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Michael Kuhwald
Universität zu Kiel

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Journal article
Published: 01 December 2020 in Land
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Conservation agriculture may lead to increased penetration resistance due to soil compaction. To loosen the topsoil and lower the compaction, one-time inversion tillage (OTIT) is a measure frequently used in conservation agriculture. However, the duration of the positive effects of this measure on penetration resistance is sparsely known. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the spatio-temporal behavior of penetration resistance after OTIT as an indicator for soil compaction. A field subdivided into three differently tilled plots (conventional tillage with moldboard plough to 30 cm depth (CT), reduced tillage with chisel plough to 25 cm depth (RT1) and reduced tillage with disk harrow to 10 cm depth (RT2)) served as study area. In 2014, the entire field was tilled by moldboard plough and penetration resistance was recorded in the following 5 years. The results showed that OTIT reduced the penetration resistance in both RT-plots and led to an approximation in all three plots. However, after 18 (RT2) and 30 months (RT1), the differences in penetration resistance were higher (p < 0.01) in both RT-plots compared to CT. Consequently, OTIT can effectively remove the compacted layer developed in conservation agriculture. However, the lasting effect seems to be relatively short.

ACS Style

Michael Kuhwald; Wolfgang B. Hamer; Joachim Brunotte; Rainer Duttmann. Soil Penetration Resistance after One-Time Inversion Tillage: A Spatio-Temporal Analysis at the Field Scale. Land 2020, 9, 482 .

AMA Style

Michael Kuhwald, Wolfgang B. Hamer, Joachim Brunotte, Rainer Duttmann. Soil Penetration Resistance after One-Time Inversion Tillage: A Spatio-Temporal Analysis at the Field Scale. Land. 2020; 9 (12):482.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Kuhwald; Wolfgang B. Hamer; Joachim Brunotte; Rainer Duttmann. 2020. "Soil Penetration Resistance after One-Time Inversion Tillage: A Spatio-Temporal Analysis at the Field Scale." Land 9, no. 12: 482.

Journal article
Published: 31 July 2020 in Geosciences
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Avoiding soil compaction is one of the objectives to ensure sustainable agriculture. Subsoil compaction in particular can be irreversible. Frequent passages by (increasingly heavy) agricultural machinery are one trigger for compaction. The aim of this work is to map and analyze the extent of traffic intensity over four years. The analysis is made for complete seasons and individual operations. The traffic intensity is distinguished into areas with more than five wheel passes, more than 5 Mg and 3 Mg wheel load. From 2014 to 2018, 63 work processes on a field were recorded and the wheel load and wheel passes were modeled spatially with FiTraM. Between 82% (winter wheat) and 100% (sugar beet) of the total infield area is trafficked during a season. The sugar beet season has the highest intensities. High intensities of more than five wheel passes and more than 5 Mg wheel load occur mainly during harvests in the headland. At wheel load ≥3 Mg, soil tillage also stresses the headland. In summary, no work process stays below one of the upper thresholds set. Based on the results, the importance of a soil-conserving management becomes obvious in order to secure the soil for agriculture in a sustainable way.

ACS Style

Katja Augustin; Michael Kuhwald; Joachim Brunotte; Rainer Duttmann. Wheel Load and Wheel Pass Frequency as Indicators for Soil Compaction Risk: A Four-Year Analysis of Traffic Intensity at Field Scale. Geosciences 2020, 10, 292 .

AMA Style

Katja Augustin, Michael Kuhwald, Joachim Brunotte, Rainer Duttmann. Wheel Load and Wheel Pass Frequency as Indicators for Soil Compaction Risk: A Four-Year Analysis of Traffic Intensity at Field Scale. Geosciences. 2020; 10 (8):292.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katja Augustin; Michael Kuhwald; Joachim Brunotte; Rainer Duttmann. 2020. "Wheel Load and Wheel Pass Frequency as Indicators for Soil Compaction Risk: A Four-Year Analysis of Traffic Intensity at Field Scale." Geosciences 10, no. 8: 292.

Preprint content
Published: 23 March 2020
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Soil compaction by field traffic is one of the main threats to all agricultural soils. Besides lower biomass productivity, compacted soils have a reduced regulation function which affects the air, water and nutrient cycles. To evaluate and mitigate soil degradation by field traffic, it is important to know where, when and to what extent soil compaction may occur during certain traffic events.

This study presents an approach to assess soil compaction risk at the field scale, considering the spatio-temporal changes of soil strengths and the machinery-induced changes in load and stress. Two newly developed models, the field traffic model “FiTraM” and the spatially explicit soil compaction risk assessment model “SaSCiA”, were used to evaluate the individual soil compaction risk for each field traffic activity during the maize cropping season. RTK-GPS data recorded by all farm vehicles served for the spatial calculation of traffic intensity and changing wheel loads at high spatial resolution (< 30 cm). These data were subsequently used for soil compaction risk assessment based on readily available soil and weather data.

Our model results indicated that nearly 95% of a field was trafficked throughout the maize-season; harvest traffic at high wheel load contributed to more than the half of the total trafficked area. Furthermore, the analyses showed that soil compaction risk varies greatly within individual fields. Soil moisture and soil texture variation inside the field results in varying soil strength and, therefore, in varying effects of field traffic on soil functions. Thus, one part of a field can be negatively affected by field traffic through an increase in dry bulk density and a decrease in hydraulic conductivity, while the other part is not affected.

In addition to the spatio-temporal assessment of field traffic intensity and soil compaction risk, the presented approach enables the calculation of maximum allowable wheel load until no harmful soil degradation occurs. Thus, the approach may support farmers in their decision-making for a more sustainable soil management.  

ACS Style

Michael Kuhwald; Katja Augustin; Rainer Duttmann. Evaluation of agricultural field traffic by modelling traffic intensity and related soil compaction risk. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Michael Kuhwald, Katja Augustin, Rainer Duttmann. Evaluation of agricultural field traffic by modelling traffic intensity and related soil compaction risk. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Kuhwald; Katja Augustin; Rainer Duttmann. 2020. "Evaluation of agricultural field traffic by modelling traffic intensity and related soil compaction risk." , no. : 1.

Chapter
Published: 01 January 2020 in RaumFragen: Stadt – Region – Landschaft
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Seit der Sesshaftwerdung gestaltet der Mensch seine Umwelt, um Nahrungsmittel zu produzieren. Durch umfangreiche Maßnahmen wie Flurbereinigung und Drainierung entstand daraus die Landschaft, die wir heute als „Agrarlandschaft“ bezeichnen. Die Böden in der Agrarlandschaft sind dabei die Grundlage unserer Ernährung. Die stetig wachsendende Weltbevölkerung und die Zunahme des Wohlstands sorgen jedoch dafür, dass die Böden zunehmend unter Druck geraten. Einerseits durch Flächenkonkurrenz. So werden in Deutschland täglich 58 ha Fläche für Siedlung und Verkehr versiegelt und stehen somit der agrarischen Nutzung nicht mehr zur Verfügung. Andererseits durch die ackerbauliche Nutzung selbst. Beispielsweise beeinträchtigt die intensive und nicht standortangepasste Bodenbearbeitung die Bodenstruktur und nimmt so Einfluss auf zahlreiche Bodenfunktionen. Die Folge ist eine Abnahme des natürlichen standörtlichen Leistungsvermögens. Um eine nachhaltige Nutzung der Böden und ihren Schutz gleichermaßen zu gewährleisten, bedarf es einer sorgsamen Analyse der mit ihrer Nutzung verbundenen ökosystemaren Konflikte. Darauf aufbauend lassen sich Lösungsansätze entwickeln, die alle Akteure betreffen – vom Konsumierenden über die Landwirte*innen bis hin zu den Entscheidungsträgern*innen aus Politik und Gesetzgebung. Der Beitrag gibt einen Einblick in die Konfliktfelder innerhalb der Agrarlandschaft an den Beispielen Flächennutzung, Bodenbearbeitung und Bodenbefahrung und diskutiert mögliche Lösungsansätze.

ACS Style

Michael Kuhwald; Philipp Saggau; Katja Augustin. Konflikte um Flächennutzung und Bodenfunktionen in Agrarlandschaften. RaumFragen: Stadt – Region – Landschaft 2020, 657 -688.

AMA Style

Michael Kuhwald, Philipp Saggau, Katja Augustin. Konflikte um Flächennutzung und Bodenfunktionen in Agrarlandschaften. RaumFragen: Stadt – Region – Landschaft. 2020; ():657-688.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Kuhwald; Philipp Saggau; Katja Augustin. 2020. "Konflikte um Flächennutzung und Bodenfunktionen in Agrarlandschaften." RaumFragen: Stadt – Region – Landschaft , no. : 657-688.

Journal article
Published: 09 August 2019 in Soil Systems
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Soil erosion by water is one of the main soil degradation processes worldwide, which leads to declines in natural soil fertility and productivity especially on arable land. Despite advances in soil erosion modelling, the effects of compacted tramlines are usually not considered. However, tramlines noticeably contribute to the amount of soil eroded inside a field. To quantify these effects we incorporated high-resolution spatial tramline data into modelling. For simulation, the process-based soil erosion model EROSION3D has been applied on different fields for a single rainfall event. To find a reasonable balance between computing time and prediction quality, different grid cell sizes (5, 1, and 0.5 m) were used and modelling results were compared against measured soil loss. We found that (i) grid-based models like E3D are able to integrate tramlines, (ii) the share of measured erosion between tramline and cultivated areas fits well with measurements for resolution ≤1 m, (iii) tramline erosion showed a high dependency to the slope angle and (iv) soil loss and runoff are generated quicker within tramlines during the event. The results indicate that the integration of tramlines in soil erosion modelling improves the spatial prediction accuracy, and therefore, can be important for soil conservation planning.

ACS Style

Philipp Saggau; Michael Kuhwald; Rainer Duttmann. Integrating Soil Compaction Impacts of Tramlines Into Soil Erosion Modelling: A Field-Scale Approach. Soil Systems 2019, 3, 51 .

AMA Style

Philipp Saggau, Michael Kuhwald, Rainer Duttmann. Integrating Soil Compaction Impacts of Tramlines Into Soil Erosion Modelling: A Field-Scale Approach. Soil Systems. 2019; 3 (3):51.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Philipp Saggau; Michael Kuhwald; Rainer Duttmann. 2019. "Integrating Soil Compaction Impacts of Tramlines Into Soil Erosion Modelling: A Field-Scale Approach." Soil Systems 3, no. 3: 51.

Journal article
Published: 29 April 2019 in Sustainability
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The increasing use of biogas, produced from energy crops like silage maize, is supposed to noticeably change the structures and patterns of agricultural landscapes in Europe. The main objective of our study is to quantify this assumed impact of intensive biogas production with the example of an agrarian landscape in Northern Germany. Therefore, we used three different datasets; Corine Land Cover (CLC), local agricultural statistics (Agrar-Struktur-Erhebung, ASE), and data on biogas power plants. Via kernel density analysis, we delineated impact zones which represent different levels of bioenergy-generated transformations of agrarian landscapes. We cross-checked the results by the analyses of the land cover and landscape pattern changes from 2000 to 2012 inside the impact zones. We found significant correlations between the installed electrical capacity (IC) and land cover changes. According to our findings, the landscape pattern of cropland—expressed via landscape metrics (mean patch size (MPS), total edge (TE), mean shape index (MSI), mean fractal dimension index (MFRACT)—increased and that of pastures decreased since the beginning of biogas production. Moreover, our study indicates that the increasing number of biogas power plants in certain areas is accompanied with a continuous reduction in crop diversity and a homogenization of land use in the same areas. We found maximum degrees of land use homogenisation in areas with highest IC. Our results show that a Kernel density map of the IC of biogas power plants might offer a suitable first indicator for monitoring and quantifying landscape change induced by biogas production.

ACS Style

Nandor Csikos; Malte Schwanebeck; Michael Kuhwald; Peter Szilassi; Rainer Duttmann. Density of Biogas Power Plants as An Indicator of Bioenergy Generated Transformation of Agricultural Landscapes. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2500 .

AMA Style

Nandor Csikos, Malte Schwanebeck, Michael Kuhwald, Peter Szilassi, Rainer Duttmann. Density of Biogas Power Plants as An Indicator of Bioenergy Generated Transformation of Agricultural Landscapes. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (9):2500.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nandor Csikos; Malte Schwanebeck; Michael Kuhwald; Peter Szilassi; Rainer Duttmann. 2019. "Density of Biogas Power Plants as An Indicator of Bioenergy Generated Transformation of Agricultural Landscapes." Sustainability 11, no. 9: 2500.

Journal article
Published: 17 May 2018 in Sustainability
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Soil compaction caused by field traffic is one of the main threats to agricultural landscapes. Compacted soils have a reduced hydraulic conductivity, lower plant growth and increased surface runoff resulting in numerous environmental issues such as increased nutrient leaching and flood risk. Mitigating soil compaction, therefore, is a major goal for a sustainable agriculture and environmental protection. To prevent undesirable effects of field traffic, it is essential to know where and when soil compaction may occur. This study developed a model for soil compaction risk assessment of arable soils at regional scale. A combination of (i) soil, weather, crop type and machinery information; (ii) a soil moisture model and (iii) soil compaction models forms the SaSCiA-model (Spatially explicit Soil Compaction risk Assessment). The SaSCiA-model computes daily maps of soil compaction risk and associated area statistics for varying depths at actual field conditions and for entire regions. Applications with open access data in two different study areas in northern Germany demonstrated the model’s applicability. Soil compaction risks strongly varied in space and time throughout the year. SaSCiA allows a detailed spatio-temporal analysis of soil compaction risk at the regional scale, which exceed those of currently available models. Applying SaSCiA may support farmers, stakeholders and consultants in making decision for a more sustainable agriculture.

ACS Style

Michael Kuhwald; Katja Dörnhöfer; Natascha Oppelt; Rainer Duttmann. Spatially Explicit Soil Compaction Risk Assessment of Arable Soils at Regional Scale: The SaSCiA-Model. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1618 .

AMA Style

Michael Kuhwald, Katja Dörnhöfer, Natascha Oppelt, Rainer Duttmann. Spatially Explicit Soil Compaction Risk Assessment of Arable Soils at Regional Scale: The SaSCiA-Model. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (5):1618.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Kuhwald; Katja Dörnhöfer; Natascha Oppelt; Rainer Duttmann. 2018. "Spatially Explicit Soil Compaction Risk Assessment of Arable Soils at Regional Scale: The SaSCiA-Model." Sustainability 10, no. 5: 1618.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Science of The Total Environment
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Phytoplankton indicated by its photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll-a is an important pointer on lake ecology and a regularly monitored parameter within the European Water Framework Directive. Along with eutrophication and global warming cyanobacteria gain increasing importance concerning human health aspects. Optical remote sensing may support both the monitoring of horizontal distribution of phytoplankton and cyanobacteria at the lake surface and the reduction of spatial uncertainties associated with limited water sample analyses. Temporal and spatial resolution of using only one satellite sensor, however, may constrain its information value. To discuss the advantages of a multi-sensor approach the sensor-independent, physically based model MIP (Modular Inversion and Processing System) was applied at Lake Kummerow, Germany, and lake surface chlorophyll-a was derived from 33 images of five different sensors (MODIS-Terra, MODIS-Aqua, Landsat 8, Landsat 7 and Sentinel-2A). Remotely sensed lake average chlorophyll-a concentration showed a reasonable development and varied between 2.3±0.4 and 35.8±2.0mg·m(-3) from July to October 2015. Match-ups between in situ and satellite chlorophyll-a revealed varying performances of Landsat 8 (RMSE: 3.6 and 19.7mg·m(-3)), Landsat 7 (RMSE: 6.2mg·m(-3)), Sentinel-2A (RMSE: 5.1mg·m(-3)) and MODIS (RMSE: 12.8mg·m(-3)), whereas an in situ data uncertainty of 48% needs to be respected. The temporal development of an index on harmful algal blooms corresponded well with the cyanobacteria biomass development during summer months. Satellite chlorophyll-a maps allowed to follow spatial patterns of chlorophyll-a distribution during a phytoplankton bloom event. Wind conditions mainly explained spatial patterns. Integrating satellite chlorophyll-a into trophic state assessment resulted in different trophic classes. Our study endorsed a combined use of satellite and in situ chlorophyll-a data to alleviate weaknesses of both approaches and to better characterise and understand phytoplankton development in lakes.

ACS Style

Katja Dörnhöfer; Philip Klinger; Thomas Heege; Natascha Oppelt. Multi-sensor satellite and in situ monitoring of phytoplankton development in a eutrophic-mesotrophic lake. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 612, 1200 -1214.

AMA Style

Katja Dörnhöfer, Philip Klinger, Thomas Heege, Natascha Oppelt. Multi-sensor satellite and in situ monitoring of phytoplankton development in a eutrophic-mesotrophic lake. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 612 ():1200-1214.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katja Dörnhöfer; Philip Klinger; Thomas Heege; Natascha Oppelt. 2018. "Multi-sensor satellite and in situ monitoring of phytoplankton development in a eutrophic-mesotrophic lake." Science of The Total Environment 612, no. : 1200-1214.

Journal article
Published: 31 August 2017 in Soil Use and Management
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In addition to various positive aspects, long-term reduced tillage may cause disadvantages such as increased weed pressure and soil compaction. Thus, single inversion tillage is customarily used for overcoming these drawbacks; however, the effects on the enhanced soil functions are unknown. The main objective of this study was therefore to assess whether improved soil physical properties following long-term reduced tillage remain after one-time inversion tillage by mouldboard plough. The study was undertaken on a silt loam field in Lower Saxony, Germany. Since 1996, this field has been subdivided into three treatments; one was managed conventionally using a mouldboard plough (CT), while on the others a chisel plough (RT1) and a disc harrow (RT2) were employed. In October 2014, the entire field was mouldboard ploughed. The following year, four field campaigns were conducted to compare the soil physical properties of the continuously conventional tilled plot with those affected by one-time inversion tillage (RT1 and RT2). Dry bulk density (DBD), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and infiltration rate [K(h)] were analysed in untrafficked and trafficked areas in each plot. There were clear differences between CT and RT. At all sampling dates, both RT plots had higher Ks and K(h) compared with CT. These differences also occurred to some extent on the trafficked areas. This suggests that improved soil hydraulic properties remained after one-time inversion tillage of a long-term reduced tilled field. Thus, one-time inversion tillage may offer a suitable measure for overcoming some of the main disadvantages associated with long-term reduced tillage, while preserving the positive effects on soil physical properties.

ACS Style

M. Kuhwald; M. Blaschek; J. Brunotte; R. Duttmann. Comparing soil physical properties from continuous conventional tillage with long-term reduced tillage affected by one-time inversion. Soil Use and Management 2017, 33, 611 -619.

AMA Style

M. Kuhwald, M. Blaschek, J. Brunotte, R. Duttmann. Comparing soil physical properties from continuous conventional tillage with long-term reduced tillage affected by one-time inversion. Soil Use and Management. 2017; 33 (4):611-619.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Kuhwald; M. Blaschek; J. Brunotte; R. Duttmann. 2017. "Comparing soil physical properties from continuous conventional tillage with long-term reduced tillage affected by one-time inversion." Soil Use and Management 33, no. 4: 611-619.

Journal article
Published: 12 July 2017 in Water
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Submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) is sensitive to changes in environmental conditions and plays an important role as a long-term indictor for the trophic state of freshwater lakes. Variations in water level height, nutrient condition, light availability and water temperature affect the growth and species composition of SAV. Detailed information about seasonal variations in littoral bottom coverage are still unknown, although these effects are expected to mask climate change-related long-term changes, as derived by snapshots of standard monitoring methods included in the European Water Framework Directive. Remote sensing offers concepts to map SAV quickly, within large areas, and at short intervals. This study analyses the potential of a semi-empirical method to map littoral bottom coverage by a multi-seasonal approach. Depth-invariant indices were calculated for four Atmospheric & Topographic Correction (ATCOR2) atmospheric corrected RapidEye data sets acquired at Lake Kummerow, Germany, between June and August 2015. RapidEye data evaluation was supported by in situ measurements of the diffuse attenuation coefficient of the water column and bottom reflectance. The processing chain was able to differentiate between SAV and sandy sediment. The successive increase of SAV coverage from June to August was correctly monitored. Comparisons with in situ and Google Earth imagery revealed medium accuracies (kappa coefficient = 0.61, overall accuracy = 72.2%). The analysed time series further revealed how water constituents and temporary surface phenomena such as sun glint or algal blooms influence the identification success of lake bottom substrates. An abundant algal bloom biased the interpretability of shallow water substrate such that a differentiation of sediments and SAV patches failed completely. Despite the documented limitations, mapping of SAV using RapidEye seems possible, even in eutrophic lakes.

ACS Style

Christine Fritz; Katja Dörnhöfer; Thomas Schneider; Juergen Geist; Natascha Oppelt. Mapping Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Using RapidEye Satellite Data: The Example of Lake Kummerow (Germany). Water 2017, 9, 510 .

AMA Style

Christine Fritz, Katja Dörnhöfer, Thomas Schneider, Juergen Geist, Natascha Oppelt. Mapping Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Using RapidEye Satellite Data: The Example of Lake Kummerow (Germany). Water. 2017; 9 (7):510.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine Fritz; Katja Dörnhöfer; Thomas Schneider; Juergen Geist; Natascha Oppelt. 2017. "Mapping Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Using RapidEye Satellite Data: The Example of Lake Kummerow (Germany)." Water 9, no. 7: 510.

Journal article
Published: 11 November 2016 in Remote Sensing
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Satellite remote sensing may assist in meeting the needs of lake monitoring. In this study, we aim to evaluate the potential of Sentinel-2 to assess and monitor water constituents and bottom characteristics of lakes at spatio-temporal synoptic scales. In a field campaign at Lake Starnberg, Germany, we collected validation data concurrently to a Sentinel-2A (S2-A) overpass. We compared the results of three different atmospheric corrections, i.e., Sen2Cor, ACOLITE and MIP, with in situ reflectance measurements, whereof MIP performed best (r = 0.987, RMSE = 0.002 sr−1). Using the bio-optical modelling tool WASI-2D, we retrieved absorption by coloured dissolved organic matter (aCDOM(440)), backscattering and concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in optically deep water; water depths, bottom substrates and aCDOM(440) were modelled in optically shallow water. In deep water, SPM and aCDOM(440) showed reasonable spatial patterns. Comparisons with in situ data (mean: 0.43 m−1) showed an underestimation of S2-A derived aCDOM(440) (mean: 0.14 m−1); S2-A backscattering of SPM was slightly higher than backscattering from in situ data (mean: 0.027 m−1 vs. 0.019 m−1). Chlorophyll-a concentrations (~1 mg·m−3) of the lake were too low for a retrieval. In shallow water, retrieved water depths exhibited a high correlation with echo sounding data (r = 0.95, residual standard deviation = 0.12 m) up to 2.5 m (Secchi disk depth: 4.2 m), though water depths were slightly underestimated (RMSE = 0.56 m). In deeper water, Sentinel-2A bands were incapable of allowing a WASI-2D based separation of macrophytes and sediment which led to erroneous water depths. Overall, the results encourage further research on lakes with varying optical properties and trophic states with Sentinel-2A.

ACS Style

Katja Dörnhöfer; Anna Göritz; Peter Gege; Bringfried Pflug; Natascha Oppelt. Water Constituents and Water Depth Retrieval from Sentinel-2A—A First Evaluation in an Oligotrophic Lake. Remote Sensing 2016, 8, 941 .

AMA Style

Katja Dörnhöfer, Anna Göritz, Peter Gege, Bringfried Pflug, Natascha Oppelt. Water Constituents and Water Depth Retrieval from Sentinel-2A—A First Evaluation in an Oligotrophic Lake. Remote Sensing. 2016; 8 (11):941.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katja Dörnhöfer; Anna Göritz; Peter Gege; Bringfried Pflug; Natascha Oppelt. 2016. "Water Constituents and Water Depth Retrieval from Sentinel-2A—A First Evaluation in an Oligotrophic Lake." Remote Sensing 8, no. 11: 941.

Journal article
Published: 16 February 2016 in Soil Use and Management
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Measuring penetration resistance (PR) is a common technique for evaluating the effects of field management on soils. This study focuses on the effects of long-term tillage on the spatial distribution of PR, comparing reduced and conventional tillage (CT) practices. The study site, located in Lower Saxony (Germany), has been subdivided into three plots, with one plot having been managed conventionally, whereas reduced tillage (RT) practices have been applied to the other two. In total, PR was measured at 63 randomly selected points. The PR data were stepwise interpolated using kriging with external drift. Core samples have been taken at 20 additional sites. The results show significant differences in PR between the different tillage practices. Within the conventionally managed plot, PR ranges to 2.3 MPa less in the topsoil than under RT. However, measured saturated hydraulic conductivity and amount of biopores at the depth of 30–35 cm are significantly greater under RT, indicating improved soil properties under RT. Comparisons between the headlands (HL) and the inner field point out the effects of intense field traffic in the HL, where maximum PR values of about 6 MPa have been measured. The spatial prediction of PR values show that long-term effects of different tillage practices result in clearly structured patterns between CT and RT and the HL. Combining extensive PR measurements and point measurements of additional soil properties supports an adequate interpretation of PR data and can lead to fieldwide derivation of soil functions influenced by field management.

ACS Style

M. Kuhwald; M. Blaschek; R. Minkler; Y. Nazemtseva; M. Schwanebeck; J. Winter; R. Duttmann. Spatial analysis of long-term effects of different tillage practices based on penetration resistance. Soil Use and Management 2016, 32, 240 -249.

AMA Style

M. Kuhwald, M. Blaschek, R. Minkler, Y. Nazemtseva, M. Schwanebeck, J. Winter, R. Duttmann. Spatial analysis of long-term effects of different tillage practices based on penetration resistance. Soil Use and Management. 2016; 32 (2):240-249.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Kuhwald; M. Blaschek; R. Minkler; Y. Nazemtseva; M. Schwanebeck; J. Winter; R. Duttmann. 2016. "Spatial analysis of long-term effects of different tillage practices based on penetration resistance." Soil Use and Management 32, no. 2: 240-249.