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Aleksandra Owczarek
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland

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Journal article
Published: 22 June 2021 in Antioxidants
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The bark of Aesculus hippocastanum is an herbal remedy used in conditions connected with vascular insufficiency; however, there is a lack of data concerning its mechanisms of action. The present work is a preliminary investigation into some of the potential directions of the bark activity. The phytochemically (qualitative UHPLC-PDA-MS/MS and quantitative UHPLC-PDA assays) characterized extract and its four main constituents (esculin, fraxin, (‒)-epicatechin and procyanidin A2) were first evaluated in terms of their antioxidant capacity. All analytes demonstrated dose-dependent scavenging potential towards the most common in vivo oxidants, with particularly advantageous capacity of the extract and its flavan-3-ol constituents against peroxynitrite (3.37–13.26 mmol AA/g), hydroxyl radical (5.03–8.91 mmol AA/g) and superoxide radical (3.50–5.50 mmol AA/g). Moreover, even at low concentrations (1–5 µg/mL), they protected components of human plasma against oxidative damage inflicted by peroxynitrite, preventing oxidation of plasma protein thiols and diminishing the tyrosine nitration and lipid peroxidation. High efficiency of the analytes was also demonstrated in preventing the peroxynitrite-induced nitrative changes of fibrinogen (up to 80% inhibition for (‒)-epicatechin at 50 µg/mL), an important protein of coagulation cascade. Additionally, the extract and its constituents had, at most, moderate inhibitory activity towards platelet aggregation induced by ADP and only negligible influence on clotting times. The results show that, among the investigated properties, the antioxidant activity might, to the highest extent, be responsible for the bark efficacy in vascular disorders, thus supporting its application in those conditions; they also indicate the directions for future research that would allow for better understanding of the bark activity.

ACS Style

Aleksandra Owczarek; Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas; Joanna Woźniak-Serwata; Anna Magiera; Natalia Kobiela; Katarzyna Wąsowicz; Monika Olszewska. Potential Activity Mechanisms of Aesculus hippocastanum Bark: Antioxidant Effects in Chemical and Biological In Vitro Models. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 995 .

AMA Style

Aleksandra Owczarek, Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas, Joanna Woźniak-Serwata, Anna Magiera, Natalia Kobiela, Katarzyna Wąsowicz, Monika Olszewska. Potential Activity Mechanisms of Aesculus hippocastanum Bark: Antioxidant Effects in Chemical and Biological In Vitro Models. Antioxidants. 2021; 10 (7):995.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandra Owczarek; Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas; Joanna Woźniak-Serwata; Anna Magiera; Natalia Kobiela; Katarzyna Wąsowicz; Monika Olszewska. 2021. "Potential Activity Mechanisms of Aesculus hippocastanum Bark: Antioxidant Effects in Chemical and Biological In Vitro Models." Antioxidants 10, no. 7: 995.

Short communication
Published: 04 January 2021 in Natural Product Research
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The purpose of the current study was a qualitative UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS analysis of phenolic compounds in the aerial parts of Cuphea ingrata, which led to detection of over sixty constituents: tannins, flavonoids, phenolic acids and their derivatives. The presence of oenothein B-type macrocyclic dimeric ellagitannins seems to be of particular importance. Quercetin sulfate, that has been previously identified as characteristic chemotaxonomic marker in Cuphea carthagenensis, was found in C. ingrata, as well. Graphical Abstract

ACS Style

Danuta Sobolewska; Aleksandra Owczarek; Monika Olszewska; Niraldo Paulino; Irma Podolak; Paweł Paśko; Dagmara Wróbel-Biedrawa; Klaudia Michalska. UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS profile of phenolic compounds in the aerial parts of Cuphea ingrata Cham. & Schltdl. Natural Product Research 2021, 1 -5.

AMA Style

Danuta Sobolewska, Aleksandra Owczarek, Monika Olszewska, Niraldo Paulino, Irma Podolak, Paweł Paśko, Dagmara Wróbel-Biedrawa, Klaudia Michalska. UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS profile of phenolic compounds in the aerial parts of Cuphea ingrata Cham. & Schltdl. Natural Product Research. 2021; ():1-5.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Danuta Sobolewska; Aleksandra Owczarek; Monika Olszewska; Niraldo Paulino; Irma Podolak; Paweł Paśko; Dagmara Wróbel-Biedrawa; Klaudia Michalska. 2021. "UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS profile of phenolic compounds in the aerial parts of Cuphea ingrata Cham. & Schltdl." Natural Product Research , no. : 1-5.

Journal article
Published: 03 December 2020 in Metabolites
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Plants have been used for medical purposes since ancient times. However, a detailed analysis of their biological properties and their associated active compounds is needed to justify their therapeutic use in modern medicine. The aim of the study was to identify and quantify the phenolics present in hydromethanolic extracts of the roots and shoots of the Chinese Salvia species, Salvia bulleyana. The qualitative and quantitative analyses were carried out by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry detection (UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) detection. The extracts of S. bulleyana were also screened for their antioxidant activity using ferric ion (Fe3+) reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), diammonium 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) cation (ABTS), superoxide radical anion (O2•–), and inhibition of lipid peroxidation assays. The S. bulleyana extracts were found to contain 38 substances, of which 36 were phenols, with a total level of 14.4 mg/g DW (dry weight) in shoots, and 23.1 mg/g DW in roots. Twenty-eight phenols were polyphenolic acids or their derivatives, the most abundant in shoots being rosmarinic acid, and in roots, salvianolic acid K followed by rosmarinic acid. The other major phenolic acids were caffeic acid, caffeoyl-threonic acids, isomers of lithospermic acid, salvianolic acid F, salvianolic acid B, and yunnaneic acid E. In addition to polyphenolic acids, nine flavonoids were detected in the shoot extract. While both extracts showed significant antioxidant activity, the shoot extract, containing both polyphenolic acids and flavonoids, demonstrated a slightly greater antioxidant potential in some of the anti-radical tests than the roots. However, the root extract proved to be slightly more effective in the lipid peroxidation inhibition test. Thus, S. bulleyana was demonstrated as a promising source of antioxidants, and worthy of further more detailed studies.

ACS Style

Izabela Grzegorczyk-Karolak; Marta Krzemińska; Anna K. Kiss; Monika A. Olszewska; Aleksandra Owczarek. Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Aerial and Underground Parts of Salvia bulleyana Diels. Plants. Metabolites 2020, 10, 497 .

AMA Style

Izabela Grzegorczyk-Karolak, Marta Krzemińska, Anna K. Kiss, Monika A. Olszewska, Aleksandra Owczarek. Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Aerial and Underground Parts of Salvia bulleyana Diels. Plants. Metabolites. 2020; 10 (12):497.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Izabela Grzegorczyk-Karolak; Marta Krzemińska; Anna K. Kiss; Monika A. Olszewska; Aleksandra Owczarek. 2020. "Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Aerial and Underground Parts of Salvia bulleyana Diels. Plants." Metabolites 10, no. 12: 497.

Journal article
Published: 18 August 2020 in Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
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A fast and efficient UHPLC-PDA method was developed for quantification of polyphenols of horse-chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) bark, an herbal medicinal agent used for the treatment of vascular ailments. To optimize a simple one step-gradient separation, four main factors were selected (initial acetonitrile concentration, gradient slope, flow rate and temperature). Retention times and widths of ten target peaks were modelled using central composite design, and the optimal compromise between the time of the analysis and resolution was found using Derringer’s desirability function and numerical optimization procedure with the use of MS Excel software. The optimal separation conditions were as follows: initial acetonitrile concentration of 9.9 %, gradient slope of 2.4 %/min, flow rate of 0.7 mL/min and temperature of 35 °C. Chromatographic separation was carried out on a Titan C18 column (1.9 μm, 100 × 2.1 mm i.d.; Supelco) and was completed within 5 min with minimal resolution between the observed critical pairs of 1.93. The experimental results were in good accordance with the ones calculated from the models. Stability of the analytes in standard solutions and processed plant samples was found acceptable up to 14 days of storage at 4 °C. The validation proved also good linearity (r > 0.99995), precision (RSD < 4 %), accuracy (96.8–99.2 %), and sensitivity (LOQs 0.14−0.61 ng; LODs 0.05–0.20 ng) of the method, and its applicability for quantification of six primary coumarins and flavan-3-ols in A. hippocastanum bark was demonstrated for real commercial samples (different providers and years of collection). Additionally, the good separation of the plant matrix allowed for determination of the approximate contents of three minor constituents. The developed procedure proved to be a useful tool in quality control of the herbal material, and MS Excel software was demonstrated to be valuable for optimization of Derringer’s function and visualization of the modelled separation.

ACS Style

Aleksandra Owczarek; Monika Anna Olszewska. Development and validation of UHPLC-PDA method for simultaneous determination of bioactive polyphenols of horse-chestnut bark using numerical optimization with MS Excel Solver. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2020, 190, 113544 .

AMA Style

Aleksandra Owczarek, Monika Anna Olszewska. Development and validation of UHPLC-PDA method for simultaneous determination of bioactive polyphenols of horse-chestnut bark using numerical optimization with MS Excel Solver. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2020; 190 ():113544.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandra Owczarek; Monika Anna Olszewska. 2020. "Development and validation of UHPLC-PDA method for simultaneous determination of bioactive polyphenols of horse-chestnut bark using numerical optimization with MS Excel Solver." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 190, no. : 113544.

Journals
Published: 07 July 2020 in Food & Function
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Broccoli sprout extract rich in sinapic acid derivatives prevents oxidative changes in human plasma and modulates inflammatory response in PBMCs.

ACS Style

Monika Anna Olszewska; Sebastian Granica; Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas; Anna Magiera; Monika Ewa Czerwińska; Pawel Nowak; Magdalena Rutkowska; Piotr Wasiński; Aleksandra Owczarek. Variability of sinapic acid derivatives during germination and their contribution to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of broccoli sprouts on human plasma and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Food & Function 2020, 11, 7231 -7244.

AMA Style

Monika Anna Olszewska, Sebastian Granica, Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas, Anna Magiera, Monika Ewa Czerwińska, Pawel Nowak, Magdalena Rutkowska, Piotr Wasiński, Aleksandra Owczarek. Variability of sinapic acid derivatives during germination and their contribution to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of broccoli sprouts on human plasma and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Food & Function. 2020; 11 (8):7231-7244.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Monika Anna Olszewska; Sebastian Granica; Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas; Anna Magiera; Monika Ewa Czerwińska; Pawel Nowak; Magdalena Rutkowska; Piotr Wasiński; Aleksandra Owczarek. 2020. "Variability of sinapic acid derivatives during germination and their contribution to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of broccoli sprouts on human plasma and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells." Food & Function 11, no. 8: 7231-7244.

Journal article
Published: 06 May 2020 in Journal of Biotechnology
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This study was to obtain stable transformed roots of Salvia bulleyana using A. rhizogenes strain A4 and then evaluate their phytochemical profile and selected the most productive clone. Our results indicated that the type of explant and medium used for bacterium and explant incubation had an influence on the frequency of hairy root formation. The best response was obtained on leaves infected with bacteria cultivated on YMB medium supplemented with acetosyringone. Of the four selected transformed root clones, after five-week cultivation in Woody Plant (WP) medium, the highest growth indexes were demonstrated for line C1: i.e. 13 for fresh and 15 for dry weight (81.4 and 8.2 g/l fresh and dry weight, respectively). The qualitative analysis of hydromethanolic extracts of hairy roots of S. bulleyana using UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS method showed the presence of 10 polyphenolic compounds including predominant rosmarinic acid (RA), its derivatives (hexoside and methyl rosmarinate), caffeic acid, its derivatives and several salvianolic acids: K, E and F. Their production varied among the four root clones studied; the highest RA (39.6 mg/g dry weight) and total polyphenol (48.9 mg/g dry weight) level were found in the roots of C4 clone. These values were significantly higher than those of the roots of plants grown for several years under field conditions. The transformation of the obtained root cultures was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction using aux1, aux2, rolB, rolC and rolD primers.

ACS Style

Marta Wojciechowska; Aleksandra Owczarek; Anna K. Kiss; Renata Grąbkowska; Monika A. Olszewska; Izabela Grzegorczyk-Karolak. Establishment of hairy root cultures of Salvia bulleyana Diels for production of polyphenolic compounds. Journal of Biotechnology 2020, 318, 10 -19.

AMA Style

Marta Wojciechowska, Aleksandra Owczarek, Anna K. Kiss, Renata Grąbkowska, Monika A. Olszewska, Izabela Grzegorczyk-Karolak. Establishment of hairy root cultures of Salvia bulleyana Diels for production of polyphenolic compounds. Journal of Biotechnology. 2020; 318 ():10-19.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marta Wojciechowska; Aleksandra Owczarek; Anna K. Kiss; Renata Grąbkowska; Monika A. Olszewska; Izabela Grzegorczyk-Karolak. 2020. "Establishment of hairy root cultures of Salvia bulleyana Diels for production of polyphenolic compounds." Journal of Biotechnology 318, no. : 10-19.

Data article
Published: 22 February 2020 in Data in Brief
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This paper presents data on the optimization and validation of an RP-HPLC-PDA method for quantification of 30 phenolic constituents of the blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.) flower. The method development data cover detailed descriptions of the optimization process in terms of elution solvents, gradient profile, temperature, and flow rate. The validation data cover accuracy and precision (intra- and inter-day variability) for retention times and peak areas. Moreover, the quantification data for the commercial samples of blackthorn flower (different manufactures and years of collection), as well as for the extracts (of different polarity) prepared thereof, are included. The data presented here were related to the article: “Simultaneous quantification of thirty polyphenols in blackthorn flowers and dry extracts prepared thereof: HPLC-PDA method development and validation for quality control” [1].

ACS Style

Anna Marchelak; Monika Olszewska; Aleksandra Owczarek. Data on the optimization and validation of HPLC-PDA method for quantification of thirty polyphenols in blackthorn flowers and dry extracts prepared thereof. Data in Brief 2020, 29, 105319 .

AMA Style

Anna Marchelak, Monika Olszewska, Aleksandra Owczarek. Data on the optimization and validation of HPLC-PDA method for quantification of thirty polyphenols in blackthorn flowers and dry extracts prepared thereof. Data in Brief. 2020; 29 ():105319.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Marchelak; Monika Olszewska; Aleksandra Owczarek. 2020. "Data on the optimization and validation of HPLC-PDA method for quantification of thirty polyphenols in blackthorn flowers and dry extracts prepared thereof." Data in Brief 29, no. : 105319.

Journal article
Published: 21 January 2020 in Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
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The paper presents development and validation of a RP-HPLC-PDA method for quantification of 30 phenolic constituents of the blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.) flower, a traditional European herbal medicine with a unique and complex composition. The target analytes were selected from over 50 active compounds present in the investigated plant material, and their separation was optimized on a C18 Ascentis Express fused-core column (2.7 μm, 150 mm × 4.6 mm), in a step-by-step process, in terms of elution solvents, gradient profile, temperature, and flow rate. The final procedure was carried out with an acetonitrile-tetrahydrofuran gradient at a flow rate of 1.09 mL/min and column temperature of 28°C. Under those conditions, the matrix peaks were satisfactorily separated within 35 min. The validation showed good precision (RSD < 5 %), accuracy (93.5–102.1 %), linearity (r > 0.9998), and sensitivity (LODs 0.51–2.05 ng) of the method. The real sample analysis demonstrated its applicability for quantification of the phenolics both in commercial samples of P. spinosa flowers (different manufacturers and years of collection), as well as in the extracts (of different polarity) prepared thereof. Thus, the developed procedure proved to be a useful tool in quality control, and the optimization approach might serve as a practical guideline for LC-method development in complex matrices.

ACS Style

Anna Marchelak; Monika Olszewska; Aleksandra Owczarek. Simultaneous quantification of thirty polyphenols in blackthorn flowers and dry extracts prepared thereof: HPLC-PDA method development and validation for quality control. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2020, 184, 113121 .

AMA Style

Anna Marchelak, Monika Olszewska, Aleksandra Owczarek. Simultaneous quantification of thirty polyphenols in blackthorn flowers and dry extracts prepared thereof: HPLC-PDA method development and validation for quality control. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2020; 184 ():113121.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Marchelak; Monika Olszewska; Aleksandra Owczarek. 2020. "Simultaneous quantification of thirty polyphenols in blackthorn flowers and dry extracts prepared thereof: HPLC-PDA method development and validation for quality control." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 184, no. : 113121.

Journal article
Published: 12 January 2020 in Antioxidants
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Cotoneaster plants are sources of traditional medicines and dietary products, with health benefits resulting from their phenolic contents and antioxidant activity. In this work, active markers of the leaves of C. bullatus and C. zabelii were characterized and evaluated in an integrated phytochemical and biological activity study. Based on UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS3 analysis, twelve analytes were preselected from the constituents of the hydromethanolic leaf extracts, and two of them—caffeoylmalic acid and quercetin 3--O-β-d-(2″--O-β-d-xylopyranosyl)galactopyranoside (QPH)—were isolated for full identification (NMR spectroscopy: 1H, 13C, COSY, HMBC, HMQC). All selected phenolics contributed to the antioxidant activity of the extracts, which was demonstrated in chemical in vitro tests (DPPH, FRAP, and TBARS) and in a biological model of human plasma exposed to oxidative/nitrative stress induced by peroxynitrite. This contribution was partly due to the synergy between individual polyphenols, evidenced by an isobolographic analysis of the interactions of (–)-epicatechin, chlorogenic acid, and QPH as representatives of three classes of Cotoneaster polyphenols. All twelve markers, including also neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, procyanidin B2, procyanidin C1, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, and quercitrin, were thus applied as calibration standards, and a fast, accurate, reproducible, and fully validated RP-HPLC-PDA method for quality control and standardization of the target extracts was proposed.

ACS Style

Agnieszka Kicel; Aleksandra Owczarek; Paulina Kapusta; Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas; Monika A. Olszewska. Contribution of Individual Polyphenols to Antioxidant Activity of Cotoneaster bullatus and Cotoneaster zabelii Leaves—Structural Relationships, Synergy Effects and Application for Quality Control. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 69 .

AMA Style

Agnieszka Kicel, Aleksandra Owczarek, Paulina Kapusta, Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas, Monika A. Olszewska. Contribution of Individual Polyphenols to Antioxidant Activity of Cotoneaster bullatus and Cotoneaster zabelii Leaves—Structural Relationships, Synergy Effects and Application for Quality Control. Antioxidants. 2020; 9 (1):69.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Kicel; Aleksandra Owczarek; Paulina Kapusta; Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas; Monika A. Olszewska. 2020. "Contribution of Individual Polyphenols to Antioxidant Activity of Cotoneaster bullatus and Cotoneaster zabelii Leaves—Structural Relationships, Synergy Effects and Application for Quality Control." Antioxidants 9, no. 1: 69.

Short communication
Published: 19 September 2019 in Natural Product Research
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Chloroform extracts from leaves, inflorescences and fruits of Prunus padus were analysed for anti-inflammatory activity and accumulation of corosolic (CA), ursolic (UA) and oleanolic (OA) acids. The analytes were identified and quantified by GC-MS and UHPLC-PDA. Their total levels depend on plant material type and harvesting time, and varied from 0.25 mg/g DW in fruits, through 0.76–1.09 mg/g DW in flowers, to 1.41–4.54 mg/g DW in leaves. Significant variation in the leaf analytes contents was observed during vegetation with the peak amounts in autumn, which indicated the optimal harvesting season. The plant extracts inhibited pro-inflammatory enzymes (lipoxygenase and hyaluronidase) in a concentration-dependent manner, and their activity parameters correlated with the levels and activity of pure triterpene acids, especially CA and UA. The results of the comparison with the positive controls (heparin, indomethacin, dexamethasone) might partly support the application of P. padus in anti-inflammatory therapies, reported by traditional medicine.

ACS Style

Anna Magiera; Anna Marchelak; Piotr Michel; Aleksandra Owczarek; Monika A. Olszewska. Lipophilic extracts from leaves, inflorescences and fruits of Prunus padus L. as potential sources of corosolic, ursolic and oleanolic acids with anti-inflammatory activity. Natural Product Research 2019, 35, 2263 -2268.

AMA Style

Anna Magiera, Anna Marchelak, Piotr Michel, Aleksandra Owczarek, Monika A. Olszewska. Lipophilic extracts from leaves, inflorescences and fruits of Prunus padus L. as potential sources of corosolic, ursolic and oleanolic acids with anti-inflammatory activity. Natural Product Research. 2019; 35 (13):2263-2268.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Magiera; Anna Marchelak; Piotr Michel; Aleksandra Owczarek; Monika A. Olszewska. 2019. "Lipophilic extracts from leaves, inflorescences and fruits of Prunus padus L. as potential sources of corosolic, ursolic and oleanolic acids with anti-inflammatory activity." Natural Product Research 35, no. 13: 2263-2268.

Journal article
Published: 20 June 2019 in Molecules
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Sorbus domestica leaves are a traditionally used herbal medicine recommended for the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases. Dry leaf extracts (standardized by LC-MS/MS and LC-PDA) and nine model activity markers (polyphenols), were tested in scavenging assays towards six in vivo-relevant oxidants (O2•−, OH•, NO•, H2O2, ONOO−, HClO). Ascorbic acid (AA) and Trolox (TX) were used as positive standards. The most active extracts were the diethyl ether and ethyl acetate fractions with activities in the range of 3.61–20.03 µmol AA equivalents/mg, depending on the assay. Among the model compounds, flavonoids were especially effective in OH• scavenging, while flavan-3-ols were superior in O2•− quenching. The most active constituents were quercetin, (−)-epicatechin, procyanidins B2 and C1 (3.94–24.16 µmol AA/mg), but considering their content in the extracts, isoquercitrin, (−)-epicatechin and chlorogenic acid were indicated as having the greatest influence on extract activity. The analysis of the synergistic effects between those three compounds in an O2•− scavenging assay demonstrated that the combination of chlorogenic acid and isoquercitrin exerts the greatest influence. The results indicate that the extracts possess a strong and broad spectrum of antioxidant capacity and that their complex composition plays a key role, with various constituents acting complementarily and synergistically.

ACS Style

Magdalena Rutkowska; Monika Anna Olszewska; Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas; Pawel Nowak; Aleksandra Owczarek. Sorbus domestica Leaf Extracts and Their Activity Markers: Antioxidant Potential and Synergy Effects in Scavenging Assays of Multiple Oxidants. Molecules 2019, 24, 2289 .

AMA Style

Magdalena Rutkowska, Monika Anna Olszewska, Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas, Pawel Nowak, Aleksandra Owczarek. Sorbus domestica Leaf Extracts and Their Activity Markers: Antioxidant Potential and Synergy Effects in Scavenging Assays of Multiple Oxidants. Molecules. 2019; 24 (12):2289.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Magdalena Rutkowska; Monika Anna Olszewska; Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas; Pawel Nowak; Aleksandra Owczarek. 2019. "Sorbus domestica Leaf Extracts and Their Activity Markers: Antioxidant Potential and Synergy Effects in Scavenging Assays of Multiple Oxidants." Molecules 24, no. 12: 2289.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2019 in Phytochemistry Letters
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ACS Style

Anna Marchelak; Aleksandra Owczarek; Magdalena Rutkowska; Piotr Michel; Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas; Pawel Nowak; Monika Anna Olszewska. New insights into antioxidant activity of Prunus spinosa flowers: Extracts, model polyphenols and their phenolic metabolites in plasma towards multiple in vivo-relevant oxidants. Phytochemistry Letters 2019, 30, 288 -295.

AMA Style

Anna Marchelak, Aleksandra Owczarek, Magdalena Rutkowska, Piotr Michel, Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas, Pawel Nowak, Monika Anna Olszewska. New insights into antioxidant activity of Prunus spinosa flowers: Extracts, model polyphenols and their phenolic metabolites in plasma towards multiple in vivo-relevant oxidants. Phytochemistry Letters. 2019; 30 ():288-295.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Marchelak; Aleksandra Owczarek; Magdalena Rutkowska; Piotr Michel; Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas; Pawel Nowak; Monika Anna Olszewska. 2019. "New insights into antioxidant activity of Prunus spinosa flowers: Extracts, model polyphenols and their phenolic metabolites in plasma towards multiple in vivo-relevant oxidants." Phytochemistry Letters 30, no. : 288-295.

Short communication
Published: 05 March 2019 in Phytochemistry Letters
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Complementary UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS3, HPLC-PDA-fingerprint, Folin-Ciocalteau, n-butanol/HCl and hide powder assays were employed to study the qualitative and quantitative differences in phenolic composition between different organs (leaves, flowers, bark and fruits) of Cotoneaster integerrimus. The bark and flowers were the richest source of polyphenols (107.0–113.6 mg GAE/g dw of plant material), with the dominating proanthocyanidins (96.3–97.7 mg/g dw), and low-molecular weight flavan-3-ols (21.5–22.0 mg/g). Among the leaf phenolics (93.6 mg/g), caffeoylquinic pseudodepsides (21.0 mg/g) and flavonol glycosides (21.7 mg/g) were prevailing, while the fruits contained relatively low amounts of polyphenols (49.5 mg/g) with high proportion of procyanidins (27.1 mg/g). In in vitro tests of antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP and TBARS), the effects of bark, flowers and leaves were significantly higher in comparison to these of the fruits. The bark sample had also the highest anti-inflammatory activity in the inhibition tests towards lipoxygenase and hyaluronidase. Despite the differences, the composition of the investigated organs seems consistent with the indications of traditional medicine and supports their therapeutic application in inflammation/infectious diseases and cardiovascular disorders.

ACS Style

Agnieszka Kicel; Aleksandra Owczarek; Paulina Gralak; Pawel Ciszewski; Monika A. Olszewska. Polyphenolic profile, antioxidant activity, and pro-inflammatory enzymes inhibition of leaves, flowers, bark and fruits of Cotoneaster integerrimus: A comparative study. Phytochemistry Letters 2019, 30, 349 -355.

AMA Style

Agnieszka Kicel, Aleksandra Owczarek, Paulina Gralak, Pawel Ciszewski, Monika A. Olszewska. Polyphenolic profile, antioxidant activity, and pro-inflammatory enzymes inhibition of leaves, flowers, bark and fruits of Cotoneaster integerrimus: A comparative study. Phytochemistry Letters. 2019; 30 ():349-355.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Kicel; Aleksandra Owczarek; Paulina Gralak; Pawel Ciszewski; Monika A. Olszewska. 2019. "Polyphenolic profile, antioxidant activity, and pro-inflammatory enzymes inhibition of leaves, flowers, bark and fruits of Cotoneaster integerrimus: A comparative study." Phytochemistry Letters 30, no. : 349-355.

Short communication
Published: 11 February 2019 in Phytochemistry Letters
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This work is aimed at establishing analytical and bioactivity markers for the quality control of polyphenol-rich extracts of Sorbus domestica leaves – an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. The potential marker analytes, representative of the main groups of S. domestica polyphenols, were pre-selected by LC–MS/MS analysis of the methanol-water (7:3, v/v) leaf extract (MED). For structural identification, two of them (rare flavonoids) were isolated from MED by preparative HPLC and analysed by 1D and 2D NMR (COSY, HMBC, HMQC) spectroscopy. The in vitro tests revealed that all analytes increase the non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity of plasma, effectively protect human plasma components against oxidative/nitrative damage induced by peroxynitrite (reduce the levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and 3-nitrotyrosine), and inhibit lipoxygenase and hyaluronidase. Considering the activity parameters and concentration levels, the highest contribution (70–80%) to the activity of the total phenolic fraction of MED was attributed to flavanols represented by (–)-epicatechin, procyanidin B2 and procyanidin C1. However, taking into account the observed synergistic effects, flavonoid and phenolic acid fractions (represented by chlorogenic acid, quercitrin, rutin, quercetin and its 3-O-(2′'-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl)-α-l-rhamnopyranoside and 3-O-(2′'-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl)-α-l-rhamnopyranoside) had also a substantial impact. All nine markers were thus applied as calibration standards, and a simple, accurate, reproducible and fully validated RP-HPLC-PDA method for the standardisation of the target extracts was proposed.

ACS Style

Magdalena Rutkowska; Aleksandra Owczarek; Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas; Piotr Michel; Dorota Gabriela Piotrowska; Paulina Kapusta; Pawel Nowak; Monika Olszewska. Identification of bioactivity markers of Sorbus domestica leaves in chromatographic, spectroscopic and biological capacity tests: Application for the quality control. Phytochemistry Letters 2019, 30, 278 -287.

AMA Style

Magdalena Rutkowska, Aleksandra Owczarek, Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas, Piotr Michel, Dorota Gabriela Piotrowska, Paulina Kapusta, Pawel Nowak, Monika Olszewska. Identification of bioactivity markers of Sorbus domestica leaves in chromatographic, spectroscopic and biological capacity tests: Application for the quality control. Phytochemistry Letters. 2019; 30 ():278-287.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Magdalena Rutkowska; Aleksandra Owczarek; Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas; Piotr Michel; Dorota Gabriela Piotrowska; Paulina Kapusta; Pawel Nowak; Monika Olszewska. 2019. "Identification of bioactivity markers of Sorbus domestica leaves in chromatographic, spectroscopic and biological capacity tests: Application for the quality control." Phytochemistry Letters 30, no. : 278-287.

Research article
Published: 04 February 2019 in Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
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Polyphenol-rich plant extracts might alleviate the negative impact of oxidative stress and inflammation, but careful phytochemical standardisation and evaluation of various mechanisms are required to fully understand their effects. In this context, flower extracts of Sorbus aucuparia L.—a traditional medicinal plant—were investigated in the present work. The LC-MS/MS profiling of the extracts, obtained by fractionated extraction, led to the identification of 66 constituents, mostly flavonols (quercetin and sexangularetin glycosides with dominating isoquercitrin), pseudodepsides of quinic and shikimic acids (prevailing isomers of chlorogenic acid and cynarin), and flavanols (catechins and proanthocyanidins). Minor extract components of possible chemotaxonomic value were flavalignans (cinchonain I isomers) and phenylamides (spermidine derivatives). As assessed by HPLC-PDA and UV-spectrophotometric studies, the extracts were polyphenol-abundant, with the contents up to 597.6 mg/g dry weight (dw), 333.9 mg/g dw, 382.0 mg/g dw, and 169.0 mg/g dw of total phenolics, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, and caffeoylquinic acids, respectively. Their biological in vitro effects were phenolic-dependent and the strongest for diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol fractions of the methanol-water (7 : 3, v/v) extract. The extracts showed significant, concentration-dependent ability to scavenge in vivo-relevant radical/oxidant agents (O2∙−, OH∙, H2O2, ONOO–, NO∙, and HClO) with the strongest effects towards OH∙, ONOO–, HClO, and O2∙− (compared to ascorbic acid). Moreover, the extracts efficiently inhibited lipoxygenase and hyaluronidase (compared to indomethacin) but were inactive towards xanthine oxidase. At in vivo-relevant levels (1-5 μg/mL), they also effectively protected human plasma components (proteins and lipids) against ONOO–-induced oxidative damage (reduced the levels of 3-nitrotyrosine, lipid hydroperoxides, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances) and normalised/enhanced the total nonenzymatic antioxidant capacity of plasma. In cytotoxicity tests, the extracts did not affect the viability of human PBMCs and might be regarded as safe. The results support the application of the extracts in the treatment of oxidative stress-related pathologies cross-linked with inflammatory changes.

ACS Style

Monika A. Olszewska; Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas; Magdalena Rutkowska; Anna Magiera; Piotr Michel; Marcin W. Rejman; Pawel Nowak; Aleksandra Owczarek. The Effect of Standardised Flower Extracts of Sorbus aucuparia L. on Proinflammatory Enzymes, Multiple Oxidants, and Oxidative/Nitrative Damage of Human Plasma Components In Vitro. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2019, 2019, 1 -18.

AMA Style

Monika A. Olszewska, Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas, Magdalena Rutkowska, Anna Magiera, Piotr Michel, Marcin W. Rejman, Pawel Nowak, Aleksandra Owczarek. The Effect of Standardised Flower Extracts of Sorbus aucuparia L. on Proinflammatory Enzymes, Multiple Oxidants, and Oxidative/Nitrative Damage of Human Plasma Components In Vitro. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2019; 2019 ():1-18.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Monika A. Olszewska; Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas; Magdalena Rutkowska; Anna Magiera; Piotr Michel; Marcin W. Rejman; Pawel Nowak; Aleksandra Owczarek. 2019. "The Effect of Standardised Flower Extracts of Sorbus aucuparia L. on Proinflammatory Enzymes, Multiple Oxidants, and Oxidative/Nitrative Damage of Human Plasma Components In Vitro." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2019, no. : 1-18.

Research article
Published: 24 October 2018 in Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
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The work presents the results of an investigation into the molecular background of the activity of Cotoneaster fruits, providing a detailed description of their phytochemical composition and some of the mechanisms of their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. GS-FID-MS and UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS3 methods were applied to identify the potentially health-beneficial constituents of lipophilic and hydrophilic fractions, leading to the identification of fourteen unsaturated fatty acids (with dominant linoleic acid, 375.4–1690.2 mg/100 g dw), three phytosterols (with dominant β-sitosterol, 132.2–463.3 mg/100 g), two triterpenoid acids (10.9–54.5 mg/100 g), and twenty-six polyphenols (26.0–43.5 mg GAE/g dw). The most promising polyphenolic fractions exhibited dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity in in vitro tests of lipoxygenase (IC50 in the range of 7.7–24.9 μg/U) and hyaluronidase (IC50 in the range of 16.4–29.3 μg/U) inhibition. They were also demonstrated to be a source of effective antioxidants, both in in vitro chemical tests (DPPH, FRAP, and TBARS) and in a biological model, in which at in vivo-relevant levels (1–5 μg/mL) they normalized/enhanced the nonenzymatic antioxidant capacity of human plasma and efficiently protected protein and lipid components of plasma against peroxynitrite-induced oxidative/nitrative damage. Moreover, the investigated extracts did not exhibit cytotoxicity towards human PMBCs. Among the nine Cotoneaster species tested, C. hjelmqvistii, C. zabelii, C. splendens, and C. bullatus possess the highest bioactive potential and might be recommended as dietary and functional food products.

ACS Style

Agnieszka Kicel; Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas; Aleksandra Owczarek; Magdalena Rutkowska; Anna Wajs-Bonikowska; Sebastian Granica; Pawel Nowak; Monika A. Olszewska. Multifunctional Phytocompounds in Cotoneaster Fruits: Phytochemical Profiling, Cellular Safety, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects in Chemical and Human Plasma Models In Vitro. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2018, 2018, 1 -16.

AMA Style

Agnieszka Kicel, Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas, Aleksandra Owczarek, Magdalena Rutkowska, Anna Wajs-Bonikowska, Sebastian Granica, Pawel Nowak, Monika A. Olszewska. Multifunctional Phytocompounds in Cotoneaster Fruits: Phytochemical Profiling, Cellular Safety, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects in Chemical and Human Plasma Models In Vitro. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2018; 2018 ():1-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Kicel; Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas; Aleksandra Owczarek; Magdalena Rutkowska; Anna Wajs-Bonikowska; Sebastian Granica; Pawel Nowak; Monika A. Olszewska. 2018. "Multifunctional Phytocompounds in Cotoneaster Fruits: Phytochemical Profiling, Cellular Safety, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects in Chemical and Human Plasma Models In Vitro." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2018, no. : 1-16.

Journal article
Published: 26 September 2018 in Molecules
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The present study investigated the phenolic profile and biological activity of dry extracts from leaves of C. bullatus, C. zabelii and C. integerrimus—traditional medicinal and dietary plants—and evaluated their potential in adjunctive therapy of cardiovascular diseases. Complementary UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS3, HPLC-PDA-fingerprint, Folin-Ciocalteu, and n-butanol/HCl assays of the extracts derived by fractionated extraction confirmed that they are rich in structurally diverse polyphenols (47 analytes, content up to 650.8 mg GAE/g dw) with proanthocyanidins (83.3–358.2 mg CYE/g) dominating in C. bullatus and C. zabelii, and flavonoids (53.4–147.8 mg/g) in C. integerrimus. In chemical in vitro tests of pro-inflammatory enzymes (lipoxygenase, hyaluronidase) inhibition and antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP), the extracts effects were dose-, phenolic- and extraction solvent-dependent. The most promising polyphenolic extracts were demonstrated to be effective antioxidants in a biological model of human blood plasma—at in vivo-relevant levels (1–5 µg/mL) they normalized/enhanced the non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity of plasma and effectively prevented peroxynitrite-induced oxidative/nitrative damage of plasma proteins and lipids. As demonstrated in cytotoxicity tests, the extracts were safe—they did not affect viability of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In conclusion, Cotoneaster leaves may be useful in development of natural-based products, supporting the treatment of oxidative stress/inflammation-related chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disorders.

ACS Style

Agnieszka Kicel; Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas; Aleksandra Owczarek; Anna Marchelak; Malgorzata Sopinska; Pawel Ciszewski; Pawel Nowak; Monika A. Olszewska. Polyphenol-Rich Extracts from Cotoneaster Leaves Inhibit Pro-Inflammatory Enzymes and Protect Human Plasma Components against Oxidative Stress In Vitro. Molecules 2018, 23, 2472 .

AMA Style

Agnieszka Kicel, Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas, Aleksandra Owczarek, Anna Marchelak, Malgorzata Sopinska, Pawel Ciszewski, Pawel Nowak, Monika A. Olszewska. Polyphenol-Rich Extracts from Cotoneaster Leaves Inhibit Pro-Inflammatory Enzymes and Protect Human Plasma Components against Oxidative Stress In Vitro. Molecules. 2018; 23 (10):2472.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Kicel; Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas; Aleksandra Owczarek; Anna Marchelak; Malgorzata Sopinska; Pawel Ciszewski; Pawel Nowak; Monika A. Olszewska. 2018. "Polyphenol-Rich Extracts from Cotoneaster Leaves Inhibit Pro-Inflammatory Enzymes and Protect Human Plasma Components against Oxidative Stress In Vitro." Molecules 23, no. 10: 2472.

Journal article
Published: 15 September 2018 in Talanta
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A fast and precise qNMR method was developed for quantification of major bioactive constituents in the bark of horse chestnut and dry extracts prepared thereof. The method was optimised using 600 MHz spectrometer, and the final acquisition parameters (90°-pulse, acquisition time – 3.0 s, relaxation delay – 27 s, number of transients – 16) allowed for performing of quantitative experiments in under 15 min. The contents of three analytes were determined using specific 1H resonances at δ7.45 ppm for esculin, δ5.00 ppm for fraxin, and δ5.94 ppm for (–)-epicatechin. The validation showed good precision (RSD < 1.5%) and accuracy (95–103%), and adequate sensitivity (LODs in the range of 3.3–5.9 µg) of the measurements. The determined levels in commercial samples of Hippocastani cortex were in the range of 25.89–38.94 mg/g dry weight (dw) of the bark for esculin, 12.58–17.13 mg/g dw for fraxin and 10.42–13.96 mg/g dw for (–)-epicatechin, and in the dry extracts prepared thereof 97.02–143.51 mg/g, 45.78–58.92 mg/g and 28.07–46.29 mg/g, respectively. The obtained results were cross-validated by a HPLC-PDA method with the use of a fused-core column, and no statistical differences were found between the results obtained by both methodologies, but with the advantage of higher precision of the qNMR assay. The relevant variability in quantitative composition of the commercial samples emphasise the need to introduce quality control studies in production of preparations containing horse chestnut bark and the developed method was proved suitable for this purpose.

ACS Style

Aleksandra Owczarek; Arkadiusz Kłys; Monika Olszewska. A validated 1H qNMR method for direct and simultaneous quantification of esculin, fraxin and (–)-epicatechin in Hippocastani cortex. Talanta 2018, 192, 263 -269.

AMA Style

Aleksandra Owczarek, Arkadiusz Kłys, Monika Olszewska. A validated 1H qNMR method for direct and simultaneous quantification of esculin, fraxin and (–)-epicatechin in Hippocastani cortex. Talanta. 2018; 192 ():263-269.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandra Owczarek; Arkadiusz Kłys; Monika Olszewska. 2018. "A validated 1H qNMR method for direct and simultaneous quantification of esculin, fraxin and (–)-epicatechin in Hippocastani cortex." Talanta 192, no. : 263-269.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Journal of Functional Foods
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Magdalena Matczak; Anna Marchelak; Piotr Michel; Aleksandra Owczarek; Anna Piszczan; Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas; Pawel Nowak; Monika Olszewska. Sorbus domestica L. leaf extracts as functional products: phytochemical profiling, cellular safety, pro-inflammatory enzymes inhibition and protective effects against oxidative stress in vitro. Journal of Functional Foods 2018, 40, 207 -218.

AMA Style

Magdalena Matczak, Anna Marchelak, Piotr Michel, Aleksandra Owczarek, Anna Piszczan, Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas, Pawel Nowak, Monika Olszewska. Sorbus domestica L. leaf extracts as functional products: phytochemical profiling, cellular safety, pro-inflammatory enzymes inhibition and protective effects against oxidative stress in vitro. Journal of Functional Foods. 2018; 40 ():207-218.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Magdalena Matczak; Anna Marchelak; Piotr Michel; Aleksandra Owczarek; Anna Piszczan; Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas; Pawel Nowak; Monika Olszewska. 2018. "Sorbus domestica L. leaf extracts as functional products: phytochemical profiling, cellular safety, pro-inflammatory enzymes inhibition and protective effects against oxidative stress in vitro." Journal of Functional Foods 40, no. : 207-218.

Original research article
Published: 11 October 2017 in Frontiers in Pharmacology
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Flower extracts of Prunus spinosa L. (blackthorn)– a traditional medicinal plant of Central and Eastern Europe indicated for the treatment of urinary tract disorders, inflammation, and adjunctive therapy of cardiovascular diseases– were evaluated in terms of chemical composition, antioxidant activity, potential anti-inflammatory effects, and cellular safety in function of fractionated extraction. The UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS3 fingerprinting led to full or partial identification of 57 marker constituents (36 new for the flowers), mostly flavonoids, A-type proanthocyanidins, and phenolic acids, and provided the basis for authentication and standardization of the flower extracts. With the contents up to 584.07 mg/g dry weight (dw), 490.63 mg/g dw, 109.43 mg/g dw, and 66.77 mg/g dw of total phenolics (TPC), flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, and phenolic acids, respectively, the extracts were proven to be rich sources of polyphenols. In chemical in vitro tests of antioxidant (DPPH, FRAP, TBARS) and enzyme (lipoxygenase and hyaluronidase) inhibitory activity, the extracts effects were profound, dose-, phenolic-, and extraction solvent-dependent. Moreover, at in vivo-relevant levels (1-5 µg/mL) the extracts effectively protected the human plasma components against peroxynitrite-induced damage (reduced the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers: 3-nitrotyrosine, lipid hydroperoxides, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances) and enhanced the total antioxidant status of plasma. The effects observed in biological models were in general dose- and TPC-dependent; only for protein nitration the relationships were not significant. Furthermore, in cytotoxicity tests, the extracts did not affect the viability of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and might be regarded as safe. Among extracts, the defatted methanol-water (7:3, v/v) extract and its diethyl ether and ethyl acetate fractions appear to be the most advantageous for biological applications. As compared to the positive controls, activity of the extracts was favorable, which might be attributed to some synergic effects of their constituents. In conclusion, this research proves that the antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory capacity of phenolic fractions should be counted as one of the mechanisms behind the activity of the flowers reported by traditional medicine and demonstrates the potential of the extracts as alternative ingredients for functional products supporting the treatment of oxidative stress-related pathologies cross-linked with inflammatory changes, especially in cardiovascular protection.

ACS Style

Anna Marchelak; Aleksandra Owczarek; Magdalena Matczak; Adam Pawlak; Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas; Pawel Nowak; Monika A. Olszewska. Bioactivity Potential of Prunus spinosa L. Flower Extracts: Phytochemical Profiling, Cellular Safety, Pro-inflammatory Enzymes Inhibition and Protective Effects Against Oxidative Stress In Vitro. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2017, 8, 680 .

AMA Style

Anna Marchelak, Aleksandra Owczarek, Magdalena Matczak, Adam Pawlak, Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas, Pawel Nowak, Monika A. Olszewska. Bioactivity Potential of Prunus spinosa L. Flower Extracts: Phytochemical Profiling, Cellular Safety, Pro-inflammatory Enzymes Inhibition and Protective Effects Against Oxidative Stress In Vitro. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2017; 8 ():680.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Marchelak; Aleksandra Owczarek; Magdalena Matczak; Adam Pawlak; Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas; Pawel Nowak; Monika A. Olszewska. 2017. "Bioactivity Potential of Prunus spinosa L. Flower Extracts: Phytochemical Profiling, Cellular Safety, Pro-inflammatory Enzymes Inhibition and Protective Effects Against Oxidative Stress In Vitro." Frontiers in Pharmacology 8, no. : 680.