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Celiac disease (CD) is a genetic-based autoimmune disorder which is characterized by inflammation in the small intestinal mucosa due to the intolerance to gluten. Celiac people should consume products without gluten, which are elaborated mainly with maize or other cereals. Contamination of cereals with mycotoxins, such as fumonisins (FBs) and aflatoxins (AFs) is frequently reported worldwide. Therefore, food ingestion is the main source of mycotoxin exposure. A new analytical method was developed and validated for simultaneous analysis of 21 mycotoxins in gluten-free pasta, commonly consumed by celiac population as an alternative to conventional pasta. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS) was used for analyte separation and detection. The mycotoxins included in this work were those widely reported to occur in cereal samples, namely, ochratoxin-A (OTA), aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2), zearalenone (ZON), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-AcDON and 15-AcDON, respectively), nivalenol (NIV), neosolaniol (NEO), fusarenone-X, (FUS-X), T-2 toxin (T-2) and HT-2 toxin (HT-2), fumonisin B1 and B2 (FB1 and FB2, respectively), enniatins (ENN A, ENN A1, ENN B and ENN B1) and beauvericin (BEA). The validated method was successfully applied to 84 gluten-free pasta samples collected from several local markets of Campania region (Italy) during September to November 2020 to monitor the occurrence of mycotoxins and to assess the exposure to these food contaminants. A significant number of samples (95%) showed mycotoxin contamination, being Fusarium mycotoxins (FB1, ZON and DON) the most commonly detected ones. Regarding the risk assessment, the higher exposures were obtained for NIV, DON and FB1 for children and teenagers age group which can be explained due to their lower body weight.
Josefa Tolosa; Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco; Giulia Graziani; Anna Gaspari; Emilia Ferrer; Jordi Mañes; Alberto Ritieni. Mycotoxin Occurrence and Risk Assessment in Gluten-Free Pasta through UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS. Toxins 2021, 13, 305 .
AMA StyleJosefa Tolosa, Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco, Giulia Graziani, Anna Gaspari, Emilia Ferrer, Jordi Mañes, Alberto Ritieni. Mycotoxin Occurrence and Risk Assessment in Gluten-Free Pasta through UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS. Toxins. 2021; 13 (5):305.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosefa Tolosa; Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco; Giulia Graziani; Anna Gaspari; Emilia Ferrer; Jordi Mañes; Alberto Ritieni. 2021. "Mycotoxin Occurrence and Risk Assessment in Gluten-Free Pasta through UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS." Toxins 13, no. 5: 305.
The present study aimed to identify mycotoxins in edible tissues of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS). After using a non-targeted screening approach and a home-made spectral library, 233 mycotoxins were analyzed. Moreover, the occurrence of mycotoxins in fish filets was evaluated, and their potential toxicity was predicted by in silico methods. According to the obtained results, forty mycotoxins were identified in analyzed salmon samples, the predominant mycotoxins being enniatins (also rugulosin and 17 ophiobolins), commonly found in cereals and their by-products. Thus, mycotoxin carry-over can occur from feed to organs and edible tissues of cultivated fish. Moreover, the toxicity of detected mycotoxins was predicted by the in silico webserver ProTox-II, highlighting that special attention must be paid to some less reported mycotoxins due to their toxic predicted properties.
Josefa Tolosa; Francisco J. Barba; Noelia Pallarés; Emilia Ferrer. Mycotoxin Identification and In Silico Toxicity Assessment Prediction in Atlantic Salmon. Marine Drugs 2020, 18, 629 .
AMA StyleJosefa Tolosa, Francisco J. Barba, Noelia Pallarés, Emilia Ferrer. Mycotoxin Identification and In Silico Toxicity Assessment Prediction in Atlantic Salmon. Marine Drugs. 2020; 18 (12):629.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosefa Tolosa; Francisco J. Barba; Noelia Pallarés; Emilia Ferrer. 2020. "Mycotoxin Identification and In Silico Toxicity Assessment Prediction in Atlantic Salmon." Marine Drugs 18, no. 12: 629.
The development of innovative food processing technologies has increased to answer the growing demand to supply of fresh-like products. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of pulsed electric fields (PEF) technology on reducing the emerging mycotoxins (enniatins (ENs) and beauvericin (BEA)) contents in juice and smoothie samples. The products of degradation obtained after PEF treatment were identified and their toxicological endpoint toxicities predicted by Pro Tox-II web. Mycotoxin reduction ranged from 43 to 70% in juices and smoothies, but in water the expected effect was lower. The acidified pH increased BEA reduction in water. The degradation products that were produced were the result of the loss of aminoacidic fragments of the original molecules, such as HyLv, Val, Ile, or Phe. Pro Tox-II server assigned a toxicity class I for enniatin B (ENB) degradation products with a predicted LD50 of 3 mg/Kgbw. The other degradation products were classified in toxicity class III and IV.
Noelia Pallarés; Francisco J. Barba; Houda Berrada; Josefa Tolosa; Emilia Ferrer. Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) to Mitigate Emerging Mycotoxins in Juices and Smoothies. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 6989 .
AMA StyleNoelia Pallarés, Francisco J. Barba, Houda Berrada, Josefa Tolosa, Emilia Ferrer. Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) to Mitigate Emerging Mycotoxins in Juices and Smoothies. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (19):6989.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNoelia Pallarés; Francisco J. Barba; Houda Berrada; Josefa Tolosa; Emilia Ferrer. 2020. "Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) to Mitigate Emerging Mycotoxins in Juices and Smoothies." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19: 6989.
Milk is a nutritious food suitable for infants and adults, and it plays an important role in the human diet. However, it may also be a vehicle for food contaminants. In this report, we developed a method using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap HRMS; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) for simultaneous identification of target pharmacologically active substances and mycotoxins in milk. We also used the Q-Orbitrap operating in full scan mode to identify other possible drugs and microbial metabolites that occurred in samples. Fifty-six commercially available milk samples from the Italian market were analyzed. Investigated analytes were extracted using a QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) approach. Method detection and quantification limits and performance criteria set by European regulations were fulfilled. Pharmacologically active substances were detected in 49% of samples (range 0.007-4.53 ng/mL), including nontarget mycotoxins. Retrospective analysis allowed us to identify other antibiotics and pharmacologically active substances, as well as nonregulated fungal/bacterial metabolites at a relatively high incidence. From the obtained values, the need for continuous monitoring of contaminants in the milk production chain is clear. This is the first study to assess the presence of pharmacologically active substances, mycotoxins, and other microbial metabolites in Italian milk samples using the UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS system.
Luana Izzo; Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco; Josefa Tolosa; Giulia Graziani; Anna Gaspari; Alberto Ritieni. Target analysis and retrospective screening of mycotoxins and pharmacologically active substances in milk using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry approach. Journal of Dairy Science 2020, 103, 1250 -1260.
AMA StyleLuana Izzo, Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco, Josefa Tolosa, Giulia Graziani, Anna Gaspari, Alberto Ritieni. Target analysis and retrospective screening of mycotoxins and pharmacologically active substances in milk using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry approach. Journal of Dairy Science. 2020; 103 (2):1250-1260.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuana Izzo; Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco; Josefa Tolosa; Giulia Graziani; Anna Gaspari; Alberto Ritieni. 2020. "Target analysis and retrospective screening of mycotoxins and pharmacologically active substances in milk using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry approach." Journal of Dairy Science 103, no. 2: 1250-1260.
A comprehensive strategy combining a quantitative method for 28 mycotoxins and a post-target screening for other 245 fungal and bacterial metabolites in dry pet food samples were developed using an acetonitrile-based extraction and an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) method. The proposed method showed satisfactory validation results according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Average recoveries from 72 to 108% were obtained for all studied mycotoxins, and the intra-/inter-day precision were below 9 and 14%, respectively. Results showed mycotoxin contamination in 99% of pet food samples (n = 89) at concentrations of up to hundreds µg/kg, with emerging Fusarium mycotoxins being the most commonly detected mycotoxins. All positive samples showed co-occurrence of mycotoxins with the simultaneous presence of up to 16 analytes per sample. In the retrospective screening, up to 54 fungal metabolites were tentatively identified being cyclopiazonic acid, paspalitrem A, fusaric acid, and macrosporin, the most commonly detected analytes.
Luigi Castaldo; Giulia Graziani; Anna Gaspari; Luana Izzo; Josefa Tolosa; Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco; Alberto Ritieni. Target Analysis and Retrospective Screening of Multiple Mycotoxins in Pet Food Using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS. Toxins 2019, 11, 434 .
AMA StyleLuigi Castaldo, Giulia Graziani, Anna Gaspari, Luana Izzo, Josefa Tolosa, Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco, Alberto Ritieni. Target Analysis and Retrospective Screening of Multiple Mycotoxins in Pet Food Using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS. Toxins. 2019; 11 (8):434.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuigi Castaldo; Giulia Graziani; Anna Gaspari; Luana Izzo; Josefa Tolosa; Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco; Alberto Ritieni. 2019. "Target Analysis and Retrospective Screening of Multiple Mycotoxins in Pet Food Using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS." Toxins 11, no. 8: 434.
Mycotoxins are produced by a number of fungal genera spp., for example, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Fusarium, and Claviceps. Beauvericin (BEA) and Ochratoxin A (OTA) are present in various cereal crops and processed grains. This goal of this study was to determine their combination effect in HepG2 cells, presented for the first time. In this study, the type of interaction among BEA and OTA through an isobologram method, cell cycle disturbance by flow cytometry, and genotoxic potential by in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay following the TG 487 (OECD, 2016) of BEA and OTA individually and combined in HepG2 cells are presented. Cytotoxic concentration ranges studied by the MTT assay over 24, 48, and 72 h were from 0 to 25 µM for BEA and from 0 to 100 µM for OTA, while BEA + OTA combinations were at a 1:10 ratio from 3.4 to 27.5 µM. The toxicity observed for BEA was higher than for OTA at all times assayed; additive and synergistic effects were detected for their mixtures. Cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase was detected for OTA and BEA + OTA treatments in HepG2 cells. Genotoxicity revealed significant effects for BEA, OTA, and in combinations underlining the importance of studying real exposure scenarios of chronic exposure to mycotoxins.
Ana Juan-García; Josefa Tolosa; Cristina Juan; María-José Ruiz. Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity and Disturbance of Cell Cycle in HepG2 Cells Exposed to OTA and BEA: Single and Combined Actions. Toxins 2019, 11, 341 .
AMA StyleAna Juan-García, Josefa Tolosa, Cristina Juan, María-José Ruiz. Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity and Disturbance of Cell Cycle in HepG2 Cells Exposed to OTA and BEA: Single and Combined Actions. Toxins. 2019; 11 (6):341.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna Juan-García; Josefa Tolosa; Cristina Juan; María-José Ruiz. 2019. "Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity and Disturbance of Cell Cycle in HepG2 Cells Exposed to OTA and BEA: Single and Combined Actions." Toxins 11, no. 6: 341.
Emerging fusariotoxins, mainly enniatins (ENNs) and beauvericin (BEA), are secondary toxic metabolites produced by Fusarium spp. and are widely distributed contaminants of cereals and by-products. Mycotoxin contamination in these products supposes an important risk to feed supply security in the feed industry due to the common use of cereals in feed formulations. Hence, continuous monitoring of both raw materials and feed mixtures is highly recommended as stated by sanitary authorities. Therefore, an analytical procedure based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and an acetonitrile-based extraction followed by a d-SPE (QuEChERS) step for the simultaneous determination of emerging Fusarium mycotoxins was in-house validated and successfully applied to raw materials (n = 39) and feed manufactured with them (n = 48). The analytical method was validated following the European guidelines and satisfactory results were obtained. Both raw materials and complete feedstuffs showed mycotoxin contamination at incidences of 18% and 92%, respectively. ENN B was the most commonly found mycotoxin in the analyzed samples at concentrations up to several tens of µg/kg. On the other hand, the co-occurrence of mycotoxins was observed in 47% of samples, ENN B and BEA being the most common combination. These results highlight the necessity to take a vigilant attitude to monitor the occurrence of contaminants in raw materials and feedstuffs throughout the manufacturing chain and storage.
Josefa Tolosa; Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco; Emilia Ferrer; Jordi Mañes. Identification and Quantification of Enniatins and Beauvericin in Animal Feeds and Their Ingredients by LC-QTRAP/MS/MS. Metabolites 2019, 9, 33 .
AMA StyleJosefa Tolosa, Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco, Emilia Ferrer, Jordi Mañes. Identification and Quantification of Enniatins and Beauvericin in Animal Feeds and Their Ingredients by LC-QTRAP/MS/MS. Metabolites. 2019; 9 (2):33.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosefa Tolosa; Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco; Emilia Ferrer; Jordi Mañes. 2019. "Identification and Quantification of Enniatins and Beauvericin in Animal Feeds and Their Ingredients by LC-QTRAP/MS/MS." Metabolites 9, no. 2: 33.
The inclusion of vegetal raw materials in feed for fish farming has increased the risk of mycotoxin occurrence in feed, as well as in edible tissues from fish fed with contaminated feed, due to the carry-over to muscle portions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of 15 mycotoxins in processed fish products, which are commonly consumed, such as smoked salmon and trout, different types of sushi, and gula substitutes. A QuEChERS method was employed to perform the mycotoxin extraction from fish samples. For mycotoxin identification and quantitation, the selected technique was the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry linear ion trap (LC-MS/MS-LIT). Smoked fish and sushi samples results were negative regarding the presence of all 15 mycotoxins studied. In contrast, small amounts of fusarenon-X and enniatin B were found in gula substitute samples.
Josefa Tolosa; Francisco J. Barba; Guillermina Font; Emilia Ferrer. Mycotoxin Incidence in Some Fish Products: QuEChERS Methodology and Liquid Chromatography Linear Ion Trap Tandem Mass Spectrometry Approach. Molecules 2019, 24, 527 .
AMA StyleJosefa Tolosa, Francisco J. Barba, Guillermina Font, Emilia Ferrer. Mycotoxin Incidence in Some Fish Products: QuEChERS Methodology and Liquid Chromatography Linear Ion Trap Tandem Mass Spectrometry Approach. Molecules. 2019; 24 (3):527.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosefa Tolosa; Francisco J. Barba; Guillermina Font; Emilia Ferrer. 2019. "Mycotoxin Incidence in Some Fish Products: QuEChERS Methodology and Liquid Chromatography Linear Ion Trap Tandem Mass Spectrometry Approach." Molecules 24, no. 3: 527.
A simple and rapid multi-mycotoxin method for the determination of 17 mycotoxins simultaneously is described in the present survey on durum and soft wheat pasta samples. Mycotoxins included in the study were those mainly reported in cereal samples: ochratoxin-A (OTA), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZON), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-AcDON and 15-AcDON), nivalenol (NIV), neosolaniol (NEO), fusarenon-X, (FUS-X), T-2 toxin (T-2) and HT-2 toxin (HT-2), fumonisin B1 and B2 (FB1 and FB2), and four emerging mycotoxins: three enniatins (ENA, ENA1, and ENB), and beauvericin (BEA). Twenty-nine samples were analyzed to provide an overview on mycotoxin presence: 27 samples of durum wheat pasta, and two samples of baby food. Analytical results concluded that trichothecenes showed the highest incidence, mainly DON, NIV, and HT-2 toxin, followed by ZON and ENB, while NEO, FUS-X, OTA, AFB1, and FUM were not detected in any sample. The highest contents corresponded to ENB and ranged from 91.15 µg/kg to 710.90 µg/kg.
Josefa Tolosa; Giulia Graziani; Anna Gaspari; Donato Chianese; Emilia Ferrer; Jordi Mañes; Alberto Ritieni. Multi-Mycotoxin Analysis in Durum Wheat Pasta by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Quadrupole Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. Toxins 2017, 9, 59 .
AMA StyleJosefa Tolosa, Giulia Graziani, Anna Gaspari, Donato Chianese, Emilia Ferrer, Jordi Mañes, Alberto Ritieni. Multi-Mycotoxin Analysis in Durum Wheat Pasta by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Quadrupole Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. Toxins. 2017; 9 (2):59.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosefa Tolosa; Giulia Graziani; Anna Gaspari; Donato Chianese; Emilia Ferrer; Jordi Mañes; Alberto Ritieni. 2017. "Multi-Mycotoxin Analysis in Durum Wheat Pasta by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Quadrupole Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry." Toxins 9, no. 2: 59.