The opportunity of decreasing the development of biofilm on the implant surface is one of the biggest research problems. It is connected with the existing prevention of microorganism hyperplasia. The application of numerous modifications is concerned with surface treatments leading to minimizing bacterial colonization. In the case of non-use antibacterial therapy, this leads to tissue infection. It can lead to a decreased opportunity to fight infection using antibiotherapy. One way is to decrease the increasing biofilm application which requires a method of modification. These techniques ensure properties like homogeneity or repeatability. The structure and chemical composition are changed with methods like CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition), PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition), sol–gel, or ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition). Antibacterial properties of metals are connected with their impact on proteins and the nuclear proliferation of fibroblasts, causing improvement in biocompatibility and also growth corrosion resistance, and the decline of biofilm adhesion. The prevention of biofilm with medicines and antibiotics is a crowded-out treatment. Traditional methods of preventing biofilm are based on compounds that kill or inhibit the growth of the microbes but at the same time lead to frequent development of resistance to antibiotics. This review summarizes the current knowledge of reducing and preventing the creation of biofilm.

Biomaterials used for bone implants should be characterized by good corrosion resistance, appropriate mechanical and electrical properties, high metallurgical quality, biocompatibility, abrasion resistance, and relatively low production costs. Currently used titanium alloys are being replaced by materials with better biocompatibility, so-called new-generation titanium alloys containing elements such as vanadium or niobium. These alloys, with the addition of Zr, Fe, or Ta, give Young's modulus values approximating that of bone, thus further improving the biocompatibility of the biomaterial. The aim of this study was to assess the impact on its physicochemical and mechanical properties of modifying Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy with a titanium nitride (TiN) layer using PVD. The knowledge obtained has practical significance for the use of this type of surface modification for various types of miniaturized implants used, for example, in the skeletal system. As part of the assessment of the physicochemical properties of the resulting surface layers, microscopic observations (SEM), potentiodynamic tests, impedance tests, surface wettability tests, scratch tests, and layer abrasion tests were performed. Based on the results obtained, various physicochemical properties of the modified alloy were recorded, depending on the surface modification process. As a result, better properties were noted with respect to corrosion resistance, especially for the tribological properties and the surface resistance to abrasion. The knowledge obtained from this research has practical significance for the use of this type of surface modification for various types of miniaturized implants used in the skeletal system.

The constantly growing need for the use of implants in osteotomy is mainly due to the aging population and the need for long-term use of this type of biomaterials. Improving implant materials requires the selection of appropriate functional properties. Currently used titanium (Ti) alloys, such as Ti6Al4V and Ti6Al7Nb, are being replaced by materials with better biocompatibility, such as vanadium (V) or niobium (Nb), allowing for creation of the so-called new generation alloys. These new alloys, with the incorporation of zirconium (Zr), iron, and tantalum, possess Young's modulus close to that of a bone, which further improves the improves the biomaterial's. bio-compatibility. This article describes the atomic layer deposition (ALD) method and its possible applications in the new generation of titanium alloys for biomedical applications. Also, the exemplary results of tin oxide (SnO2) thin coatings deposited by ALD and physical vapor deposition (PVD) methods are presented. This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical properties of a Ti13Nb13Zr alloy used for elements in the skeletal system. As the temperature and the number of cycles vary, the results demonstrate that the surface area of the samples changes. The uncoated Ti13Nb13Zr alloy exhibits hydrophilic properties. However, all coated specimens improve in this respect and provide improved clinical results. after the applied modification, the samples have a smaller contact angle, but still remain in the range of 0-90 degrees, which makes it possible to conclude that their nature remains hydrophilic. Coating the specimens decreased the minerali-zation risk of postoperative complications. As a result, the biomaterials demonstrated improved effectiveness, decreased complication indicators, and improved patient well-being.

The research describes an atomic layer deposition (ALD) coating method and its application on a new generationof titanium alloy (Ti13Nb13Zr) for biomedical applications. The study aimed to assess the physicochemicalproperties and mechanics of a titanium alloy coated with titanium oxide (TiO2) or aluminium oxide (Al2O3)using the ALD method. The physicochemical properties of the surface coatings were evaluated throughmicroscopic observations, potentiodynamic tests, surface wettability tests, optical profilometry scratch tests,and abrasion tests. Based on the data obtained, different physicochemical properties of the alloy with titaniumnitride and titanium oxide coatings were found. Such differences were dependent on the number of cyclesused and the temperature of the manufacturing process. The coatings have reduced the abrasion coefficient,thus improving the abrasion resistance of the Ti13Nb13Zr alloy, which enables their use within the skeletalsystem. These findings are of practical importance for applying this type of surface modification to varioustypes of miniaturised implants used in the skeletal system.

Titanium alloys are currently widely used in implantation, especially in orthopaedics. However, undesirablereactions caused by aluminium and vanadium ions released from the surface of the most commonly used alloys,Ti6Al4V and Ti6Al7Nb, result in the need to modify the surface of the material to improve biocompatibility.Among the available modification methods, one can mention the application of biodegradable polymercoatings, which, apart from improving biocompatibility by limiting the penetration of alloying element ionsinto the tissue environment, can also be a matrix for the release of mineral (HAp) and active substances. Thepaper attempts to determine the mechanical properties of PLGA polymer coatings containing nanoparticlehydroxyapatite and an active substance (dexamethasone) applied with the ultrasonic spray coating methodon a Ti6Al7Nb alloy substrate. The scope of the research included: surface topography testing using an opticalprofilometer, coating adhesion testing to the substrate using the scratch test method and tribological testing(Pin-On-Disc method).

Previous studies of nitrogen and carbonitride layers on titanium alloys have mainly focused on cast or wrought materials. These traditional manufacturing methods are increasingly being replaced by additive methods, which allow the geometry of the manufactured product to be personalized. In the case of multi-component structures, and implant systems in particular, the hardness and abrasion resistance of the surface are insufficient. Therefore, these surfaces must be modified to improve these properties. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the properties of surface-modified Ti64 ELI alloy samples produced by the additive Direct Metal Laser Sintering method. To increase the hardness and abrasion resistance of the surface, a diffusion layer of TiN was produced under glow discharge conditions on samples previously heat-treated at temperatures of 800 °C, 910 °C, and 1020 °C. Since these implants remain in the body, it is important to sterilize them beforehand. Therefore, this study included samples after steam sterilization, and the results were compared to unsterilized samples. This study evaluated the structure of the material, the phase composition of the layer, the topography and wettability of the surface, along with the surface energy (before sterilization θ_av > 106°), resistance to pitting corrosion, hardness, and tribological properties.