Fires in landfills, where used plastic packaging waste is discarded, have shown how great a fire hazard these types of materials pose. In this study, the course of thermo-oxidation of samples made of polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) based plastics was determined. Based on an analysis of the dissociation energy of bonds between atoms in a polymer molecule, the mechanisms responsible for the character and course of degradation were observed. It was found that the degradation rate of PP and PS could be a result of the stability of C-H bonds on the tertiary carbon atom. In the case of PS, due to facilitated intramolecular hydrogen transfer, stabilization of hydroperoxide, and formation of a stable tertiary alcohol molecule, the onset of degradation is shifted towards higher temperatures than in the case of PP. Notably, the PP fragmentation occurs to a greater extent due to the easier course of β-scission. In addition, it was found that during a fire, the least amount of heat would be generated by thermo-oxidation of PS-based plastics. This is a result of the formation of a styrene molecule during decomposition that, due to the high stability of bonds in the aromatic ring, escapes from the combustion zone without oxidation. It has been proven that the greatest thermal effect accompanies PET decomposition, during which a phenyl radical is produced, where the C-H bonds break more easily in comparison with the bonds of an intact ring.

In the proposed SAFEDAM system, aerial and satellite-based information is used for the monitoring of river bodies, flood monitoring during the event, and for post-disaster damage assessment. UAV constitute a valuable source of information about the current situation in the field during the operation of emergency services. Time is crucial, and the basic assumption to use UAV remote sensing data is to make them available immediately after landing. Therefore, the approach of automatic orthomosaics created based on the exterior orientation of the transmitted images using direct georeference was selected instead of sophisticated automatic on-the-fly image-matching and georeferencing. The article conveys the justification for selecting this option in order to process orthomosaics with lower localisation accuracy in a short time. The developed algorithm takes into account the elements of exterior and interior orientation of the camera as well as the digital terrain model. The evaluation of the orthomosaic was conducted based on theorthophoto created in post-processing. Thanks to the approach used, images from the platform are available in the near real time on the screen of the interventional mode of the SAFEDAM system and are an extremely valuable and informative source of data. The system also integrates tools, which support the management of the action and prepares site documentation.

The interventions of fire protection units (FPUs) are the response of the state security system toemergent threats characteristically inscribed as appropriate to be dealt with by the FPU. All rescueinterventions undertaken by the FPU are recorded in the Decision Support System of the State FireService (SWD SFS), where an ongoing record of all current incidents is kept. Each of the incidentshandled by the FPU, after a multi-level verification of the baseline information concerning a giventhreat, is classified in accordance with the applicable Principles (Headquarters of the State FireService, 2022) as: a fire (F), a local threat (LT), false alarm (FA).The types of incidents handled by the Fire Protection Units (FPUs) and the answer to the questionof whether the adopted classification fully captures the essence of the FPU intervention will bethe subject of discussion by the authors who will analyse the area in question with referenceto both the actual conditions and the formal and legal status. In compliance with the currentlegislation, the authors will present legal boundaries for the commencement of a rescue actionwith an indication of its systematic allocation to the appropriate group of incidents (P, MZ, AF),while demonstrating the importance of the correct identification of circumstances indicating itstermination and the proper documentation of the above fact. In the subsequent part of the article,the authors propose to correct the classification of the type of incidents undertaken by the FPUs,stating that they may be recorded taking into account events of an authoritative nature as well asthose intended to support the activities of other services, entities and inspections. The authors’scientific considerations in the final part of the article will be presented in the form of clarifiedproposals for the revision of the rules for the generic classification of events undertaken by FPUs.

Every day, firefighters put their health and life at risk by saving people and their property not only during fires, but by being always ready during all kinds of unfortunate events. Therefore, they need special personal protective equipment, including protective clothing. The purpose of the study was to compare thermal properties of new (PROTON and SYRIUSZ) and old (US-03) personal protective clothing for firefighters. Measurements of thermal insulation (total, effective and local) were carried out using a full body shape thermal manikin Newton consisting of 34 segments, in which temperature and heat flux were controlled independently. Results of the total thermal insulation of the entire clothing reveal differences between all three models. The lowest values were noticed for the model PROTON with light and shorter jacket and the highest values of thermal insulation for the new model SYRIUSZ, indicating that this model protect the user against heat most effectively. New models of personal protective clothing for firefighters should be recommended for use in everyday work, because they are characterized by better parameters than the previous type of protective clothing, both in terms of thermal protection and mobility.

Kierowanie działaniem ratowniczym to sprawowanie funkcji władczej, pełnionej czasowo przezosobę posiadającą odpowiednie kompetencje oraz kwalifikacje. Kierujący działaniem ratowniczym,wypełniając nakładane na niego zadania, zobowiązany jest do ich realizacji, korzystając szeregupraw uprawnień władczych. Przewodząc działaniom podległych sił ramach aktywności ratowniczychwładczo przypisanych JOP, kierujący uosabia system bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego państwa,działania, jakie podejmuje każdorazowo mają na celu ograniczanie bądź likwidację zagrożeń dladóbr prawnie chronionych. polskim systemie prawnym kierujący działaniem ratowniczym jestswoistym wyjątkiem, ponieważ na czas sprawowania władztwa nabywa szereg kompetencjipozwalających mu ograniczać swobody obywatelskie, wydawać decyzję administracyjne ze skutkiemnatychmiastowej wykonalności, występować roli jednoosobowego organu administracyjnego czywypełniać zadania przypisane funkcjonariuszom publicznym.Sprawowanie funkcji władczej ramach aktywności ratowniczych JOP, począwszy od określeniarodzaju tych aktywności, wskazanie ich prawnych granic oraz wynikający tego zakres praw uprawnieńwładczych, stanowiący zbiór kompetencji kierującego, posłużą autorom do ukazania kierującegodziałaniem ratowniczym jako jednoosobowego organu administracyjnego.