(1) Background: Cognitive decline (CD), considered a precursory state of dementia, is frequently encountered in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM-2) and might even have a higher prevalence in those with associated atrial fibrillation (AF). In this study, we aimed to research if the association of DM-2 and AF favors a precocious onset of CD. (2) Methods: This study was conducted on 160 patients, featuring 50 with DM-2, 54 with DM-2 and AF, and 56 subjects without DM-2 and AF, all evaluated clinically and with five neuropsychiatric scales. (3) Results: The Mini-Mental-State-Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Activities of Daily Living Score (ADL), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Score (IADL), and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) were significantly altered in patients with DM-2 and AF in comparison to patients without these diseases. The logistic regression model indicated that, in patients with DM-2 and AF, an increase of one year in age is associated with a 7.3% augmentation of the risk of a precocious onset of CD (MMSE < 27). (4) Conclusions: CD is more frequent in patients with DM-2, especially when associated with AF, versus those without DM-2 and AF. Our findings suggest that an older age and associated dyslipidemia represent risk factors for CD in patients with DM-2.

Mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) was a widely used and simple M-mode echocardiographic parameter for determining the left ventricle (LV) longitudinal systolic function. The purpose of this review is to analyze the use of MAPSE as a simple LV systolic function marker in different clinical scenarios, especially given the recent paradox of choices in ultrasound markers assessing cardiac performance. Recent data on the use of MAPSE in the assessment of LV function in different settings seem to be relatively scarce, given the wide variety of possible causes of cardiovascular pathology. There remain significant possible clinical applications of MAPSE utilization. This review included all major articles on the topic of mitral annular plane systolic excursion published and indexed in the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. We analyzed the potential implications of using simpler ultrasonographical tools in heart failure diagnosis, prediction, and treatment. MAPSE is a dependable, robust, and easy-to-use parameter compared to ejection fraction (EF) or global longitudinal strain (GLS) for the quick assessment of LV systolic function in various clinical settings. However, there may be a gap of evidence in certain scenarios such as conventional cardiac pacing.

Cancer remains the second leading cause of death worldwide. Doxorubicin (DOX) is a cornerstone of hematologic malignancy treatment, but it is limited by its dose-dependent cardiotoxicity, leading to systolic and diastolic cardiac dysfunction and, ultimately, dilated hypokinetic cardiomyopathy. Cardio-oncology has emerged as a subspecialty addressing cardiovascular complications in cancer patients, highlighting preventive and therapeutic strategies to reduce cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD). Current approaches, including beta-blockers, renin–angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors, and statins, offer partial cardioprotection. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, initially developed for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), demonstrate pleiotropic cardioprotective effects beyond glycemic control, including reduced oxidative stress, inflammation, and myocardial remodeling. This review explores the interplay between anthracycline therapy, particularly DOX, and cardiotoxicity while evaluating SGLT2 inhibitors as novel agents in cardio-oncology. Preclinical studies suggest SGLT2 inhibitors attenuate CTRCD by preserving mitochondrial function and inhibiting apoptosis, while clinical trials highlight their efficacy in reducing heart failure (HF) hospitalizations and cardiovascular (CV) mortality. Integrating SGLT2 inhibitors into cardio-oncology protocols could revolutionize the management of CTRCD, enhancing patient outcomes in oncology and cardiovascular care. Considering the emerging evidence, SGLT2 inhibitors may provide significant benefits to patients undergoing anthracycline therapy, particularly those with elevated cardiovascular risk profiles. We recommend that future prospective, large-scale clinical trials further evaluate the efficacy and safety of these agents as cardioprotective therapy to optimize individualized treatment strategies.

Background and Objectives: Migraine with aura (MA) could be considered a risk factor for developing atherosclerosis and cardio-vascular events. However, less is known about the relation between migraine without aura (MWA) and atherosclerosis. Our study aimed to assess whether young female migraineurs, with alterations of gut microbiota could associate early atherosclerosis. Materials and Methods: We conducted an exploratory cross-sectional, pilot study concerning 105 consecutive young females having MWA, with recent normal brain scans, that were free of cardio-vascular risk factors, non-smokers, not on oral contraception, not pregnant, and without thyroid or parathyroid diseases, chronic organ failure, cancer, or on probiotic or antibiotic treatment. Consecutive to assessment of gut microbiota, patients were assigned to two groups: dysbiosis positive (n = 45) and dysbiosis negative (n = 60). All study participants underwent clinical examinations with an assessment of migraine severity, body mass index and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), as well as laboratory workups. Statistical analysis was performed using a chi-squared test (χ²), a two-tailed t-test and a nonparametric Spearman’s correlation test. Results: The dysbiosis positive migraineurs showed a significant increase in CIMT along with several anthropometrical, biological and clinical particularities. Significant positive correlations between dysbiosis and CIMT, glycosylated hemoglobin, migraine severity and duration, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and body mass index were found. Conclusions: Young female migraineurs with significant alterations of gut microbiota experienced early signs of atherosclerosis and displayed severe migraine disability, as well as multiple biological and clinical particularities.

Thyroid hormones have a pivotal role in controlling metabolic processes, cardiovascular function, and autonomic nervous system activity. Hypothyroidism, a prevalent endocrine illness marked by inadequate production of thyroid hormone, has been linked to different cardiovascular abnormalities, including alterations in heart rate variability (HRV). The study included 110 patients with hypothyroid disorder. Participants underwent clinical assessments, including thyroid function tests and HRV analysis. HRV, a measure of the variation in time intervals between heartbeats, serves as an indicator of autonomic nervous system activity and cardiovascular health. The HRV values were acquired using continuous 24-h electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring in individuals with hypothyroidism, as well as after a treatment period of 3 months. All patients exhibited cardiovascular symptoms like palpitations or fatigue but showed no discernible cardiac pathology or other conditions associated with cardiac disease. The findings of our study demonstrate associations between hypothyroidism and alterations in heart rate variability (HRV) parameters. These results illustrate the possible influence of thyroid dysfunction on the regulation of cardiac autonomic function.

Cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide and, even though several advances have been made in terms of specific treatment, the late-stage detection and the associated side effects of the conventional drugs sustain the search for better treatment alternatives. Probiotics are live microorganisms that have been proven to possess numerous health benefits for human hosts, including anticancer effects. In the present study, the in vitro effect of the association of two probiotic strains (PBT), Lactobacillus sporogenes and Clostridium butyricum, were tested against colon (HT-29 and HCT 116), lung (A549), and liver (HepG2) cancer cell lines, alone or in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5FU). Moreover, the underlying mechanism of PBT and PBT-5FU against the HT-29 cell line was evaluated using the Hoechst 33342 staining, revealing characteristic apoptotic modifications, such as chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, and membrane blebbing. Furthermore, the increase in the expression of pro-apoptotic Bax, Bid, Bad, and Bak proteins and the inhibition of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL proteins were recorded. Collectively, these findings suggest that the two strains of probiotic bacteria, alone or in association with 5FU, induce apoptosis in colon cancer cells and may serve as a potential anticancer treatment.