Wastewater treatment plants consist of many biological reactors and a settler, representing an example of large-scale, nonlinear systems. The wastewater treatment plant in this study operates using an activated sludge system, which relies on biological processes to treat wastewater effectively. It is for this reason that iterative process modeling was used through the implementation of an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to predict the height of the sludge layer in secondary clarifiers, where the accumulation of activated sludge occurs during the sedimentation process. This technique consists of maximum likelihood estimation that works more consistently in various noise scenarios. As a result of the evaluation of the model estimated by the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), the suitability of the process tends to be concluded on. In this sense, the prediction of the height in the sludge layer in sewage systems represents a complicated and heteroscedastic process, which can be understood as a phenomenon that can be influenced by a variety of factors. Therefore, this study does not identify problems in estimates through a thorough examination of residuals. It is concluded that the implementation of state-space modeling increases the adaptability and adjustability of the process to achieve structural optimization in a treatment plant. This approach is a viable and effective solution for the efficient management of polluting sludge levels and minimizing the possible environmental impact in out-of-control situations in wastewater treatment plants.

El inglés como lengua extranjera y la educación bilingüe han estado sucediendo durante mucho tiempo en la historia de la humanidad, sin embargo, la llegada del siglo XX y el desarrollo de disciplinas científicas como la psicología, la sociología, la lingüística y la psicolingüística, entre muchos otros, proporcionaron un camino amplio. de desarrollo para el cambio y la innovación en el campo de la enseñanza de idiomas. Esta situación no se ha detenido, y hoy en día estamos disfrutando de los beneficios de esta evolución y los avances que han significado la información y la tecnología y las TIC. Los principales temas cubiertos por este documento son: ¿Cuáles son las principales características de CLIL aplicado en Ecuador? El análisis de la descripción del programa de bilingüismo basado en metodologías de la definición del modelo CLIL. Propuesta: Nuestra propuesta se centrará en la relevancia de una amplia capacitación de maestros bilingües. Los profesores en el momento más cercano desarrollarán sus habilidades y trabajarán de manera cooperativa con maestros de contenido y maestros de idiomas para integrar la educación para enfrentar la realidad de los países que no hablan inglés y preparar a los estudiantes ecuatorianos bilingües. Palabras clave: CLIL, aprendizaje cooperativo, educación bilingüe ecuatoriana, estudiantes bilingües.

Universities face continuous challenges in ensuring rapid and efficient communication during emergencies due to outdated, fragmented, and manual notification systems. This research presents the design, development, and implementation of a multiplatform mobile application to optimize emergency notifications at the Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH). The application, developed using the Flutter framework, offers real-time alert dispatch, geolocation services, and seamless integration with ESPOCH’s Security Unit through Application Programming Interfaces (APIs). A descriptive and applied research methodology was adopted, analyzing existing notification workflows and evaluating agile development methodologies. MOBILE-D was selected for its rapid iteration capabilities and alignment with small development teams. The application’s architecture incorporates a Node.js backend, Firebase Realtime Database, Google Maps API, and the ESPOCH Digital ID API for robust and scalable performance. Efficiency metrics were evaluated using ISO/IEC 25010 standards, focusing on temporal behavior. The results demonstrated a 53.92% reduction in response times compared to traditional notification processes, enhancing operational readiness and safety across the campus. This study underscores the importance of leveraging mobile technologies to streamline emergency communication and provides a scalable model for educational institutions seeking to modernize their security protocols.

The present study aimed to improve the speaking skills of university students at the B1 level who presented limitations in their oral competence. An educational methodology based on designing and implementing an application adapted to the Common European Framework of Reference was developed and applied to boost language performance. A case study was used to conduct the two stages of this research; the former had to do with a control group where intervention was carried out using non-probabilistic sampling with students of the Computing Faculty; a pretest was applied to test the knowledge acquired in their classroom sessions during the first quarter in 2020. The second process was tracking an experimental group, which was assessed after implementing the developed methodology using the app "4skillsweb". A posttest was used to evidence learners' progress during the COVID-19 lockdown, and the results showed improved oral competence in aspects such as grammar and vocabulary, discourse management, pronunciation, and interactive communication, with about 95% confidence in its validation. A qualitative-quantitative methodology was used to determine the influence of the English app. A t-students test was implemented to corroborate the data analysis taken by both groups through SOFTWARE JMP v 11.0.0G.

The circular economy proposes a shift in agro-industrial production processes, utilizing waste that is normally discarded to transform it into resources with economic value and reduce environmental impact. This paper analyzes how circular strategies can create new markets in the agro-industry. A qualitative-descriptive analysis was conducted, including a review of scientific literature and a study of practical cases implemented in Latin America and Europe. The results show that valorizing agricultural byproducts allows for the development of bio-inputs, bioenergy, and bioplastics. This circular model makes the sector more competitive because it reduces costs and diversifies revenue streams. Companies that adopt it reduce operating costs by 15-60%, increase their revenue by 8-22%, and gain access to premium markets with price premiums of 10-35%. Valorizing 1,000 tons of organic waste prevents emissions of 400-650 tons of CO₂ and reduces water consumption by 60-70%. However, significant barriers exist: limited access to technology for small and medium-sized enterprises, high initial costs, fragmented regulatory frameworks, and resistance to change. Overcoming these requires public policies that include financing, tax incentives, technical standards, and training. The circular economy not only solves environmental problems but also drives innovation and creates sustainable business opportunities for the agribusiness sector.

Globalization, academic mobility, and the internationalization of higher education have increased the need to develop competencies that enable students to communicate effectively in culturally diverse contexts. Therefore, English language teaching goes beyond linguistic proficiency and constitutes a favorable context for the development of intercultural competence. However, its integration into university education presents difficulties related to teacher preparation, assessment, curricular articulation, the pedagogical use of technologies, and opportunities for intercultural interaction. The objective was to analyze the scientific evidence on the development of intercultural competence through English language teaching in higher education, identifying the main strategies, methodologies, dimensions, and reported learning outcomes. A systematic review of the scientific literature was conducted using a qualitative and descriptive-analytical approach, following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The process comprised the stages of identification, screening, eligibility assessment, and study inclusion through the search for academic publications related to university students, English language teaching, and intercultural competence. Information from the included studies was organized using a documentary analysis matrix and subjected to qualitative thematic synthesis for comparative interpretation. The results showed that the main strategies included telecollaboration, virtual exchange, collaborative learning, intercultural projects, direct interaction, and the pedagogical use of digital technologies. Furthermore, intercultural competence was found to be multidimensional, comprising knowledge, awareness, attitudes, and skills. It is concluded that university English language teaching constitutes a relevant means of developing intercultural competence when language learning is integrated with experiences of interaction, reflection, and meaning negotiation, making it necessary to strengthen teacher training, curricular integration, teaching strategies, assessment, and opportunities for intercultural contact.