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Yongjing Zhao
Air Quality Research Center, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616-8521, USA

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Journal article
Published: 11 May 2021 in Sustainability
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The objective of the present study was to mitigate ammonia (NH3), greenhouse gases (GHGs), and other air pollutants from lactating dairy cattle waste using different freestall management techniques. For the present study, cows were housed in an environmental chamber from which waste was removed by either flushing or scraping at two different frequencies. The four treatments used were (1) flushing three times a day (F3), (2) flushing six times a day (F6), (3) scraping three times a day (S3), and (4) scraping six times a day (S6). Flushing freestall lanes to remove manure while cows are out of the barn during milking is an industry standard in California. Gas emissions were measured with a mobile agricultural air quality lab connected to the environmental chamber. Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) emissions were decreased (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05) in the flushing vs. scraping treatments, respectively. Scraping increased NH3 emissions by 175 and 152% for S3 and S6, respectively vs. F3. Ethanol (EtOH) emissions were increased (p < 0.001) when the frequency of either scraping or flushing was increased from 3 to 6 times but were similar between scraping and flushing treatments. Methane emissions for the F3 vs. other treatments, were decreased (p < 0.001). Removal of dairy manure by scraping has the potential to increase gaseous emissions such as NH3 and GHGs.

ACS Style

Elizabeth Ross; Carlyn Peterson; Yongjing Zhao; Yuee Pan; Frank Mitloehner. Manure Flushing vs. Scraping in Dairy Freestall Lanes Reduces Gaseous Emissions. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5363 .

AMA Style

Elizabeth Ross, Carlyn Peterson, Yongjing Zhao, Yuee Pan, Frank Mitloehner. Manure Flushing vs. Scraping in Dairy Freestall Lanes Reduces Gaseous Emissions. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (10):5363.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elizabeth Ross; Carlyn Peterson; Yongjing Zhao; Yuee Pan; Frank Mitloehner. 2021. "Manure Flushing vs. Scraping in Dairy Freestall Lanes Reduces Gaseous Emissions." Sustainability 13, no. 10: 5363.

Journal article
Published: 11 December 2020 in Sustainability
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Societal pressure to reduce enteric methane emissions from cattle continues to increase. The present study evaluated the efficacy of the commercial essential oil feed additive Agolin® Ruminant on reducing enteric gas emissions and improving milk parameters in dairy cattle. Twenty mid-lactation Holstein cows, blocked by parity and days in milk, were randomly assigned to a top dress treatment with Agolin or an un-supplemented control for a 56-day trial. Cows were group housed and individually fed twice daily. Enteric gas emissions, including methane, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and nitrous oxide, were sampled every 14 days for a 12 h period via head chambers connected to a mobile air quality laboratory. Cows supplemented with Agolin versus the control had less methane intensity (g/period/kg energy-corrected milk (ECM); p = 0.025). Ammonia was the most affected gas, with lower ammonia production (mg/period; p = 0.028), and ammonia intensity (mg/period/kg ECM; p = 0.011) in Agolin-fed versus control-fed cows. All cow performance variables, including dry matter intake, ECM, milk fat, milk protein, or feed efficiency were similar between treatments. Further research should evaluate how Agolin impacts ruminal flora, focusing on mechanistic impacts to fermentation.

ACS Style

Angelica Carrazco; Carlyn Peterson; Yongjing Zhao; Yuee Pan; John McGlone; Edward DePeters; Frank Mitloehner. The Impact of Essential Oil Feed Supplementation on Enteric Gas Emissions and Production Parameters from Dairy Cattle. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10347 .

AMA Style

Angelica Carrazco, Carlyn Peterson, Yongjing Zhao, Yuee Pan, John McGlone, Edward DePeters, Frank Mitloehner. The Impact of Essential Oil Feed Supplementation on Enteric Gas Emissions and Production Parameters from Dairy Cattle. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (24):10347.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Angelica Carrazco; Carlyn Peterson; Yongjing Zhao; Yuee Pan; John McGlone; Edward DePeters; Frank Mitloehner. 2020. "The Impact of Essential Oil Feed Supplementation on Enteric Gas Emissions and Production Parameters from Dairy Cattle." Sustainability 12, no. 24: 10347.

Journal article
Published: 08 December 2020 in Sustainability
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Feed additives have received increasing attention as a viable means to reduce enteric emissions from ruminants, which contribute to total anthropogenic methane (CH4) emissions. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the commercial feed additive SOP STAR COW (SOP) to reduce enteric emissions from dairy cows and to assess potential impacts on milk production. Twenty cows were blocked by parity and days in milk and randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups (n = 10): supplemented with 8 g/day SOP STAR COW, and an unsupplemented control group. Enteric emissions were measured in individual head chambers over a 12-hour period, every 14 days for six weeks. SOP-treated cows over time showed a reduction in CH4 of 20.4% from day 14 to day 42 (P = 0.014), while protein % of the milk was increased (+4.9% from day 0 to day 14 (P = 0.036) and +6.5% from day 0 to day 42 (P = 0.002)). However, kg of milk protein remained similar within the SOP-treated cows over the trial period. The control and SOP-treated cows showed similar results for kg of milk fat and kg of milk protein produced per day. No differences in enteric emissions or milk parameters were detected between the control and SOP-treated cows on respective test days.

ACS Style

Elizabeth Ross; Carlyn Peterson; Angelica Carrazco; Samantha Werth; Yongjing Zhao; Yuee Pan; Edward DePeters; James Fadel; Marcello Chiodini; Lorenzo Poggianella; Frank Mitloehner. Effect of SOP “STAR COW” on Enteric Gaseous Emissions and Dairy Cattle Performance. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10250 .

AMA Style

Elizabeth Ross, Carlyn Peterson, Angelica Carrazco, Samantha Werth, Yongjing Zhao, Yuee Pan, Edward DePeters, James Fadel, Marcello Chiodini, Lorenzo Poggianella, Frank Mitloehner. Effect of SOP “STAR COW” on Enteric Gaseous Emissions and Dairy Cattle Performance. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (24):10250.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elizabeth Ross; Carlyn Peterson; Angelica Carrazco; Samantha Werth; Yongjing Zhao; Yuee Pan; Edward DePeters; James Fadel; Marcello Chiodini; Lorenzo Poggianella; Frank Mitloehner. 2020. "Effect of SOP “STAR COW” on Enteric Gaseous Emissions and Dairy Cattle Performance." Sustainability 12, no. 24: 10250.

Journal article
Published: 13 February 2020 in Sustainability
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Animal manure is a source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and other pollutants and nuisances such as ammonia and odors. There are several technologies to reduce emissions on animal farms including manure additives; however, few have been proven effective and easy to apply to dairy lagoon systems. The present research aimed at testing the ability of the commercial additive “SOP LAGOON” to reduce emissions of GHGs (i.e., carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)), as well as ammonia (NH3) and odors from lagoon stored liquid manure. Emissions of GHGs, NH3 and odors were measured in the laboratory from barrels filled with 65 L of manure treated with SOP LAGOON or left untreated as a control. Manure was collected from a commercial dairy that is located in Solano County, California. Emissions of GHGs and NH3 were continuously measured for one week using flux chambers placed on top of the barrels and connected to a mobile air emissions laboratory. The effects of the untreated control, versus the two respective treatment additive doses of 30.8 and 61.6 g/m3 of manure were compared to each other. The low dose was selected based on the manufacturer recommendation and the high dose was selected by doubling the low dose. Results showed that SOP LAGOON applied at the high dose (61.6 g of SOP LAGOON per m3 of manure) versus the control greatly reduced (p < 0.05) emissions of CO2, CH4, N2O and NH3 by 14.7%, 22.7%, 45.4% and 45.9%, respectively. Furthermore, the high dose of SOP LAGOON treated samples versus the control samples showed less odor intensity (p < 0.05). There was no significant effect of the low dose of SOP LAGOON on the emissions of different gases. The HIGH dose of SOP LAGOON might decrease the number of methanogens and hydrolytic microorganisms and their excreted enzymes during manure storage. Further studies are needed to investigate the mechanism of emission reduction using SOP LAGOON.

ACS Style

Carlyn B. Peterson; Hamed M. El Mashad; Yongjing Zhao; Yuee Pan; Frank M. Mitloehner. Effects of SOP Lagoon Additive on Gaseous Emissions from Stored Liquid Dairy Manure. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1393 .

AMA Style

Carlyn B. Peterson, Hamed M. El Mashad, Yongjing Zhao, Yuee Pan, Frank M. Mitloehner. Effects of SOP Lagoon Additive on Gaseous Emissions from Stored Liquid Dairy Manure. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (4):1393.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlyn B. Peterson; Hamed M. El Mashad; Yongjing Zhao; Yuee Pan; Frank M. Mitloehner. 2020. "Effects of SOP Lagoon Additive on Gaseous Emissions from Stored Liquid Dairy Manure." Sustainability 12, no. 4: 1393.

Journal article
Published: 18 August 2015 in Atmospheric Environment
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The EPA regulates ambient particulate matter (PM) because substantial associations have been established between PM and health impacts. Presently, regulatory compliance involves broad control of PM emission sources based on mass concentration rather than chemical composition, although PM toxicity is likely to vary depending upon PM physicochemical properties. The overall objective of this study was to help inform source-specific PM emission control regulations. For the first time, source-oriented PM was collected from the atmosphere in Fresno, CA, onto 38 source/size substrates. Mice were exposed via oropharyngeal aspiration to equivalent mass doses [50 μg] of two size fractions: ultrafine (Dp < 0.17 μm) and submicron fine (0.17 < Dp < 1 μm) during summer and winter seasons. At 24 h post-exposure, cellular and biochemical indicators of pulmonary inflammation were evaluated in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Significant inflammatory responses were elicited by vehicle, regional background, and cooking PM sources that were dependent on season and particle size. This is the first study of source-oriented toxicity of atmospheric PM and supports source-specific emissions control strategies.

ACS Style

Laurel E. Plummer; Christopher M. Carosino; Keith J. Bein; Yongjing Zhao; Neil Willits; Suzette Smiley-Jewell; Anthony S. Wexler; Kent E. Pinkerton. Pulmonary inflammatory effects of source-oriented particulate matter from California's San Joaquin Valley. Atmospheric Environment 2015, 119, 174 -181.

AMA Style

Laurel E. Plummer, Christopher M. Carosino, Keith J. Bein, Yongjing Zhao, Neil Willits, Suzette Smiley-Jewell, Anthony S. Wexler, Kent E. Pinkerton. Pulmonary inflammatory effects of source-oriented particulate matter from California's San Joaquin Valley. Atmospheric Environment. 2015; 119 ():174-181.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laurel E. Plummer; Christopher M. Carosino; Keith J. Bein; Yongjing Zhao; Neil Willits; Suzette Smiley-Jewell; Anthony S. Wexler; Kent E. Pinkerton. 2015. "Pulmonary inflammatory effects of source-oriented particulate matter from California's San Joaquin Valley." Atmospheric Environment 119, no. : 174-181.

Journal article
Published: 18 April 2012 in Atmosphere
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Two methods were described to estimate interference in the measurements of infrared (IR) photoacoustic multi-gas analyzer (PAMGA). One is IR spectroscopic analysis (IRSA) and the other is mathematical simulation. An Innova 1412 analyzer (AirTech Instruments, Ballerup, Denmark) with two different filter configurations was used to provide examples that demonstrate the two methods. The filter configuration in Example #1 consists of methane (CH4), methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and water vapor (H2O), and in Example #2 of ammonia (NH3), MeOH, EtOH, N2O, CO2, and H2O. The interferences of NH3 as a non-target gas in Example #1 were measured to validate the two methods. The interferences of H2O and NH3 as target gases in Example #2 were also measured to evaluate the analyzer’s internal cross compensation algorithm. Both simulation and experimental results showed that the interference between the target gases could be eliminated by the internal cross compensation algorithm. But the interferences of non-target gases on target gases could not be addressed by the internal cross compensation, while they could be assessed by the IRSA and mathematical simulation methods. If the IR spectrum of a non-target gas overlaps with that of target gas A at filter A, it could affect not only gas A (primary interference), but also other target gases by secondary interference (because the IR spectrum of gas A overlaps with gas B at filter B and thus affects gas B measurements). The IRSA and mathematical simulation methods can be used to estimate the interference in IR PAMGA measurements prior to purchase or calibration of the unit.

ACS Style

Yongjing Zhao; Yuee Pan; Jerry Rutherford; Frank M. Mitloehner. Estimation of the Interference in Multi-Gas Measurements Using Infrared Photoacoustic Analyzers. Atmosphere 2012, 3, 246 -265.

AMA Style

Yongjing Zhao, Yuee Pan, Jerry Rutherford, Frank M. Mitloehner. Estimation of the Interference in Multi-Gas Measurements Using Infrared Photoacoustic Analyzers. Atmosphere. 2012; 3 (2):246-265.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yongjing Zhao; Yuee Pan; Jerry Rutherford; Frank M. Mitloehner. 2012. "Estimation of the Interference in Multi-Gas Measurements Using Infrared Photoacoustic Analyzers." Atmosphere 3, no. 2: 246-265.

Journal article
Published: 08 December 2011 in Animals
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Recent interest in greenhouse gas emissions from ruminants, such as cattle, has spawned a need for affordable, precise, and accurate methods for the measurement of gaseous emissions arising from enteric fermentation. A new head hood system for cattle designed to capture and quantify emissions was recently developed at the University of California, Davis. The system consists of two head hoods, two vacuum pumps, and an instrumentation cabinet housing the required data collection equipment. This system has the capability of measuring carbon dioxide, methane, ethanol, methanol, water vapor, nitrous oxide, acetic acid emissions and oxygen consumption in real-time. A unique aspect of the hoods is the front, back, and sides are made of clear polycarbonate sheeting allowing the cattle a full range of vision during gas sampling. Recovery rates for these slightly negative pressure chambers were measured ranging from 97.6 to 99.3 percent. This system can capture high quality data for use in improving emission inventories and evaluating gaseous emission mitigation strategies.

ACS Style

Sara E. Place; Yuee Pan; Yongjing Zhao; Frank M. Mitloehner. Construction and Operation of a Ventilated Hood System for Measuring Greenhouse Gas and Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Cattle. Animals 2011, 1, 433 -446.

AMA Style

Sara E. Place, Yuee Pan, Yongjing Zhao, Frank M. Mitloehner. Construction and Operation of a Ventilated Hood System for Measuring Greenhouse Gas and Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Cattle. Animals. 2011; 1 (4):433-446.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sara E. Place; Yuee Pan; Yongjing Zhao; Frank M. Mitloehner. 2011. "Construction and Operation of a Ventilated Hood System for Measuring Greenhouse Gas and Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Cattle." Animals 1, no. 4: 433-446.