined to biofuels production. The mass transfer during the convective drying of spent coffee grounds generated in the soluble coffee industry is analyzed. An experimental design from sixteen isothermal drying experiments for different sample thicknesses (5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm and 20 mm) and drying air temperatures (100 °C, 150 °C, 200 °C and 250 °C) using a drying air velocity of 1 m s−1 was proposed. Drying times, drying rates and effective diffusivity coefficients were obtained. Drying curves were fitted with the main mathematical model proposed in the literature, and the drying rates were studied from the moisture ratio and the drying air temperature. Constant and time-dependence effective diffusivity was evaluated using polynomial surface models. Drying times range between 18 min (test at 5 mm and 250 °C) and 3 h (test at 20 mm and 100 °C). Drying rate and effective diffusivity values were found between 0.0000226 and 0.001722 s−1 and 1.79 × 10−9 and 29.1 × 10−9 m2 s−1, respectively. The main differences between these experiments and those carried out by the same authors about the drying of spent coffee grounds obtained in the services sector were studied and analyzed.
Francisco J. Gómez-De la Cruz; José M. Palomar-Carnicero; Quetzalcoatl Hernández-Escobedo; Fernando Cruz-Peragón. Experimental studies on mass transfer during convective drying of spent coffee grounds generated in the soluble coffee industry. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 2020, 145, 97 -107.
AMA StyleFrancisco J. Gómez-De la Cruz, José M. Palomar-Carnicero, Quetzalcoatl Hernández-Escobedo, Fernando Cruz-Peragón. Experimental studies on mass transfer during convective drying of spent coffee grounds generated in the soluble coffee industry. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2020; 145 (1):97-107.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancisco J. Gómez-De la Cruz; José M. Palomar-Carnicero; Quetzalcoatl Hernández-Escobedo; Fernando Cruz-Peragón. 2020. "Experimental studies on mass transfer during convective drying of spent coffee grounds generated in the soluble coffee industry." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 145, no. 1: 97-107.
Universities around the world should be at the forefront of energy-saving and efficiency processes, seeking to be at the same level or preferably higher than the rest of society, and seeking the goal of 20% renewable energy by 2020. Sustainability practices have been carried out by several universities. In Mexico, the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) is a leader in this subject; in fact, the newest National School of Higher Studies - Juriquilla (ENES-J) that belongs to UNAM, located in the city of Queretaro (Mexico), is involved in its sustainability plan, with one of its main objectives being to save electric energy. UNAM has some campuses outside of Mexico City, and one of them is the National School of Higher Studies Juriquilla (ENES-J) in the state of Queretaro, where there is the Orthotics and Prosthetics Laboratory (OPL), in which has been installed a Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine type Haas Automation model UMC-750, which has 5-axis and is an effective means to reduce the number of setups and increase accuracy for multi-sided and complex parts. This machine will be used to design, build, and assess human prosthesis. This study aimed to contribute to sustainability policies at the ENES-J from UNAM, implementing a solar photovoltaic system (PVS) to deliver electricity to the grid and contribute to reducing the electricity load at the Orthotics and Prosthetics Laboratory (OPL), as well to propose new research lines to support the sustainability policies in universities, and also proposing a financial analysis. To achieve this, in an area of 96.7 m2, 50 solar panels type mono-Si Advance Power API-M330 with an efficiency of 17.83% and a capacity factor of 20.4% will be installed and will provide 17.25 kW of power and 345 kWh of energy. The financial analysis shows the initial costs of 46,575 USD/kW, operation and maintenance (O&M) costs (savings) of 569 USD/kW-year, a monthly electricity export rate of 0.10 USD/kWh, electricity exported to the grid of 21.5 MWh, and an electricity export revenue of 2,145 USD. To assess the environmental balance with this PVS at ENES-J, an analysis of greenhouse gases (GHG) is carried out by using the RETScreen software. In this analysis, a GHG emission factor of 0.45 tCO2/MWh was found, as well as a savings of 12,089 USD per year.
Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo; Alida Ramirez-Jimenez; Jesús Manuel Dorador-Gonzalez; Miguel-Angel Perea-Moreno; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. Sustainable Solar Energy in Mexican Universities. Case Study: The National School of Higher Studies Juriquilla (UNAM). Sustainability 2020, 12, 3123 .
AMA StyleQuetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo, Alida Ramirez-Jimenez, Jesús Manuel Dorador-Gonzalez, Miguel-Angel Perea-Moreno, Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. Sustainable Solar Energy in Mexican Universities. Case Study: The National School of Higher Studies Juriquilla (UNAM). Sustainability. 2020; 12 (8):3123.
Chicago/Turabian StyleQuetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo; Alida Ramirez-Jimenez; Jesús Manuel Dorador-Gonzalez; Miguel-Angel Perea-Moreno; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. 2020. "Sustainable Solar Energy in Mexican Universities. Case Study: The National School of Higher Studies Juriquilla (UNAM)." Sustainability 12, no. 8: 3123.
This paper presents an optimization model for the optimal placement and sizing of wind turbines, considering their reactive power capacity, wind speed, and demand curves. The optimization model is nonlinear and is focused on minimizing power losses in AC distribution networks. Also, paired wind turbine and power conversion systems are treated via chargeability factor η at the peak hour. This factor represents the percentage of usage of the power conversion system in the nominal wind speed conditions, and allows to support reactive power dynamically during all periods of the day as a function of the distribution system requirements. In addition, an artificial neural network is used for short-term forecasting to deal with uncertainties in wind power generation. We assume that the number of wind power distributed generators could be from zero to three generators integrated into the system, considering unit power factors and reactive power injections to follow up the effect of reactive power compensation in the daily operation. The General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) is employed to solve the proposed optimization model.
Walter Gil-González; Oscar Danilo Montoya; Luis Fernando Grisales-Noreña; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno; Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo. Optimal Placement and Sizing of Wind Generators in AC Grids Considering Reactive Power Capability and Wind Speed Curves. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2983 .
AMA StyleWalter Gil-González, Oscar Danilo Montoya, Luis Fernando Grisales-Noreña, Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno, Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo. Optimal Placement and Sizing of Wind Generators in AC Grids Considering Reactive Power Capability and Wind Speed Curves. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (7):2983.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWalter Gil-González; Oscar Danilo Montoya; Luis Fernando Grisales-Noreña; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno; Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo. 2020. "Optimal Placement and Sizing of Wind Generators in AC Grids Considering Reactive Power Capability and Wind Speed Curves." Sustainability 12, no. 7: 2983.
Global energy consumption has increased the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG), these being the main cause of global warming. Within renewable energies, bioenergy has undergone a great development in recent years. This is due to its carbon neutral balance and the fact that bioenergy can be obtained from a range of biomass resources, including residues from forestry, agricultural or livestock industries, the rapid rotation of forest plantations, the development of energy crops, organic matter from urban solid waste, and other sources of organic waste from agro-food industries. Processing factories that use loquats to make products such as liqueurs and jams generate large amounts of waste mainly in the form of skin and stones or seeds. These wastes are disposed of and sent to landfills without making environmentally sustainable use of them. The University of Almeria Sports Centre is made up of indoor spaces in which different sports can be practiced: sports centre pavilion (central court and two lateral courts), rocodrome, fitness room, cycle inner room, and indoor swimming pool. At present, the indoor swimming pool of the University of Almeria (UAL) has two fuel oil boilers, with a nominal power of 267 kW. The main objective of this study is to propose an energetic analysis to determine, on the one hand, the energetic properties of the loquat seed and, on the other hand, to evaluate its suitability to be used as a solid biofuel to feed the boilers of the heated swimming pool of the University of Almeria (Spain), highlighting the significant energy and environmental savings obtained. Results show that the higher calorific value of loquat seed (17.205 MJ/kg), is like other industrial wastes such as wheat straw, or pistachio shell, which demonstrates the energy potential of this residual biomass. In addition, the change of the fuel oil boiler to a biomass (loquat seed) boiler in the UAL’s indoor swimming pool means a reduction of 147,973.8 kg of CO2 in emissions into the atmosphere and an annual saving of 35,739.5 €, which means a saving of 72.78% with respect to the previous fuel oil installation. A sensitivity analysis shows that fuel cost of base case is the variable with the most sensitivity changing the initial cost and net present value (NPV).
Miguel-Angel Perea-Moreno; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro; Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. Sustainable Thermal Energy Generation at Universities by Using Loquat Seeds as Biofuel. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2093 .
AMA StyleMiguel-Angel Perea-Moreno, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro, Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo, Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. Sustainable Thermal Energy Generation at Universities by Using Loquat Seeds as Biofuel. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (5):2093.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiguel-Angel Perea-Moreno; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro; Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. 2020. "Sustainable Thermal Energy Generation at Universities by Using Loquat Seeds as Biofuel." Sustainability 12, no. 5: 2093.
This paper addresses the problem of the optimal location and sizing of photovoltaic (PV) sources in direct current (DC) electrical networks considering time-varying load and renewable generation curves. To represent this problem, a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model is developed. The main idea of including PV sources in the DC grid is minimizing the total greenhouse emissions produced by diesel generators in isolated areas. An artificial neural network is employed for short-term forecasting to deal with uncertainties in the PV power generation. The general algebraic modeling system (GAMS) package is employed to solve the MINLP model by using the CONOPT solver that works with mixed and integer variables. Numerical results demonstrate important reductions of harmful gas emissions to the atmosphere when PV sources are optimally integrated (size and location) to the DC grid.
Oscar Danilo Montoya; Luis Fernando Grisales-Noreña; Walter Gil-González; Gerardo Alcalá; Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo. Optimal Location and Sizing of PV Sources in DC Networks for Minimizing Greenhouse Emissions in Diesel Generators. Symmetry 2020, 12, 322 .
AMA StyleOscar Danilo Montoya, Luis Fernando Grisales-Noreña, Walter Gil-González, Gerardo Alcalá, Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo. Optimal Location and Sizing of PV Sources in DC Networks for Minimizing Greenhouse Emissions in Diesel Generators. Symmetry. 2020; 12 (2):322.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOscar Danilo Montoya; Luis Fernando Grisales-Noreña; Walter Gil-González; Gerardo Alcalá; Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo. 2020. "Optimal Location and Sizing of PV Sources in DC Networks for Minimizing Greenhouse Emissions in Diesel Generators." Symmetry 12, no. 2: 322.
Oil pipeline networks require periodic inspection to detect damages that can generate oil leakage in natural and human environments. These damages can be caused by geological hazard and interference from third party. In order to detect these damages, low-cost techniques that consider both the oil pipeline networks and the environment are required. In this paper, the aerodynamic analysis of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with Eppler 748 sailplane airfoil (wingspan of 1.635 m) is presented. The UAV can include a small infrared camera for monitoring oil leakage of a pipeline network using the infrared radiation related to oil. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the UAV is developed to predict its lift and drag coefficients as a function of the Reynolds number and the angle of attack (AoA). The air velocity profile around UAV is estimated with the CFD simulations. In addition, a scale model (1:6.5) of the UAV is fabricated using a 3D printer, which is tested employing a subsonic wind tunnel. For the UAV with AoA of 0, the drag and lift coefficients obtained with the CFD model have a similar behavior with respect to those measured through the subsonic wind tunnel. The designed UAV could be used for low-cost inspections of damages in oil pipeline networks in comparison with the use of helicopters or light aircraft.
Ernesto A. Elvira-Hernández; Francisco López-Huerta; Héctor Vázquez-Leal; Quetzalcoatl Hernández-Escobedo; Agustín Leobardo Herrera-May. Aerodynamic analysis of an unmanned aerial vehicle with infrared camera for monitoring oil leakage in pipeline networks. Acta Universitaria 2020, 30, 1 -15.
AMA StyleErnesto A. Elvira-Hernández, Francisco López-Huerta, Héctor Vázquez-Leal, Quetzalcoatl Hernández-Escobedo, Agustín Leobardo Herrera-May. Aerodynamic analysis of an unmanned aerial vehicle with infrared camera for monitoring oil leakage in pipeline networks. Acta Universitaria. 2020; 30 ():1-15.
Chicago/Turabian StyleErnesto A. Elvira-Hernández; Francisco López-Huerta; Héctor Vázquez-Leal; Quetzalcoatl Hernández-Escobedo; Agustín Leobardo Herrera-May. 2020. "Aerodynamic analysis of an unmanned aerial vehicle with infrared camera for monitoring oil leakage in pipeline networks." Acta Universitaria 30, no. : 1-15.
Stand-alone Electrical microgrids (MGs) require power management strategies to extend the life-time of their devices and to guarantee the global power balance of non-critical loads such as lighting of small sections of an university campus or individual air conditioning systems. This paper proposes an energy management strategy (EMS) for an isolated DC microgrid formed by a photovoltaic system (PVS), an energy storage system (battery), and a noncritical load. This configuration enables the photovoltaic system to control the power generation and ensures that the storage element does not exceed the safe limits of the state of charge. To control the generation of the photovoltaic system, two operating modes based on the perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm are implemented. The first one performs a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) action, while the second one regulates the power generated by the PVS to match the load requirement (power demand tracking, PDT). The management strategy also considers different operating states for ensuring the battery safety: normal operation, overcharge (at the maximum state of charge), and bulk charge (at the minimum state of charge); in those states the disconnection/connection of both the battery and the load is also considered. The main contribution of this work is to design and test a control strategy for an EMS aimed at regulating a standalone microgrid based on a PV system and an energy storage device. This solution is validated using detailed MG circuital simulations, which includes the PV source model (single-diode model), lithium-ion battery model, constant power load model and the DC/DC converters equations; moreover, realistic power generation and demand from Universidad Nacional de Colombia, located at Medellín-Colombia, are considered. The results obtained demonstrate the effectiveness of the energy management strategy, and in this way, enable to extend the battery lifetime and reduce the costs associated to the maintenance and disconnection of the microgrid in educational buildings or other applications focused on this type of DC microgrid.
Luis Fernando Grisales-Noreña; Carlos Andrés Ramos-Paja; Daniel Gonzalez-Montoya; Gerardo Alcalá; Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo. Energy Management in PV Based Microgrids Designed for the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1219 .
AMA StyleLuis Fernando Grisales-Noreña, Carlos Andrés Ramos-Paja, Daniel Gonzalez-Montoya, Gerardo Alcalá, Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo. Energy Management in PV Based Microgrids Designed for the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (3):1219.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Fernando Grisales-Noreña; Carlos Andrés Ramos-Paja; Daniel Gonzalez-Montoya; Gerardo Alcalá; Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo. 2020. "Energy Management in PV Based Microgrids Designed for the Universidad Nacional de Colombia." Sustainability 12, no. 3: 1219.
In line with Mexico’s interest in determining its wind resources, in this paper, 141 locations along the states of the Gulf of Mexico have been analyzed by calculating the main wind characteristics, such as the Weibull shape (c) and scale (k) parameters, and wind power density (WPD), by using re-analysis MERRA-2 (Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications version 2) data with hourly records from 1980–2017 at a 50-m height. The analysis has been carried out using the R free software, whose its principal function is for statistical computing and graphics, to characterize the wind speed and determine its annual and seasonal (spring, summer, autumn, and winter) behavior for each state. As a result, the analysis determined two different wind seasons along the Gulf of Mexico;, it was found that in the states of Tamaulipas, Veracruz, and Tabasco wind season took place during autumn, winter, and spring, while for the states of Campeche and Yucatan, the only two states that shared its coast with the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, the wind season occurred only in winter and spring. In addition, it was found that by considering a seasonal analysis, more accurate information on wind characteristics could be generated; thus, by applying the Weibull distribution function, optimal zones for determining wind as a resource of energy can be established. Furthermore, a k-means algorithm was applied to the wind data, obtaining three clusters that can be seen by month; these results and using the Weibull parameter c allow for selecting the optimum wind turbine based on its power coefficient or efficiency.
Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno; Gerardo Alcalá; Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo. Seasonal Wind Energy Characterization in the Gulf of Mexico. Energies 2019, 13, 93 .
AMA StyleAlberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno, Gerardo Alcalá, Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo. Seasonal Wind Energy Characterization in the Gulf of Mexico. Energies. 2019; 13 (1):93.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno; Gerardo Alcalá; Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo. 2019. "Seasonal Wind Energy Characterization in the Gulf of Mexico." Energies 13, no. 1: 93.
The Energetic Transition Law in Mexico has established that in the next years, the country has to produce at least 35% of its energy from clean sources in 2024. Based on this, a proposal in this study is the cogeneration between the principal thermal power plants along the Mexican states of the Gulf of Mexico with modeled wind farms near to these thermal plants with the objective to reduce peak electricity demand. These microscale models were done with hourly MERRA-2 data that included wind speed, wind direction, temperature, and atmospheric pressure with records from 1980–2018 and taking into account roughness, orography, and climatology of the site. Wind speed daily profile for each model was compared to electricity demand trajectory, and it was seen that wind speed has a peak at the same time. The amount of power delivered to the electric grid with this cogeneration in Rio Bravo and Altamira (Northeast region) is 2657.02 MW and for Tuxpan and Dos Bocas from the Eastern region is 3196.18 MW. This implies a reduction at the peak demand. In the Northeast region, the power demand at the peak is 8000 MW, and for Eastern region 7200 MW. If wind farms and thermal power plants work at the same time in Northeast and Eastern regions, the amount of power delivered by other sources of energy at this moment will be 5342.98 MW and 4003.82 MW, respectively.
Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo; Javier Garrido; Fernando Rueda-Martinez; Gerardo Alcalá; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. Wind Power Cogeneration to Reduce Peak Electricity Demand in Mexican States Along the Gulf of Mexico. Energies 2019, 12, 2330 .
AMA StyleQuetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo, Javier Garrido, Fernando Rueda-Martinez, Gerardo Alcalá, Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. Wind Power Cogeneration to Reduce Peak Electricity Demand in Mexican States Along the Gulf of Mexico. Energies. 2019; 12 (12):2330.
Chicago/Turabian StyleQuetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo; Javier Garrido; Fernando Rueda-Martinez; Gerardo Alcalá; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. 2019. "Wind Power Cogeneration to Reduce Peak Electricity Demand in Mexican States Along the Gulf of Mexico." Energies 12, no. 12: 2330.
The peanut (Arachys hypogaea) is a plant of the Fabaceae family (legumes), as are chickpeas, lentils, beans, and peas. It is originally from South America and is used mainly for culinary purposes, in confectionery products, or as a nut as well as for the production of biscuits, breads, sweets, cereals, and salads. Also, due to its high percentage of fat, peanuts are used for industrialized products such as oils, flours, inks, creams, lipsticks, etc. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) statistical yearbook in 2016, the production of peanuts was 43,982,066 t, produced in 27,660,802 hectares. Peanuts are grown mainly in Asia, with a global production rate of 65.3%, followed by Africa with 26.2%, the Americas with 8.4%, and Oceania with 0.1%. The peanut industry is one of the main generators of agroindustrial waste (shells). This residual biomass (25–30% of the total weight) has a high energy content that is worth exploring. The main objectives of this study are, firstly, to evaluate the energy parameters of peanut shells as a possible solid biofuel applied as an energy source in residential and industrial heating installations. Secondly, different models are analysed to estimate the higher heating value (HHV) for biomass proposed by different scientists and to determine which most accurately fits the determination of this value for peanut shells. Thirdly, we evaluate the reduction in global CO2 emissions that would result from the use of peanut shells as biofuel. The obtained HHV of peanut shells (18.547 MJ/kg) is higher than other biomass sources evaluated, such as olive stones (17.884 MJ/kg) or almond shells (18.200 MJ/kg), and similar to other sources of biomass used at present for home and industrial heating applications. Different prediction models of the HHV value proposed by scientists for different types of biomass have been analysed and the one that best fits the calculation for the peanut shell has been determined. The CO2 reduction that would result from the use of peanut shells as an energy source has been evaluated in all production countries, obtaining values above 0.5 ‰ of their total emissions.
Miguel-Angel Perea-Moreno; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro; Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. Peanut Shell for Energy: Properties and Its Potential to Respect the Environment. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3254 .
AMA StyleMiguel-Angel Perea-Moreno, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro, Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo, Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. Peanut Shell for Energy: Properties and Its Potential to Respect the Environment. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (9):3254.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiguel-Angel Perea-Moreno; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro; Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. 2018. "Peanut Shell for Energy: Properties and Its Potential to Respect the Environment." Sustainability 10, no. 9: 3254.
The demand on energy has reached very high levels, the main reason of it, is the rapid increase of urbanization, the neighbourhoods, built environment, public transportation and services. In order to achieve energy sustainability, renewable energies must be taken into account. Among the renewable energies, wind energy is one of the most sustainable, research in this field is a crucial role for the development of a country as Mexico. This paper analyzed the contribution of Mexican institutions in literature specialized on wind during the period 1969-2016, considering complete years; 31,890 documents have been considered. It has been used Elsevier's Scopus database and bibliographic analysis techniques, considering in the analysis all the material reported by Scopus as source type, keyword, subject area, source title, affiliation, document type, country, journal articles or conference proceedings. Data reported in Scopus have been used in this study. An analysis has been done on many different publications such as document type, language, evolution on wind research, publication distribution, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) versus document published by State, h-index and the frequency of keyword appearance. A national map showing the distribution by state and a worldwide map presenting the collaboration with international researchers.
Quetzalcoatl Hernández-Escobedo; Alberto-Jesús Perea-Moreno; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. Wind energy research in Mexico. Renewable Energy 2018, 123, 719 -729.
AMA StyleQuetzalcoatl Hernández-Escobedo, Alberto-Jesús Perea-Moreno, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. Wind energy research in Mexico. Renewable Energy. 2018; 123 ():719-729.
Chicago/Turabian StyleQuetzalcoatl Hernández-Escobedo; Alberto-Jesús Perea-Moreno; Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. 2018. "Wind energy research in Mexico." Renewable Energy 123, no. : 719-729.
This study aims to highlight the contribution made by different international institutions in the field of urban generation of renewable energy, as a key element to achieve sustainability. This has been possible through the use of the Scopus Elsevier database, and the application of bibliometric techniques through which the articles content published from 1977 to 2017 has been analysed. The results shown by Scopus (e.g., journal articles and conferences proceedings) have been taken into account for further analysis by using the following search pattern (TITLE-ABS-KEY ({Renewable energy} AND ({urban} OR ({cit*})). In order to carry out this study, key features of the publications have been taken into consideration, such as type of document, language, thematic area, type of publication, and keywords. As far as keywords are concerned, renewable energy, sustainability, sustainable development, urban areas, city, and energy efficiency, have been the most frequently used. The results found have been broken down both geographically and by institution, showing that China, the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, Germany and India are the main research countries and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Education China and Tsinghua University the major contributing institutes. With regard to the categories, Energy, Environmental Sciences, and Engineering are positioned as the most active categories. The scientific community agrees that the study of the renewable energy generation in cities is of vital importance to achieve more sustainable cities, and for the welfare of a growing urban population. Moreover, this is in line with the energy policies adopted by most of developed countries in order to mitigate climate change effects.
Miguel-Angel Perea-Moreno; Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. Renewable Energy in Urban Areas: Worldwide Research Trends. Energies 2018, 11, 577 .
AMA StyleMiguel-Angel Perea-Moreno, Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo, Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. Renewable Energy in Urban Areas: Worldwide Research Trends. Energies. 2018; 11 (3):577.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiguel-Angel Perea-Moreno; Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo; Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. 2018. "Renewable Energy in Urban Areas: Worldwide Research Trends." Energies 11, no. 3: 577.