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Prof. Houda Berrada
Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Universitat de València (UV), Faculty of Pharmacy, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, Burjassot, Spain

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0 Biomarkers
0 Gas Chromatography
0 Mass Spectrometry
0 Mycotoxins
0 Risk Assessment

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Mycotoxins
Mass Spectrometry
Gas Chromatography
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food contaminants

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Journal article
Published: 19 August 2021 in Applied Sciences
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The application of pulsed electric fields (PEF) is an innovative extraction technology promoting cell membrane electroporation, thus allowing for an efficient recovery, from an energy point of view, of antioxidant compounds (chlorophylls, carotenoids, total phenolic compounds, etc.) from microalgae. Due to its selectivity and high extraction yield, the effects of PEF pre-treatment (3 kV/cm, 100 kJ/kg) combined with supplementary extraction at different times (5–180 min) and with different solvents (ethanol (EtOH)/H2O, 50:50, v/v; dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/H2O, 50:50, v/v) were evaluated in order to obtain the optimal conditions for the extraction of different antioxidant compounds and pigments. In addition, the results obtained were compared with those of a conventional treatment (without PEF pre-treatment but with constant shaking). After carrying out the different experiments, the best extraction conditions to recover the different compounds were obtained after applying PEF pre-treatment combined with the binary mixture EtOH/H2O, 50:50, v/v, for 60–120 min. PEF extraction was more efficient throughout the study, especially at short extraction times (5–15 min). In this sense, recovery of 55–60%, 85–90%, and 60–70% was obtained for chlorophylls, carotenoids, and total phenolic compounds, respectively, compared to the maximum total extracted amount. These results show that PEF improves the extraction yield of antioxidant bioactive compounds from microalgae and is a promising technology due to its profitability and environmental sustainability.

ACS Style

Francisco J. Martí-Quijal; Francesc Ramon-Mascarell; Noelia Pallarés; Emilia Ferrer; Houda Berrada; Yuthana Phimolsiripol; Francisco J. Barba. Extraction of Antioxidant Compounds and Pigments from Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) Assisted by Pulsed Electric Fields and the Binary Mixture of Organic Solvents and Water. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 7629 .

AMA Style

Francisco J. Martí-Quijal, Francesc Ramon-Mascarell, Noelia Pallarés, Emilia Ferrer, Houda Berrada, Yuthana Phimolsiripol, Francisco J. Barba. Extraction of Antioxidant Compounds and Pigments from Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) Assisted by Pulsed Electric Fields and the Binary Mixture of Organic Solvents and Water. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (16):7629.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco J. Martí-Quijal; Francesc Ramon-Mascarell; Noelia Pallarés; Emilia Ferrer; Houda Berrada; Yuthana Phimolsiripol; Francisco J. Barba. 2021. "Extraction of Antioxidant Compounds and Pigments from Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) Assisted by Pulsed Electric Fields and the Binary Mixture of Organic Solvents and Water." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16: 7629.

Journal article
Published: 28 July 2021 in Toxins
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Human are exposed to a wide range of mycotoxins through dietary food intake, including processed food. Even most of the mycotoxin exposure assessment studies are based on analysis of foodstuffs, and evaluation of dietary intake through food consumption patterns and human biomonitoring methods are rising as a reliable alternative to approach the individual exposures, overcoming the limitations of the indirect dietary assessment. In this study, human urine samples were analyzed, seeking the presence of deoxynivalenol (DON), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), and their metabolites. For this purpose, 40 urine samples from female and male adult residents in the city of Valencia (Spain) were evaluated by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-qTOF) after salting-out liquid–liquid extraction. Analytical data showed that 72.5% of analyzed samples were contaminated by at least one mycotoxin at variable levels. The most prevalent mycotoxins were de-epoxy DON (DOM-1) (53%), ZEA (40%), and α-zearalenol (αZOL) (43%), while OTA was only detected in one sample. The mean concentrations in positive samples were DON (9.07 ng/mL), DOM-1 (20.28 ng/mL), ZEA (6.70 ng/mL), ZEA-14 glucoside (ZEA-14-Glc) (12.43 ng/mL), αZOL (27.44 ng/mL), αZOL-14 glucoside (αZOL-14-Glc) (12.84 ng/mL), and OTA (11.73 ng/mL). Finally, probable daily intakes (PDIs) were calculated and compared with the established tolerable daily intakes (TDIs) to estimate the potential risk of exposure to the studied mycotoxins. The calculated PDI was below the TDI value established for DON in both female and male adults, reaching a percentage up to 30%; however, this percentage increased up to 92% considering total DON (DON + DOM-1). On the other hand, the PDI obtained for ZEA and its metabolites were higher than the TDI value fixed, but the low urine excretion rate (10%) considered should be highlighted. Finally, the PDI calculated in the detected positive sample for OTA exceeded the TDI value. The findings of the present study confirm the presence of the studied mycotoxins and their metabolites as some of the most prevalent in urine.

ACS Style

Dionisia Carballo; Noelia Pallarés; Emilia Ferrer; Francisco J. Barba; Houda Berrada. Assessment of Human Exposure to Deoxynivalenol, Ochratoxin A, Zearalenone and Their Metabolites Biomarker in Urine Samples Using LC-ESI-qTOF. Toxins 2021, 13, 530 .

AMA Style

Dionisia Carballo, Noelia Pallarés, Emilia Ferrer, Francisco J. Barba, Houda Berrada. Assessment of Human Exposure to Deoxynivalenol, Ochratoxin A, Zearalenone and Their Metabolites Biomarker in Urine Samples Using LC-ESI-qTOF. Toxins. 2021; 13 (8):530.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dionisia Carballo; Noelia Pallarés; Emilia Ferrer; Francisco J. Barba; Houda Berrada. 2021. "Assessment of Human Exposure to Deoxynivalenol, Ochratoxin A, Zearalenone and Their Metabolites Biomarker in Urine Samples Using LC-ESI-qTOF." Toxins 13, no. 8: 530.

Journal article
Published: 24 June 2021 in Toxins
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The present study investigated the presence of 30 mycotoxins in 110 beverage samples of beer, wine, cava, and cider purchased in Valencia (Spain). A validated method based on dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and chromatographic methods coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was applied. The method showed satisfactory recoveries ranging from 61 to 116% for the different beverages studied. The detection and quantification limits ranged from 0.03 to 2.34 µg/L and 0.1 to 7.81 µg/L, respectively. The results showed that beer samples were the most contaminated, even with concentrations ranging from 0.24 to 54.76 µg/L. A significant presence of alternariol was found in wine, which reached concentrations up to 26.86 µg/L. Patulin and ochratoxin A were the most frequently detected mycotoxins in cava and cider samples, with incidences of 40% and 26%, respectively. Ochratoxin A exceeded the maximum level set by the EU in one wine sample. The results obtained were statistically validated. The combined exposure was assessed by the sum of mycotoxin concentrations contaminating the same samples to provide information on the extent of dietary exposure to mycotoxins. No significant health risk to consumers was associated with the mycotoxin levels detected in the beverages tested.

ACS Style

Dionisia Carballo; Mónica Fernández-Franzón; Emilia Ferrer; Noelia Pallarés; Houda Berrada. Dietary Exposure to Mycotoxins through Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Beverages in Valencia, Spain. Toxins 2021, 13, 438 .

AMA Style

Dionisia Carballo, Mónica Fernández-Franzón, Emilia Ferrer, Noelia Pallarés, Houda Berrada. Dietary Exposure to Mycotoxins through Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Beverages in Valencia, Spain. Toxins. 2021; 13 (7):438.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dionisia Carballo; Mónica Fernández-Franzón; Emilia Ferrer; Noelia Pallarés; Houda Berrada. 2021. "Dietary Exposure to Mycotoxins through Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Beverages in Valencia, Spain." Toxins 13, no. 7: 438.

Journal article
Published: 21 June 2021 in Molecules
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High-pressure processing (HPP) has emerged over the last 2 decades as a good alternative to traditional thermal treatment for food safety and shelf-life extension, supplying foods with similar characteristics to those of fresh products. Currently, HPP has also been proposed as a useful tool to reduce food contaminants, such as pesticides and mycotoxins. The aim of the present study is to explore the effect of HPP technology at 600 MPa during 5 min at room temperature on alternariol (AOH) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mycotoxins reduction in different juice models. The effect of HPP has also been compared with a thermal treatment performed at 90 °C during 21 s. For this, different juice models, orange juice/milk beverage, strawberry juice/milk beverage and grape juice, were prepared and spiked individually with AOH and AFB1 at a concentration of 100 µg/L. After HPP and thermal treatments, mycotoxins were extracted from treated samples and controls by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) and determined by HPLC-MS/MS-IT. The results obtained revealed reduction percentages up to 24% for AFB1 and 37% for AOH. Comparing between different juice models, significant differences were observed for AFB1 residues in orange juice/milk versus strawberry juice/milk beverages after HPP treatment. Moreover, HPP resulted as more effective than thermal treatment, being an effective tool to incorporate to food industry in order to reach mycotoxins reductions.

ACS Style

Noelia Pallarés; Albert Sebastià; Vicente Martínez-Lucas; Mario González-Angulo; Francisco Barba; Houda Berrada; Emilia Ferrer. High Pressure Processing Impact on Alternariol and Aflatoxins of Grape Juice and Fruit Juice-Milk Based Beverages. Molecules 2021, 26, 3769 .

AMA Style

Noelia Pallarés, Albert Sebastià, Vicente Martínez-Lucas, Mario González-Angulo, Francisco Barba, Houda Berrada, Emilia Ferrer. High Pressure Processing Impact on Alternariol and Aflatoxins of Grape Juice and Fruit Juice-Milk Based Beverages. Molecules. 2021; 26 (12):3769.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Noelia Pallarés; Albert Sebastià; Vicente Martínez-Lucas; Mario González-Angulo; Francisco Barba; Houda Berrada; Emilia Ferrer. 2021. "High Pressure Processing Impact on Alternariol and Aflatoxins of Grape Juice and Fruit Juice-Milk Based Beverages." Molecules 26, no. 12: 3769.

Journal article
Published: 03 June 2021 in Marine Drugs
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The pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) technique was used to obtain protein extracts with antioxidant capacity from salmon muscle remains, heads, viscera, skin, and tailfins. A protein recovery percentage ≈28% was obtained for all samples except for viscera, which was ≈92%. These values represented an increase of 1.5–4.8-fold compared to stirring extraction (control). Different SDS-PAGE profiles in control and PLE extracts revealed that extraction conditions affected the protein molecular weight distribution of the obtained extracts. Both TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) and ORAC (oxygen radical antioxidant capacity) assays showed an outstanding antioxidant activity for viscera PLE extract. Through liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization triple time-of-flight (nanoESI qQTOF) mass spectrometry, 137 and 67 peptides were identified in control and PLE extracts from salmon viscera, respectively None of these peptides was found among the antioxidant peptides inputted in the BIOPEP-UMP database. However, bioinformatics analysis showed several antioxidant small peptides encrypted in amino acid sequences of viscera extracts, especially GPP (glycine-proline-proline) and GAA (glycine-alanine-alanine) for PLE extracts. Further research on the relationship between antioxidant activity and specific peptides from salmon viscera PLE extracts is required. In addition, the salmon side streams studied presented non-toxic levels of As, Hg, Cd, and Pb, as well as the absence of mycotoxins or related metabolites. Overall, these results confirm the feasible use of farmed salmon processing side streams as alternative sources of protein and bioactive compounds for human consumption.

ACS Style

Beatriz de la Fuente; Noelia Pallarés; Houda Berrada; Francisco Barba. Salmon (Salmo salar) Side Streams as a Bioresource to Obtain Potential Antioxidant Peptides after Applying Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE). Marine Drugs 2021, 19, 323 .

AMA Style

Beatriz de la Fuente, Noelia Pallarés, Houda Berrada, Francisco Barba. Salmon (Salmo salar) Side Streams as a Bioresource to Obtain Potential Antioxidant Peptides after Applying Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE). Marine Drugs. 2021; 19 (6):323.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Beatriz de la Fuente; Noelia Pallarés; Houda Berrada; Francisco Barba. 2021. "Salmon (Salmo salar) Side Streams as a Bioresource to Obtain Potential Antioxidant Peptides after Applying Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE)." Marine Drugs 19, no. 6: 323.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2021 in Marine Drugs
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The pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) technique was used, for the first time, to obtain protein extracts with antioxidant activity from side streams (muscle, heads, viscera, skin, and tailfins) of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) in order to give added value to these underutilized matrices. Extraction conditions previously optimized for sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) side streams were applied. Protein recovery percentages were 22% (muscle), 33% (heads), 78% (viscera), 24% (skin), and 26% (tailfins), which represented an increase of 1.2–4.5-fold compared to control samples (extraction by stirring). The SDS-PAGE profiles revealed that PLE-assisted extraction influenced protein molecular weight distribution of the obtained extracts. PLE conditions also allowed increasing the antioxidant capacity measured by both Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC; 1.3–2.4 fold) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC; 1.9–6.4) assays for all fish extracts. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-qTOF-MS) were used to investigate the presence of toxic metals and mycotoxins in sea bream side streams. The levels of As, Hg, Cd, and Pb were below those established by authorities for fish muscle for human consumption (except for Cd in viscera samples). Through a nontargeted screening approach, no mycotoxins or related metabolites were detected for all sea bream side streams. This study contributes to the research on the valorization of fish processing side streams using environmentally friendly technology.

ACS Style

Beatriz de la Fuente; Noelia Pallarés; Houda Berrada; Francisco Barba. Development of Antioxidant Protein Extracts from Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) Side Streams Assisted by Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE). Marine Drugs 2021, 19, 199 .

AMA Style

Beatriz de la Fuente, Noelia Pallarés, Houda Berrada, Francisco Barba. Development of Antioxidant Protein Extracts from Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) Side Streams Assisted by Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE). Marine Drugs. 2021; 19 (4):199.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Beatriz de la Fuente; Noelia Pallarés; Houda Berrada; Francisco Barba. 2021. "Development of Antioxidant Protein Extracts from Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) Side Streams Assisted by Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE)." Marine Drugs 19, no. 4: 199.

Journal article
Published: 29 March 2021 in Toxins
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A pilot study to investigate the occurrence of 10 mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, DON; 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 3-ADON; 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-ADON; fusarenon-X, FUS-X; diacetoxyscirpenol, DAS; nivalenol, NIV; neosolaniol, NEO; zearalenone, ZON; zearalanone, ZAN; T-2 toxin, T-2; and HT-2 toxin, HT-2) in esophageal cancer patients was performed with the urinary biomarkers approach in Golestan, Iran. Urine multimycotoxin analysis was performed by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) analysis, and values were normalized with urinary creatinine (μg/g). Four mycotoxins, namely NEO (40%), HT-2 (17.6%), DON (10%), and HT-2 (5.8%), were detected in the analyzed urine samples. DON was only detected in the control group (5.09 μg/g creatinine), while T-2 (44.70 μg/g creatinine) was only present in the esophageal cancer group. NEO and HT-2 were quantified in both control and case groups, showing average of positive samples of 9.09 and 10.45 μg/g creatinine for NEO and 16.81 and 29.09 μg/g creatinine for HT-2, respectively. Mycotoxin co-occurrence was observed in three samples as binary (NEO/HT-2 and T-2/HT-2) and ternary (DON/NEO/HT-2) combinations, reaching total concentrations of 44.58, 79.13, and 30.04 µg/g creatinine, respectively. Further investigations are needed to explore a causal association between mycotoxin contamination and esophageal cancer. For this pilot study in Golestan, the low sample size was a very limiting factor.

ACS Style

Farhad Niknejad; Laura Escrivá; Khoda Adel Rad; Masoud Khoshnia; Francisco Barba; Houda Berrada. Biomonitoring of Multiple Mycotoxins in Urine by GC–MS/MS: A Pilot Study on Patients with Esophageal Cancer in Golestan Province, Northeastern Iran. Toxins 2021, 13, 243 .

AMA Style

Farhad Niknejad, Laura Escrivá, Khoda Adel Rad, Masoud Khoshnia, Francisco Barba, Houda Berrada. Biomonitoring of Multiple Mycotoxins in Urine by GC–MS/MS: A Pilot Study on Patients with Esophageal Cancer in Golestan Province, Northeastern Iran. Toxins. 2021; 13 (4):243.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farhad Niknejad; Laura Escrivá; Khoda Adel Rad; Masoud Khoshnia; Francisco Barba; Houda Berrada. 2021. "Biomonitoring of Multiple Mycotoxins in Urine by GC–MS/MS: A Pilot Study on Patients with Esophageal Cancer in Golestan Province, Northeastern Iran." Toxins 13, no. 4: 243.

Journal article
Published: 06 March 2021 in Foods
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In this study, the presence of As, Hg, Cd, Pb, and mycotoxins in sea bass side streams (muscle, head, viscera, skin, and tailfin) was evaluated as a preliminary step to assess the effect of an innovative extraction technique (Pressurized Liquid Extraction; PLE) to obtain antioxidant protein extracts. Then, a response surface methodology-central composite design was used to evaluate and optimize the PLE extraction factors (pH, temperature, and extraction time) in terms of total protein content and total antioxidant capacity (TEAC and ORAC). Heavy metals were found in all samples while DON mycotoxin only in viscera, both far below the safe limits established by authorities for fish muscle tissue and fish feed, respectively. The selected optimal PLE extraction conditions were pH 7, 20 °C, 5 min for muscle, pH 4, 60 °C, 15 min for heads, pH 7, 50 °C, 15 min for viscera, pH 7, 55 °C, 5 min for skin, and pH 7, 60 °C, 15 min for tailfins. Optimal PLE conditions allowed increasing protein content (1.2–4.5 fold) and antioxidant capacity (1–5 fold) of sea bass side stream extracts compared to controls (conventional extraction). The highest amount of protein was extracted from muscle while the highest protein recovery percentage was found in viscera. Muscle, head, and viscera extracts showed higher antioxidant capacity than skin and tailfin extracts. Moreover, different SDS-PAGE patterns were observed among samples and a greater quantity of protein fragments of lower molecular weight were found in optimal than control extracts.

ACS Style

Beatriz de la Fuente; Noelia Pallarés; Francisco Barba; Houda Berrada. An Integrated Approach for the Valorization of Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Side Streams: Evaluation of Contaminants and Development of Antioxidant Protein Extracts by Pressurized Liquid Extraction. Foods 2021, 10, 546 .

AMA Style

Beatriz de la Fuente, Noelia Pallarés, Francisco Barba, Houda Berrada. An Integrated Approach for the Valorization of Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Side Streams: Evaluation of Contaminants and Development of Antioxidant Protein Extracts by Pressurized Liquid Extraction. Foods. 2021; 10 (3):546.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Beatriz de la Fuente; Noelia Pallarés; Francisco Barba; Houda Berrada. 2021. "An Integrated Approach for the Valorization of Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Side Streams: Evaluation of Contaminants and Development of Antioxidant Protein Extracts by Pressurized Liquid Extraction." Foods 10, no. 3: 546.

Journal article
Published: 29 January 2021 in LWT
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The high demand of fresh-like products to meet the fruits and vegetables serving encouraged the implementation of non-thermal food processing techniques, such as high pressure processing (HPP) and pulsed electric fields (PEF), with low impact on nutritional components. The aim of the present work is to evaluate the application of HPP and PEF techniques as useful decontamination tool for aflatoxins (AFs) reduction in grape juice. Spiked grape juice samples with AFs treated by PEF or HPP were extracted using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) and determined by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS-IT). Reduction percentages of 14–29% have been obtained with both HPP and PEF treatments even higher reductions were obtained for AFB2 and AFG1 under PEF treatment, reaching reduction of 72 and 84% respectively. Results obtained in grape juice samples differed slightly from those obtained in water controls highlighting the matrix effect. Both HPP and PEF techniques showed measurable impact on AFs levels. Furthermore, an AFB2 degradation product obtained after PEF has been identified by quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry detector (qTOF-MS) and its toxicological endpoints predicted by Pro Tox-II web server.

ACS Style

Noelia Pallarés; Houda Berrada; Josefa Tolosa; Emilia Ferrer. Effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HPP) and pulsed electric field (PEF) technologies on reduction of aflatoxins in fruit juices. LWT 2021, 142, 111000 .

AMA Style

Noelia Pallarés, Houda Berrada, Josefa Tolosa, Emilia Ferrer. Effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HPP) and pulsed electric field (PEF) technologies on reduction of aflatoxins in fruit juices. LWT. 2021; 142 ():111000.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Noelia Pallarés; Houda Berrada; Josefa Tolosa; Emilia Ferrer. 2021. "Effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HPP) and pulsed electric field (PEF) technologies on reduction of aflatoxins in fruit juices." LWT 142, no. : 111000.

Journal article
Published: 07 October 2020 in Applied Sciences
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The development of innovative food processing technologies has increased to answer the growing demand to supply of fresh-like products. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of pulsed electric fields (PEF) technology on reducing the emerging mycotoxins (enniatins (ENs) and beauvericin (BEA)) contents in juice and smoothie samples. The products of degradation obtained after PEF treatment were identified and their toxicological endpoint toxicities predicted by Pro Tox-II web. Mycotoxin reduction ranged from 43 to 70% in juices and smoothies, but in water the expected effect was lower. The acidified pH increased BEA reduction in water. The degradation products that were produced were the result of the loss of aminoacidic fragments of the original molecules, such as HyLv, Val, Ile, or Phe. Pro Tox-II server assigned a toxicity class I for enniatin B (ENB) degradation products with a predicted LD50 of 3 mg/Kgbw. The other degradation products were classified in toxicity class III and IV.

ACS Style

Noelia Pallarés; Francisco J. Barba; Houda Berrada; Josefa Tolosa; Emilia Ferrer. Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) to Mitigate Emerging Mycotoxins in Juices and Smoothies. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 6989 .

AMA Style

Noelia Pallarés, Francisco J. Barba, Houda Berrada, Josefa Tolosa, Emilia Ferrer. Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) to Mitigate Emerging Mycotoxins in Juices and Smoothies. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (19):6989.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Noelia Pallarés; Francisco J. Barba; Houda Berrada; Josefa Tolosa; Emilia Ferrer. 2020. "Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) to Mitigate Emerging Mycotoxins in Juices and Smoothies." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19: 6989.

Original paper
Published: 09 May 2020 in Plant Foods for Human Nutrition
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Medicinal plants are often consumed as infusions with boiled water. Scarce information is available in the literature about the migration of mycotoxins into the resulting beverage and/or the effects of the infusion procedure on the final mycotoxin contents. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of the infusion process on mycotoxin contents during medicinal plant preparation. For this purpose, the contents of aflatoxins (AFs) [aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), aflatoxin G2 (AFG2)], zearalenone (ZEA), enniatins (ENNs) [enniatin B (ENNB), enniatin B1 (ENNB1), enniatin A (ENNA), enniatin A1 (ENNA1)] and beauvericin (BEA) were analyzed in 224 samples of medicinal plants and in their resulting beverages. The quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe extraction method (QuEChERS) was applied to the medicinal plants while the dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure (DLLME) was applied to their infusions, and the mycotoxins were determined by liquid chromatography coupled to ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS-IT). The results revealed that ZEA, ENNB, ENNB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 were detected in the beverages with incidences of ≤6% and at concentrations from less than the limit of quantification (LOQ) to 82.2 μg/L. Mycotoxins reduction ranged from 74 to 100% after the infusion process. The risk assessment revealed that the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) obtained for ZEA, ENNB and ENNB1 were far below the tolerable daily intakes (TDIs) established.

ACS Style

Noelia Pallarés; Houda Berrada; Mónica Fernández-Franzón; Emilia Ferrer. Risk Assessment and Mitigation of the Mycotoxin Content in Medicinal Plants by the Infusion Process. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 2020, 75, 362 -368.

AMA Style

Noelia Pallarés, Houda Berrada, Mónica Fernández-Franzón, Emilia Ferrer. Risk Assessment and Mitigation of the Mycotoxin Content in Medicinal Plants by the Infusion Process. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 2020; 75 (3):362-368.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Noelia Pallarés; Houda Berrada; Mónica Fernández-Franzón; Emilia Ferrer. 2020. "Risk Assessment and Mitigation of the Mycotoxin Content in Medicinal Plants by the Infusion Process." Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 75, no. 3: 362-368.

Review
Published: 06 December 2019 in Marine Drugs
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The activities linked to the fishing sector generate substantial quantities of by-products, which are often discarded or used as low-value ingredients in animal feed. However, these marine by-products are a prominent potential good source of bioactive compounds, with important functional properties that can be isolated or up-concentrated, giving them an added value in higher end markets, as for instance nutraceuticals and cosmetics. This valorization of fish by-products has been boosted by the increasing awareness of consumers regarding the relationship between diet and health, demanding new fish products with enhanced nutritional and functional properties. To obtain fish by-product-derived biocompounds with good, functional and acceptable organoleptic properties, the selection of appropriate extraction methods for each bioactive ingredient is of the outmost importance. In this regard, over the last years, innovative alternative technologies of intensification, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), have become an alternative to the conventional methods in the isolation of valuable compounds from fish and shellfish by-products. Innovative green technologies present great advantages to traditional methods, preserving and even enhancing the quality and the extraction efficiency, as well as minimizing functional properties’ losses of the bioactive compounds extracted from marine by-products. Besides their biological activities, bioactive compounds obtained by innovative alternative technologies can enhance several technological properties of food matrices, enabling their use as ingredients in novel foods. This review is focusing on analyzing the principles and the use of UAE and SFE as emerging technologies to valorize seafoods and their by-products.

ACS Style

Fadila Al Khawli; Mirian Pateiro; Rubén Domínguez; José M. Lorenzo; Patricia Gullón; Katerina Kousoulaki; Emilia Ferrer; Houda Berrada; Francisco J. Barba. Innovative Green Technologies of Intensification for Valorization of Seafood and Their By-Products. Marine Drugs 2019, 17, 689 .

AMA Style

Fadila Al Khawli, Mirian Pateiro, Rubén Domínguez, José M. Lorenzo, Patricia Gullón, Katerina Kousoulaki, Emilia Ferrer, Houda Berrada, Francisco J. Barba. Innovative Green Technologies of Intensification for Valorization of Seafood and Their By-Products. Marine Drugs. 2019; 17 (12):689.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fadila Al Khawli; Mirian Pateiro; Rubén Domínguez; José M. Lorenzo; Patricia Gullón; Katerina Kousoulaki; Emilia Ferrer; Houda Berrada; Francisco J. Barba. 2019. "Innovative Green Technologies of Intensification for Valorization of Seafood and Their By-Products." Marine Drugs 17, no. 12: 689.

Toxicology and chemical food safety
Published: 24 November 2019 in Journal of Food Science
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Mycotoxins presence was evaluated in animal feed marketed in Tunisia for the first time ever. A QuEChERS method was performed to analyze the natural copresence of 22 mycotoxins (enniatins, beauvericin, ochratoxin A, aflatoxins, alternariol monomethyl ether, alternariol, tentoxin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, nivalenol, neosolaniol, diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin, and HT-2 toxin) in 122 Tunisian marketed feed samples, intended for poultry (n = 43), cattle (n = 35), rabbit (n = 12), sheep (n = 16), and horse (n = 16). Analytes detection and quantification were done using both liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The analytical method showed good linearity (R > 0.996) and sensitivity, the limits of quantification ranged from 0.1 ng/g (enniatin A1) to 225 ng/g (3-acetyldeoxynivalenol). Eighty-five percent of the analyzed samples were positive. Poultry (n = 43) and rabbit (n = 12) feed samples were the most contaminated. Enniatin B was the most prevalent mycotoxin with values ranged between 0.5 ng/g for horse feed and 40 ng/g for poultry feed, followed by deoxynivalenol detected from 16 ng/g in cattle feed to 250 ng/g in poultry feed. None exceeded the limits set by EU recommendations for animal feed. Mycotoxins co-occurrence was observed at most by five different mycotoxins (26%) and up to eight mycotoxins was recorded in 5% of samples. Furthermore, a relatively high copresence rate of different fusariotoxins was registered. Even if no toxicological concern was clearly revealed, the contamination is a real fact and will probably present influence on meat production and on food safety.

ACS Style

Cristina Juan; Souheib Oueslati; Jordi Mañes; Houda Berrada. Multimycotoxin Determination in Tunisian Farm Animal Feed. Journal of Food Science 2019, 84, 3885 -3893.

AMA Style

Cristina Juan, Souheib Oueslati, Jordi Mañes, Houda Berrada. Multimycotoxin Determination in Tunisian Farm Animal Feed. Journal of Food Science. 2019; 84 (12):3885-3893.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cristina Juan; Souheib Oueslati; Jordi Mañes; Houda Berrada. 2019. "Multimycotoxin Determination in Tunisian Farm Animal Feed." Journal of Food Science 84, no. 12: 3885-3893.

Journal article
Published: 22 November 2019 in Toxins
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Consumption of fruit juice is becoming trendy for consumers seeking freshness and high vitamin and low caloric intake. Mycotoxigenic moulds may infect fruits during crop growth, harvest, and storage leading to mycotoxin production. Many mycotoxins are resistant to food processing, which make their presence in the final juice product very likely expected. In this way, the presence of 30 mycotoxins including aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), Ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2), enniatin A (ENNA), enniatin A1 (ENNA1), enniatin B (ENNB), enniatin B1 (ENNB1), beauvericin (BEA), sterigmatocystin (STG), zearalenone (ZEA), α-zearalanol (α-ZAL), β-zearalanol (β-ZAL), α-zearalenol (α-ZOL), β-zearalenol (β-ZOL), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), nivalenol (NIV), fusarenon-X (FUS-X), neosolaniol (NEO), patulin (PAT), T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin was evaluated in 80 juice samples collected from Valencia retail Market. An efficient Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction method (DLLME) was carried out before their trace level determination by chromatographic techniques coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The results obtained revealed the presence of nine mycotoxins namely AOH, AME, PAT, OTA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, β-ZAL, and HT2 in the analyzed samples, with incidences ranging from 3 to 29% and mean contents between 0.14 and 59.52 µg/L. Considerable percentages of TDIs were reached by children when 200 mL was considered as daily fruit juice intake.

ACS Style

Noelia Pallarés; Dionisia Carballo; Emilia Ferrer; Mónica Fernández-Franzón; Houda Berrada. Mycotoxin Dietary Exposure Assessment through Fruit Juices Consumption in Children and Adult Population. Toxins 2019, 11, 684 .

AMA Style

Noelia Pallarés, Dionisia Carballo, Emilia Ferrer, Mónica Fernández-Franzón, Houda Berrada. Mycotoxin Dietary Exposure Assessment through Fruit Juices Consumption in Children and Adult Population. Toxins. 2019; 11 (12):684.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Noelia Pallarés; Dionisia Carballo; Emilia Ferrer; Mónica Fernández-Franzón; Houda Berrada. 2019. "Mycotoxin Dietary Exposure Assessment through Fruit Juices Consumption in Children and Adult Population." Toxins 11, no. 12: 684.

Review
Published: 23 March 2019 in Food and Chemical Toxicology
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Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi that contaminate food in several stages and their increasing presence in food chain demand further control. Assessment of mycotoxins human exposure through processed diet is an important component of food safety strategies. The present review explores and summarises total diet studies (TDS) carried out in different countries focusing on mycotoxins determination. TDS were classified by samples preparation, mycotoxins analysis and dietary exposure evaluation. Most of reviewed TDS performed multi-mycotoxins analysis in composite samples mainly, prepared taking into account local culinary habits. High performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detector was the predominant and the most sensitive technique used for determination. Ochratoxin A was the most analyzed mycotoxin, followed by trichothecenes, aflatoxins, zearalenone, fumonisins, patulin, enniatins, and beauvericin respectively. Alternaria toxins and ergot alkaloids were also included. Food commonly analyzed were cereals, meat, vegetables, fruits, nuts and beverages. The findings in food were in below the current European legislation, except for some sporadic samples of wine and milk meaning less than 1% of total analyzed samples. Dietary exposure was evaluated, through the estimated daily intake mycotoxin evaluation and risk assessment concluded that relatively scarce toxicological concern was associated to mycotoxins exposure. However, a special attention should be paid to meat and cereal products high percentile consumers.

ACS Style

Dionisia Carballo; Josefa Tolosa; Emilia Ferrer; Houda Berrada. Dietary exposure assessment to mycotoxins through total diet studies. A review. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2019, 128, 8 -20.

AMA Style

Dionisia Carballo, Josefa Tolosa, Emilia Ferrer, Houda Berrada. Dietary exposure assessment to mycotoxins through total diet studies. A review. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2019; 128 ():8-20.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dionisia Carballo; Josefa Tolosa; Emilia Ferrer; Houda Berrada. 2019. "Dietary exposure assessment to mycotoxins through total diet studies. A review." Food and Chemical Toxicology 128, no. : 8-20.

Journal article
Published: 15 March 2019 in Toxins
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To evaluate the influence of weather conditions on mycotoxin presence in wheat, deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15AcDON), fusarenon-X (FUS-X), nivalenol (NIV), HT-2 toxin (HT-2), T-2 toxin (T-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), neosolaniol (NEO) and zearalenone (ZEN) were evaluated in 102 Romanian wheat samples coming from five wheat growing areas during 2015. Only six mycotoxins were detected, while FUS-X, DAS, NEO and NIV were not present in the wheat samples. Mycotoxin concentrations were correlated with precipitation and temperature values during anthesis and the preharvest period. Overall, the highest frequency was registered for DON, while the lowest frequency was registered for NIV. In the North Muntenia, DON and ZEN registered high frequencies (68% and 16%, respectively). This region was characterized in June and July by medium to high values of rainfall (41–100 mm/month) and normal temperatures (mean of 20.0 °C in June and 24.0 °C in July), suggesting that precipitation levels influence fungi and mycotoxin development to a greater extent compared to the influence of temperature.

ACS Style

Oana Stanciu; Cristina Juan; Houda Berrada; Doina Miere; Felicia Loghin; Jordi Mañes. Study on Trichothecene and Zearalenone Presence in Romanian Wheat Relative to Weather Conditions. Toxins 2019, 11, 163 .

AMA Style

Oana Stanciu, Cristina Juan, Houda Berrada, Doina Miere, Felicia Loghin, Jordi Mañes. Study on Trichothecene and Zearalenone Presence in Romanian Wheat Relative to Weather Conditions. Toxins. 2019; 11 (3):163.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Oana Stanciu; Cristina Juan; Houda Berrada; Doina Miere; Felicia Loghin; Jordi Mañes. 2019. "Study on Trichothecene and Zearalenone Presence in Romanian Wheat Relative to Weather Conditions." Toxins 11, no. 3: 163.

Journal article
Published: 26 October 2018 in Toxins
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In the present study, the multi-occurrence of twenty (20) mycotoxins in pasta samples consumed in Morocco was assessed. For this, a modified Quick, Easy, Cheap Effective, Rugged, and Safe method was validated. The mycotoxins studied were identified and quantified by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The validated method was applied to one hundred and six (n = 106) pasta samples purchased from several areas in the country. The analytical results showed that 99 out of 106 total samples (93.4%) were contaminated with at least one mycotoxin. Nine mycotoxins (Aflatoxin B1, Enniatin B, Enniatin B1, Enniatin A1, Zearalenone, Deoxynivalenol, 3-Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol, T-2, and HT-2 toxins) were present in the pasta samples. Enniatin B and Enniatin B1 were the predominant mycotoxins. The Zearalenone, Deoxynivalenol, HT-2, and T-2 toxins were present in 51.8%, 43.5%, 34.9%, and 16% of samples, respectively. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in only 2 samples. Risk exposure assessment concluded that mycotoxin levels found in pasta do not pose a significant human health risk for the Moroccan population. This is the first paper drafted on the multi-occurrence of mycotoxins in pasta from this country.

ACS Style

Youssef Bouafifssa; Lara Manyes; Mohamed Rahouti; Jordi Mañes; Houda Berrada; Abdellah Zinedine; Mónica Fernández-Franzón. Multi-Occurrence of Twenty Mycotoxinsin Pasta and a Risk Assessment in the Moroccan Population. Toxins 2018, 10, 432 .

AMA Style

Youssef Bouafifssa, Lara Manyes, Mohamed Rahouti, Jordi Mañes, Houda Berrada, Abdellah Zinedine, Mónica Fernández-Franzón. Multi-Occurrence of Twenty Mycotoxinsin Pasta and a Risk Assessment in the Moroccan Population. Toxins. 2018; 10 (11):432.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Youssef Bouafifssa; Lara Manyes; Mohamed Rahouti; Jordi Mañes; Houda Berrada; Abdellah Zinedine; Mónica Fernández-Franzón. 2018. "Multi-Occurrence of Twenty Mycotoxinsin Pasta and a Risk Assessment in the Moroccan Population." Toxins 10, no. 11: 432.

Journal article
Published: 25 September 2018 in Food and Chemical Toxicology
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A study on a set of ready-to-eat meals (n = 328) based on cereals, legumes, vegetables, fish and meat was carried out to determine the natural presence of twenty-seven mycotoxins by both liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry in tandem (MS/MS) after QuEChERS extraction. The occurrence of mycotoxins was headed by cereal samples with 35% of samples contaminated by at least one mycotoxin followed by vegetables (32%), legumes (15%) and lastly, 9% of fish and meat samples were contaminated. DON was the most detected mycotoxin in vegetables, meat, fish and cereals with an incidence of 13% 18% 19% and 60%, respectively, and the highest mean levels were found in fish (1.19 μg/kg) and vegetable (1.53 μg/kg), respectively. The highest levels means were for HT-2 toxin ranging from 4.03 to 7.79 μg/kg, in cereal and legume samples respectively. In this last, HT-2 toxin was also the most prevalent (54%). In meat samples, OTA resulted with highest value with 8.09 μg/kg. Likewise, PCA analysis revealed a high correlation between the mycotoxins and the food groups analyzed. The findings indicate that there is no toxicological concern associated with exposure to mycotoxins for consumers as all levels were in accordance with the legislation.

ACS Style

D. Carballo; J.C. Moltó; H. Berrada; E. Ferrer. Presence of mycotoxins in ready-to-eat food and subsequent risk assessment. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2018, 121, 558 -565.

AMA Style

D. Carballo, J.C. Moltó, H. Berrada, E. Ferrer. Presence of mycotoxins in ready-to-eat food and subsequent risk assessment. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2018; 121 ():558-565.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D. Carballo; J.C. Moltó; H. Berrada; E. Ferrer. 2018. "Presence of mycotoxins in ready-to-eat food and subsequent risk assessment." Food and Chemical Toxicology 121, no. : 558-565.

Journal article
Published: 11 September 2018 in Food and Chemical Toxicology
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In this study, a dietary exposure assessment of mycotoxins was conducted for the Romanian population using the contamination data of a various categories of wheat-based products for direct human consumption. Wheat-based foods (n = 181) commercialized in Romania, including flour, bread, biscuits, breakfast cereals and pasta, were evaluated by GC-QqQ-MS/MS for the occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15AcDON), fusarenon-X, nivalenol, HT-2 and T-2 toxins, diacetoxyscirpenol, neosolaniol and zearalenone (ZEA). DON and 15AcDON were detected in 63 and 5% of all the analyzed samples, whereas 13-AcDON, HT-2, T-2, NIV and ZEA were not detected. Exposure of Romanian adult population was assessed, the EDIs for the sum of DON+3AcDON+15AcDON were 669 ng kg−1 bw day−1 at low-bound estimation, and 690 ng kg−1 bw day−1 at upper-bound estimation, being lower than the TDI set (1000 ng kg−1 bw day−1).

ACS Style

Oana Stanciu; Cristina Juan; Doina Miere; Houda Berrada; Felicia Loghin; Jordi Mañes. First study on trichothecene and zearalenone exposure of the Romanian population through wheat-based products consumption. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2018, 121, 336 -342.

AMA Style

Oana Stanciu, Cristina Juan, Doina Miere, Houda Berrada, Felicia Loghin, Jordi Mañes. First study on trichothecene and zearalenone exposure of the Romanian population through wheat-based products consumption. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2018; 121 ():336-342.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Oana Stanciu; Cristina Juan; Doina Miere; Houda Berrada; Felicia Loghin; Jordi Mañes. 2018. "First study on trichothecene and zearalenone exposure of the Romanian population through wheat-based products consumption." Food and Chemical Toxicology 121, no. : 336-342.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2018 in LWT
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Chicken meat and edible offal are included in a wide number of preparations in the worldwide cuisine. Among the offal, the liver is one of the most consumed in some countries like Egypt since it is rich in proteins and is an economical source of many essential nutrients for humans. Mycotoxins, secondary toxic metabolites produced by fungi, have the potential to enter human food chain not only with cereal consumption but also through edible tissues from animals fed with mycotoxin-contaminated feed. Accordingly, a rapid method for the determination of eight trichothecenes in chicken liver was developed based on a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) extraction and gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) determination. The proposed method was successfully validated according to the European guideline recommendations with satisfactory trueness (recovery range from 85.1 to 108.4%), precision (relative standard deviation < 8%) and limits of quantitation in a range from 0.25 to 0.75 μg/kg. The method was applied to twenty chicken liver samples collected from Egypt markets. 65% of samples showed mycotoxin contamination in a concentration range from 1.3 to 25.0 μg/kg. Up to four mycotoxins were detected, being deoxynivalenol the most commonly detected mycotoxin.

ACS Style

Abdallah Fikry Mahmoud; Laura Escrivá; Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco; Juan Carlos Moltó; Houda Berrada. Determination of trichothecenes in chicken liver using gas chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry. LWT 2018, 93, 237 -242.

AMA Style

Abdallah Fikry Mahmoud, Laura Escrivá, Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco, Juan Carlos Moltó, Houda Berrada. Determination of trichothecenes in chicken liver using gas chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry. LWT. 2018; 93 ():237-242.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdallah Fikry Mahmoud; Laura Escrivá; Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco; Juan Carlos Moltó; Houda Berrada. 2018. "Determination of trichothecenes in chicken liver using gas chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry." LWT 93, no. : 237-242.