Low back pain represents a significant socioeconomic burden. Several nonsurgical medical treatments have been proposed for the treatment of this disabling condition. Epidural steroid injections (ESIs) are commonly used to treat lumbosacral radicular pain and to avoid surgery. Even though it is still not clear which type of conservative intervention is superior, several studies have proved that ESIs are able to increase patients’ quality of life, relieve lumbosacral radicular pain and finally, reduce or delay more invasive interventions, such as spinal surgery. The aim of this narrative review is to analyze the mechanism of action of ESIs in patients affected by low back pain and investigate their current application in treating this widespread pathology.

The forces applied to the soft tissues of the upper airway may have a deleterious effect. This study was designed to evaluate the performance of the GlideScope compared with the Macintosh laryngoscope. Twenty anaesthetists and 20 trainees attempted tracheal intubation of a Laerdal SimMan manikin. Forces and pressure distribution applied by both laryngoscope blades onto the soft upper airway tissues were measured using film pressure transducers. The minimal force needed to achieve a successful intubation, in the same simulated scenario, was measured; additionally, we considered the visualization score achieved by using the Cormack–Lehane grades. All participants applied, on average, lower force with the GlideScope than with the Macintosh in each simulated scenario. Forces [mean (sd)] applied in the normal airway scenario [anaesthetists: Macintosh 39 (22) N and GlideScope 27 (15) N; trainees: Macintosh 45 (24) N and GlideScope 21 (15) N] were lower than forces applied in the difficult airway scenario [anaesthetists: Macintosh 95 (22) N and GlideScope 66 (20) N; trainees: Macintosh 100 (38) N and GlideScope 48 (16) N]. All the intubations using the GlideScope were successful, regardless of the scenario and previous intubation experience. The average pressure on the blades was 0.13 MPa for the Macintosh and 0.07 MPa for the GlideScope, showing a higher uniformity for the latter. The GlideScope allowed the participants to obtain a successful intubation applying a lower force. A flatter and more uniform pressure distribution, a higher successful rate, and a better glottic view were observed with the GlideScope.

Long-term monitoring of respiratory rate (RR) is of great importance in people suffering from sleep-related breathing disorders. Instrumented mattresses are gaining the attention of several research groups to monitor this vital sign. Among the existing sensing techniques, fiber Bragg grating sensors (FBGs) show promise in this arena. In this article, we presented a novel FBG-based smart mattress to monitor RR over time. The proposed measuring system consisted of thirteen sensing elements (SEs) based on FBGs encapsulated in soft biocompatible rubber, totally embedded in multiple silicone layers. Compactness, robustness and user comfort are the main advantages of our solution. The mattress size and the arrangement of the 13 SEs were chosen to allow monitoring subjects with different anthropometric parameters and taking up different sleeping postures. Before the overall system integration, each SE was subjected to static and dynamic metrological characterization, a process often overlooked in fiber optic-based mattresses. Results showed a mean sensitivity to force equal to 14 pm∙N ^-1 and a mean percentage hysteresis error always lower than 18%. The feasibility assessment of the system in RR monitoring was carried out on five healthy volunteers taking up common sleeping postures (i.e., supine, right side, left side, and prone) under two breathing conditions (i.e., quiet breathing and tachypnea). RR estimation showed a mean absolute error always lower than 0.65 breaths/min. The promising findings proved the capability of our smart mattress in monitoring RR over time, encouraging the investigation of its performance in real-world scenarios.

In recent years, extensive investigations have been geared toward finding unobtrusive solutions for monitoring cardiorespiratory activity as an alternative to traditional clinical methods. Among others, the ones based on fiber Bragg grating sensors (FBGs) reveal remarkable promise for monitoring respiratory (RR) and heart rate (HR). The present study investigates the performance of a mattress based on a thirteen FBG-array for HR continuous estimation. Firstly, a metrological characterization was performed to assess system characteristics under frequencies simulating typical HR values (i.e., 60 beats per minute -bpm-, 90 bpm, and 120 bpm). Then, the proposed device was tested on eight healthy volunteers (both males and females) in the presence of different breathing stages (i.e., quiet breathing and tachypnea) and while mimicking common sleeping postures (i.e., supine, left side, and prone). The assessment of HR measurements under different breathing regimes and postures has rarely been addressed in FBG-based technologies. The achieved results suggest the proposed mattress has promising capability in reliably estimating HR values. These results together with the ones obtained in terms of RR monitoring in a recent study reveal the high potential for monitoring cardiorespiratory activity.

Temperature monitoring inside tissue undergoing minimally invasive thermal ablation is a primary goal to improve the clinical outcomes. Existing techniques for temperature measurements, classified as invasive or contactless, have limited clinical practice applications due to several practical issues. Fiber Bragg grating sensors (FBG) can be a valid solution since they can perform accurate and multi-point temperature measurements by inserting a single and small fiber optic within the tissue. Notwithstanding, their cross-sensitivity to strain may cause measurement errors during thermal procedures. Indeed, several organs (e.g., lungs, liver, pancreas) can strain gratings due to movements caused by breathing. To date, only a few studies have specifically addressed this concern, despite the wide use of FBGs in this field. To overcome this lack, we estimated the artefact of the FBGs output in response to lungs’ movements induced by breathing. This investigation was carried out by inserting FBGs within a manually ventilated lung model (ex vivo swine lungs). We measured both the lungs’ movements during breathing by a Motion Capture system and the related fluctuations of the FBGs’ output. Moreover, we performed the same experiments during thermal ablation of lungs to assess the mentioned artefact’s influence. In this study, we demonstrated the relevance of the respiratory artefact on FBGs, and also the possibility to correct this error during thermal ablation.

Heart rate variability (HRV) indexes are becoming useful in various applications, from better diagnosis and prevention of diseases to predicting stress levels. Typically, HRV indexes are retrieved from the heart’s electrical activity collected with an electrocardiographic signal (ECG). Heart-induced mechanical signals recorded from the body’s surface can be utilized to record the mechanical activity of the heart and, in turn, extract HRV indexes from interbeat intervals (IBIs). Among others, accelerometers and gyroscopes can be used to register IBIs from precordial accelerations and chest wall angular velocities. However, unlike electrical signals, the morphology of mechanical ones is strongly affected by body posture. In this paper, we investigated the feasibility of estimating the most common linear and non-linear HRV indexes from accelerometer and gyroscope data collected with a wearable skin-interfaced Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) positioned at the xiphoid level. Data were collected from 21 healthy volunteers assuming two common postures (i.e., seated and lying). Results show that using the gyroscope signal in the lying posture allows accurate results in estimating IBIs, thus allowing extracting of linear and non-linear HRV parameters that are not statistically significantly different from those extracted from reference ECG.