Salinity is one of the outstanding abiotic stress conditions that a significant part of the world faces. In recent years, beneficial microorganisms started to be utilized in plants to overcome several abiotic factors, including salinity. The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) mixture on growth and enzymatic responses in basil under salt stress were investigated using saline doses of 0 mM (Control), 150 mM, and 300 mM. Results showed that AMF enhanced all growth parameters, but only the leaf number was statistically significant. However, antioxidant enzymes, such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX) by 25%, catalase (CAT) by 25%, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 5%, significantly enhanced. At the same time, the accumulation of oxidative enzymes, like hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA), was reduced, from 12.05 μmol g⁻¹ fw (control) to 11.17 μmol g⁻¹ fw (AMF) and from 14.29 μmol g⁻¹ fw to 10.74 μmol g⁻¹ fw, respectively. AMF also significantly alleviated the chlorophyll loss caused by increasing saline doses. Multivariate analyses revealed the co-occurrence of stress metabolism enzymes as well as the proximate effect of AMF inoculation on basil yield and enzymatic activity. As a result, AMF was considered an appropriate tool for increasing growth and reducing salt stress under both stress-free and saline conditions.

Turkey is the leading producer and exporter of hazelnuts, producing approximately 64% of global hazelnut production. This research investigated the effects of cultivars and altitude on the phenolic, antioxidant, and fatty acid compositions of five hazelnut cultivars grown at three different altitudes, 100 m, 350 m, and 800 m, in Ordu province, one of the territories that produce the most hazelnuts. The results showed that the cultivar and location significantly affected phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and fatty acid (FA) content. The lowest (2.30 mg/kg-Yağlı) and highest (21.11 mg/kg-Kara) gallic acids were obtained at 100 m. The highest total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were found in the nuts grown at 350 m in the Kara and Palaz cultivars, at 100 m in the Yağlı and Sivri cultivars, and at 800 m in the Çakıldak cultivar. Oleic acid was the predominant FA in the cultivars and possessed a diverse trend according to the altitude and cultivar, ranging from 76.04% to 84.80%, increasing with altitude in all cultivars except Çakıldak. Palmitic acid was the predominant saturated FA followed by stearic acid, which significantly varied according to the elevations. This study suggests that the responses of hazelnuts to altitude depend on the cultivar; hence, a proper approach to producing nuts containing more phenolic, fatty acids, and antioxidant activity includes choosing a suitable cultivar for a specific elevation.

Bu çalışma, Mudurnu (Bolu) ilçesi Taşkesti kasabası fındık popülasyonu içerisinde verimli ve kaliteli genotiplerin araştırılması amacıyla 2015-2016 yıllarında yürütülmüştür. Bu amaçla, bölgede 35 farklı genotip belirlenmiş ve yörede yaygın olarak yetiştirilen Delisava, Yomra ve Karayağlı çeşitlerinden de veriler alınarak, genotiplerin verim ve kalite özellikleri çeşitlerle mukayeseli olarak iki yıl süre ile izlenmiştir. 2015 yılında 35 genotip için dal verimi 45.9 g (T-30) ile 775.9 g (T-19) arasında bulunmuştur. Delisava, Karayağlı ve Yomra çeşitlerinde dal verimi 376.1 g ile 529.1 g (Karayağlı-2) arasında tespit edilmiştir. 2016 yılında yalnızca sekiz genotipe ait dal verimi değerleri ölçülebilmiş olup, bu değerler 67.86 g (T-35) ile 297.2 g (T-32) aralığında değişmiştir. Aynı yıl, sadece Delisava-2 klonlarından ürün alınırken, dal verimi 513.2 g olarak kaydedilmiştir. Çotanaktaki meyve sayısı 2015 yılında genotiplerde 1.12 (T-25) ile 5.35 (T-1); Delisava, Karayağlı ve Yomra çeşitlerinde 1.91 ile 4.47 aralığında değişmiştir. 2016 yılında ise ürün veren 8 genotipte 1.25 (T-32) ile 3.63 (T-4) aralığında, Delisava-2 klonu için ise 2.10 olarak kaydedilmiştir. 2015 yılında, 35 genotipte meyve ağırlığı 0.94 g ile 2.39 g, Delisava, Karayağlı ve Yomra çeşitlerinde 1.42 g ile 2.18 g; iç oranı 35 genotipte %41.16 ile %58.53, Delisava, Karayağlı ve Yomra çeşitlerinde %47.29 ile %53.70; çotanaktaki meyve sayısı 35 genotipte 1.19 ile 5.35, Delisava, Karayağlı ve Yomra çeşitlerinde 1.91 ile 4.47 aralığında belirlenmiştir. 2016 yılında kabuklu meyve ağırlığı ürün alınabilen 8 genotipte 0.87-1.76 g, Delisava çeşidinde 2.13 g; iç oranı 8 genotipte %41.95-52.25, Delisava çeşidinde %56.67; çotanaktaki meyve sayısı 8 genotipte 1.25-3.63, Delisava çeşidinde 2.10 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma soncunda, şiddetli don yılı sonrası dal verimleri 400-500 g üzerinde olan genotipler ile, üst üste iki yıl ürün veren genotipler ve Delisava-2 klonu dikkat çekici bulunmakla beraber, bunlar üzerinde daha uzun süreli çalışmalar yapılması gerekmektedir.

Rosehip (Rosa spp.) is one of the most used non-wood forest products. It is an essential source of antioxidants and vitamin C besides having a wide range of uses in folk medicine and the marmalade industry. Therefore, for many years, researchers have made efforts to find the superior genotypes of this fruit. In previous studies, classical breeding methods were used in the evaluation of the data and more modernist approaches were given little attention. In this study, fruit characteristics and their relationships of rosehip genotypes growing in Bolu city center were determined by using more modernist analysis methods (Clustering, PCA) and correlation analysis. As a result of the study, while fruit weight was positively correlated with fruit size, it had a negative correlation with the fruit flesh ratio. In cluster analysis, genotypes were collected in two different groups, and PCA analysis supported this result. Results of the study proved that multivariate analysis has come to the fore as a highly effective method for evaluating genetic resources. Furthermore, the G-5 genotype stood out with its fruit weight and size.