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Petra Zapp
Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Energy and Climate Research—Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (IEK-STE), 52428 Jülich, Germany

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Journal article
Published: 22 June 2021 in Sustainability
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The Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) is a proven method for sustainability assessment. However, the interpretation phase of an LCSA is challenging because many different single results are obtained. Additionally, performing a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is one way—not only for LCSA—to gain clarity about how to interpret the results. One common form of MCDAs are outranking methods. For these type of methods it becomes of utmost importance to clarify when results become preferable. Thus, thresholds are commonly used to prevent decisions based on results that are actually indifferent between the analyzed options. In this paper, a new approach is presented to identify and quantify such thresholds for Preference Ranking Organization METHod for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE) based on uncertainty of Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) methods. Common thresholds and this new approach are discussed using a case study on finding a preferred location for sustainable industrial hydrogen production, comparing three locations in European countries. The single LCSA results indicated different preferences for the environmental, economic and social assessment. The application of PROMETHEE helped to find a clear solution. The comparison of the newly-specified thresholds based on LCIA uncertainty with default thresholds provided important insights of how to interpret the LCSA results regarding industrial hydrogen production.

ACS Style

Christina Wulf; Petra Zapp; Andrea Schreiber; Wilhelm Kuckshinrichs. Setting Thresholds to Define Indifferences and Preferences in PROMETHEE for Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of European Hydrogen Production. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7009 .

AMA Style

Christina Wulf, Petra Zapp, Andrea Schreiber, Wilhelm Kuckshinrichs. Setting Thresholds to Define Indifferences and Preferences in PROMETHEE for Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of European Hydrogen Production. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (13):7009.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christina Wulf; Petra Zapp; Andrea Schreiber; Wilhelm Kuckshinrichs. 2021. "Setting Thresholds to Define Indifferences and Preferences in PROMETHEE for Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of European Hydrogen Production." Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7009.

Review
Published: 03 June 2021 in Science of The Total Environment
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Rare earth elements (REEs) are one of the most important elements used for transformation of the fossil era into a decarbonized future. REEs are essential for wind, electric and hybrid vehicles, and low-energy lighting. However, there is a general understanding that REEs come along with multiple environmental problems during their extraction and processing. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a well-established method for a holistic evaluation of environmental effects of a product system considering the entire life cycle. This paper reviews LCA studies for determining the environmental impacts of rare earth oxide (REO) production from Bayan Obo and ion adsorption clays (IAC) in China, and shows why some studies lead to over- and underestimated results. We found out that current LCA studies of REE production provide a good overall understanding of the underlying process chains, which are mainly located in China. However, life cycle inventories (LCI) appear often not complete. Several lack accuracy, consistency, or transparency. Hence, resulting environmental impacts are subject to great uncertainty. This applies in particular to radioactivity and the handling of wastewater and slurry in tailing ponds, which have often been neglected. This article reviews 35 studies to identify suitable LCAs for comparison. The assessment covers the world’s largest REO production facility, located in Bayan Obo, as well as in-situ leaching of IACs in the Southern Provinces of China. A total of 12 studies are selected, 8 for Bayan Obo and IACs each. The LCIs of these studies are reviewed in detail. The effects of over- and underestimated LCIs on the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) are investigated. The partly controversial results of existing LCAs are analyzed thoroughly and discussed. Our results show that an increased consistency in LCA studies on REO production is needed.

ACS Style

Andrea Schreiber; Josefine Marx; Petra Zapp. Life Cycle Assessment studies of rare earths production - Findings from a systematic review. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 791, 148257 .

AMA Style

Andrea Schreiber, Josefine Marx, Petra Zapp. Life Cycle Assessment studies of rare earths production - Findings from a systematic review. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 791 ():148257.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrea Schreiber; Josefine Marx; Petra Zapp. 2021. "Life Cycle Assessment studies of rare earths production - Findings from a systematic review." Science of The Total Environment 791, no. : 148257.

Journal article
Published: 09 January 2021 in Biomass and Bioenergy
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As part of a comprehensive evaluation of the use of Sida hermaphrodita (hereafter referred to as Sida) biomass as a solid biofuel, a life cycle assessment (LCA) according to ISO 14040/14044 was carried out by means of a suitable cradle-to-gate system design. The supply and use of chips, pellets and briquettes was studied by internal and external comparisons to show competitiveness and improvement options. The results show fewer differences within the Sida process chain designs but larger distinctions to compared alternative biofuels such as wood or Miscanthus pellets. A major finding is that Sida process chains cause lower environmental impacts in comparison with alternative biofuels. The study identified hot spots within the Sida process chains and starting points for further improvement. A sensitivity analysis of important parameters, such as specific yield or heating values was performed. Because there are no similar investigations on the environmental impact of Sida used as a biogenic solid fuel to date this manuscript presents first results. So far, the results indicate that Sida provides a more sustainable option for the use of biomass in combustion processes in relation to environmental impacts.

ACS Style

Andreas Schonhoff; Nicolai David Jablonowski; Petra Zapp. Environmental competitiveness evaluation by life cycle assessment for solid fuels generated from Sida hermaphrodita biomass. Biomass and Bioenergy 2021, 145, 105966 .

AMA Style

Andreas Schonhoff, Nicolai David Jablonowski, Petra Zapp. Environmental competitiveness evaluation by life cycle assessment for solid fuels generated from Sida hermaphrodita biomass. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2021; 145 ():105966.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andreas Schonhoff; Nicolai David Jablonowski; Petra Zapp. 2021. "Environmental competitiveness evaluation by life cycle assessment for solid fuels generated from Sida hermaphrodita biomass." Biomass and Bioenergy 145, no. : 105966.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2020 in Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems
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ACS Style

Christina Wulf; Petra Zapp. Sustainability Assessment of Innovative Energy Technologies – Hydrogen from Wind Power as a Fuel for Mobility Applications. Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems 2020, N/A, 1 .

AMA Style

Christina Wulf, Petra Zapp. Sustainability Assessment of Innovative Energy Technologies – Hydrogen from Wind Power as a Fuel for Mobility Applications. Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems. 2020; N/A (N/A):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christina Wulf; Petra Zapp. 2020. "Sustainability Assessment of Innovative Energy Technologies – Hydrogen from Wind Power as a Fuel for Mobility Applications." Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems N/A, no. N/A: 1.

Original research
Published: 02 May 2020 in GCB Bioenergy
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Due to an increased awareness of climate change and limited fossil resources, the demand of alternative energy carriers such as biomass has risen significantly during the past years. This development is supported by the idea of a transition to a bio‐based economy reducing fossil‐based carbon dioxide emissions. Based on this trend, biomass for energy is expected to be used in the EU mainly for heating until the end of the decade. The perennial herbaceous mallow plant Sida hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby (“Sida”) has high potential as an alternative biomass plant for energy purposes. Different density cultivation scenarios of Sida accounting for 1, 2, or 4 plants m‐2 resulted in a total biomass yield of 21, 28, and 34 tons dry matter ha‐1, respectively, over a three‐year period at agricultural conditions, while the overall investment costs almost doubled from 2 to 4 plants m‐2. Subsequently, Sida biomass was used as SI) chips, SII) pellets, and SIII) briquettes for combustion studies at pilot plant scale. Pellets outcompeted chips and briquettes by showing low CO emission of 40 mg Nm‐3, good burnout and low slagging behavior, however with elevated NOx and SO2 levels. In contrast, combustion of chips and briquettes displayed high CO emissions of >1300 mg Nm‐3, while SO2 values were below 100 mg Nm‐3. Contents of HCl in the flue gas ranged between 32 and 52 mg Nm‐3 for all Sida fuels tested. High contents of alkaline earth metals such as CaO resulted in high ash melting points of up to 1450 °C. Life Cycle Assessment results showed the lowest ecological impact for Sida pellets taking all production parameters and environmental categories into consideration, showing further advantages of Sida over other alternative biomasses. Overall, the results indicate the improved applicability of pelletized Sida biomass as a renewable biogenic energy carrier for combustion.

ACS Style

Nicolai David Jablonowski; Tobias Kollmann; Martin Meiller; Matthias Dohrn; Michael Müller; Moritz Nabel; Petra Zapp; Andreas Schonhoff; Silvia Diane Schrey. Full assessment of Sida ( Sida hermaphrodita ) biomass as a solid fuel. GCB Bioenergy 2020, 12, 618 -635.

AMA Style

Nicolai David Jablonowski, Tobias Kollmann, Martin Meiller, Matthias Dohrn, Michael Müller, Moritz Nabel, Petra Zapp, Andreas Schonhoff, Silvia Diane Schrey. Full assessment of Sida ( Sida hermaphrodita ) biomass as a solid fuel. GCB Bioenergy. 2020; 12 (8):618-635.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicolai David Jablonowski; Tobias Kollmann; Martin Meiller; Matthias Dohrn; Michael Müller; Moritz Nabel; Petra Zapp; Andreas Schonhoff; Silvia Diane Schrey. 2020. "Full assessment of Sida ( Sida hermaphrodita ) biomass as a solid fuel." GCB Bioenergy 12, no. 8: 618-635.

Review
Published: 16 October 2019 in Sustainability
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Many different approaches have been developed to quantify and evaluate sustainability. Here a review is performed on sustainability assessment based on Life Cycle Thinking, which mostly means Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA). Until the end of 2018, 258 publications can be found, from which 146 include a case study. The highest number of publications appeared between 2016 and 2018 and, compared to the years before 2016, the number of authors has increased. However, in recent years the focus has been more on case studies than on methodological aspects of LCSA. The presented holistic approaches for LCSA are either too broad or too narrow for scientific guidance. Therefore, many questions concerning LCSA are still open, e.g., regarding definition of sustainability dimensions and the desire or need for multi-criteria decision-analysis. An underlying problem is the lack of discussion about sustainability concepts. The momentum in the community to perform case studies for LCSA should be used to also develop more guiding principles.

ACS Style

Christina Wulf; Jasmin Werker; Christopher Ball; Petra Zapp; Wilhelm Kuckshinrichs. Review of Sustainability Assessment Approaches Based on Life Cycles. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5717 .

AMA Style

Christina Wulf, Jasmin Werker, Christopher Ball, Petra Zapp, Wilhelm Kuckshinrichs. Review of Sustainability Assessment Approaches Based on Life Cycles. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (20):5717.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christina Wulf; Jasmin Werker; Christopher Ball; Petra Zapp; Wilhelm Kuckshinrichs. 2019. "Review of Sustainability Assessment Approaches Based on Life Cycles." Sustainability 11, no. 20: 5717.

Journal article
Published: 07 June 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Wind turbines produce electricity with hardly any emissions during operation. Most environmental impacts are associated with their manufacture. This work performs a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the environmental impacts of different 3 MW power class wind turbines at a fictive onshore site in Germany. The three most frequently installed onshore turbine types are considered: geared converter with doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG), direct driven synchronous generator (DDSG) electrically excited and direct drive permanent magnet synchronous generator (DDPMSG). LCA reveals that environmental impacts are concentrated during manufacturing of fundament, tower and nacelle, which account for up to 19%, 30% and 99% of single impacts, respectively. Main drivers are the use of copper, steel and in case of DDPMSG also the rare earth permanent magnets. The DDSG shows higher impacts than the other wind turbines in 14 out of all 15 categories, due to the higher weight of its nacelle. Impacts due to operation add up to 3%.Four sensitivity analyses are conducted to estimate the effects of component replacement, recycling, origin of rare earths for permanent magnet production for DDPMSG and electricity yield. Possible recycling options show the highest improvement potential and even change turbine types ranking.

ACS Style

Andrea Schreiber; Josefine Marx; Petra Zapp. Comparative life cycle assessment of electricity generation by different wind turbine types. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 233, 561 -572.

AMA Style

Andrea Schreiber, Josefine Marx, Petra Zapp. Comparative life cycle assessment of electricity generation by different wind turbine types. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 233 ():561-572.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrea Schreiber; Josefine Marx; Petra Zapp. 2019. "Comparative life cycle assessment of electricity generation by different wind turbine types." Journal of Cleaner Production 233, no. : 561-572.

Research article
Published: 22 March 2018 in ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
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Neodymium, praseodymium and dysprosium are rare earth elements often used in high performance magnets. Environmental impacts during the production of 1 kg neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) magnet from three major deposits are quantified using life cycle assessment (LCA). The scope of the assessment includes the largest rare earth oxide (REO) production in Bayan Obo (China), and the second largest from a mine in Mount Weld (Australia), and a third mine in Mountain Pass (US), that closed production in 2015. Consecutively impacts from metal refining and final magnet production are added. All environmental impacts of the magnet production life cycle are dominated by the production of rare earth components (50 – 99.9%). Using REOs from the American mine shows best overall environmental performance due to improved handling of chemicals. Biggest differences to the worst Chinese pathway can be found in freshwater and terrestrial ecotoxicity, acidification, freshwater eutrophication, particulate matter and human toxicity. The smallest differences are observed for climate change, resource depletion and marine eutrophication. For the first time an LCA for the three largest RE producers was performed under the same frame conditions and methodological assumptions. This approach is a step towards getting a consistent picture of environmental impacts.

ACS Style

Josefine Marx; Andrea Schreiber; Petra Zapp; Frank Walachowicz. Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of NdFeB Permanent Magnet Production from Different Rare Earth Deposits. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2018, 6, 5858 -5867.

AMA Style

Josefine Marx, Andrea Schreiber, Petra Zapp, Frank Walachowicz. Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of NdFeB Permanent Magnet Production from Different Rare Earth Deposits. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 2018; 6 (5):5858-5867.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Josefine Marx; Andrea Schreiber; Petra Zapp; Frank Walachowicz. 2018. "Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of NdFeB Permanent Magnet Production from Different Rare Earth Deposits." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 6, no. 5: 5858-5867.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2018 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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ACS Style

Petra Zapp; Josefine Marx; Andrea Schreiber; Bernd Friedrich; Daniel Voßenkaul. Comparison of dysprosium production from different resources by life cycle assessment. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2018, 130, 248 -259.

AMA Style

Petra Zapp, Josefine Marx, Andrea Schreiber, Bernd Friedrich, Daniel Voßenkaul. Comparison of dysprosium production from different resources by life cycle assessment. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2018; 130 ():248-259.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Petra Zapp; Josefine Marx; Andrea Schreiber; Bernd Friedrich; Daniel Voßenkaul. 2018. "Comparison of dysprosium production from different resources by life cycle assessment." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 130, no. : 248-259.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Procedia CIRP
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Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) emerged as a methodology allowing a detailed representation of technologies in their processes from a life cycle perspective. To conduct a profound LCSA a plausible indicator selection is needed. From a Sustainability perspective, the currently dominant political framework is the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations. In this paper, LCSA indicators are selected based on the SDGs, comparing in a first approach the implication due to the selection based on overall goals and SDG indicators level. The applicability of this selection is tested by a case study of electrolytic hydrogen production. The analysis shows meaningful differences between the goal-based and the indicator-based assessment. Only the goal-based indicator set comprises all dimensions of sustainability.

ACS Style

Christina Wulf; Jasmin Werker; Petra Zapp; Andrea Schreiber; Holger Schlör; Wilhelm Kuckshinrichs. Sustainable Development Goals as a Guideline for Indicator Selection in Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment. Procedia CIRP 2018, 69, 59 -65.

AMA Style

Christina Wulf, Jasmin Werker, Petra Zapp, Andrea Schreiber, Holger Schlör, Wilhelm Kuckshinrichs. Sustainable Development Goals as a Guideline for Indicator Selection in Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment. Procedia CIRP. 2018; 69 ():59-65.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christina Wulf; Jasmin Werker; Petra Zapp; Andrea Schreiber; Holger Schlör; Wilhelm Kuckshinrichs. 2018. "Sustainable Development Goals as a Guideline for Indicator Selection in Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment." Procedia CIRP 69, no. : 59-65.

Article
Published: 28 June 2017 in Energies
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Industrial hydrogen production via alkaline water electrolysis (AEL) is a mature hydrogen production method. One argument in favor of AEL when supplied with renewable energy is its environmental superiority against conventional fossil-based hydrogen production. However, today electricity from the national grid is widely utilized for industrial applications of AEL. Also, the ban on asbestos membranes led to a change in performance patterns, making a detailed assessment necessary. This study presents a comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) using the GaBi software (version 6.115, thinkstep, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany), revealing inventory data and environmental impacts for industrial hydrogen production by latest AELs (6 MW, Zirfon membranes) in three different countries (Austria, Germany and Spain) with corresponding grid mixes. The results confirm the dependence of most environmental effects from the operation phase and specifically the site-dependent electricity mix. Construction of system components and the replacement of cell stacks make a minor contribution. At present, considering the three countries, AEL can be operated in the most environmentally friendly fashion in Austria. Concerning the construction of AEL plants the materials nickel and polytetrafluoroethylene in particular, used for cell manufacturing, revealed significant contributions to the environmental burden.

ACS Style

Jan Christian Koj; Christina Wulf; Andrea Schreiber; Petra Zapp. Site-Dependent Environmental Impacts of Industrial Hydrogen Production by Alkaline Water Electrolysis. Energies 2017, 10, 860 .

AMA Style

Jan Christian Koj, Christina Wulf, Andrea Schreiber, Petra Zapp. Site-Dependent Environmental Impacts of Industrial Hydrogen Production by Alkaline Water Electrolysis. Energies. 2017; 10 (7):860.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jan Christian Koj; Christina Wulf; Andrea Schreiber; Petra Zapp. 2017. "Site-Dependent Environmental Impacts of Industrial Hydrogen Production by Alkaline Water Electrolysis." Energies 10, no. 7: 860.

Journal article
Published: 04 May 2017 in Journal of Industrial Ecology
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In order to address methodological challenges during life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA), this article combines the results of a life cycle assessment (LCA), a life cycle costing, and a social LCA using the example of a complex product: a rare earth permanent magnet for use in wind turbines. The article presents different approaches for combining the results of separate assessments with its attendant methodological challenges. Different normalization, aggregation methods, and weighing factors are applied and their impacts on the results are compared. The underlying case study makes an evaluation of these different methodologies more concrete. Results show that the normalization method applied has a greater influence on the overall results than the aggregation method or weighting factors. Additionally, this study shows that indifference thresholds should be applied to avoid overestimation of small impacts. Indifference thresholds ensure that impact categories with nearly the same results for all analyzed options are treated as identical results. The study also indicates the importance of the question of how much compensation between impacts is desirable. Despite the impact of these factors, the chosen case study of an LCSA for permanent magnets with different supply routes for rare earths shows that the ranking of Chinese production is the most problematic irrespective of the approaches applied.

ACS Style

Christina Wulf; Petra Zapp; Andrea Schreiber; Josefine Marx; Holger Schlör. Lessons Learned from a Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Rare Earth Permanent Magnets. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2017, 21, 1578 -1590.

AMA Style

Christina Wulf, Petra Zapp, Andrea Schreiber, Josefine Marx, Holger Schlör. Lessons Learned from a Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Rare Earth Permanent Magnets. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2017; 21 (6):1578-1590.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christina Wulf; Petra Zapp; Andrea Schreiber; Josefine Marx; Holger Schlör. 2017. "Lessons Learned from a Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Rare Earth Permanent Magnets." Journal of Industrial Ecology 21, no. 6: 1578-1590.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2017 in Energy Procedia
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This paper compares the sustainability of pressurized alkaline water electrolysis systems operating atdifferent places in Europe (Austria, Germany and Spain). Using a Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment(LCSA) approach, an advanced electrolysis system (6 MW) based on Zirfon membranes is investigated.Results of Life Cycle Assessment, Life Cycle Costing and social Life Cycle Assessment plus subsequentnormalizing, weighting, and aggregation in LCSA are assessed. A closer look reveals that the choice ofweighting concept has a crucial impact on results. As main outcome, the comparison illustrates thathydrogen production via electrolysis in Germany performs best if weak sustainability (equal weighting ofdimensions) is assessed. Using the strong sustainability concept (considering only environmental results)Germany yields worst results mostly due to the environmental impacts of its electricity generation

ACS Style

Jürgen-Friedrich Hake; Jan Christian Koj; Wilhelm Kuckshinrichs; Holger Schlör; Andrea Schreiber; Christina Wulf; Petra Zapp; Thomas Ketelaer. Towards a Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Alkaline Water Electrolysis. Energy Procedia 2017, 105, 3403 -3410.

AMA Style

Jürgen-Friedrich Hake, Jan Christian Koj, Wilhelm Kuckshinrichs, Holger Schlör, Andrea Schreiber, Christina Wulf, Petra Zapp, Thomas Ketelaer. Towards a Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Alkaline Water Electrolysis. Energy Procedia. 2017; 105 ():3403-3410.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jürgen-Friedrich Hake; Jan Christian Koj; Wilhelm Kuckshinrichs; Holger Schlör; Andrea Schreiber; Christina Wulf; Petra Zapp; Thomas Ketelaer. 2017. "Towards a Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Alkaline Water Electrolysis." Energy Procedia 105, no. : 3403-3410.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2016 in International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
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The implementation of CO2 capture into biohydrogen-production systems is seen as a potential solution for greening the energy sector. However, the performance of biocapture strategies needs to be assessed thoroughly in order to guarantee their suitability. In this work, the Life Cycle Assessment methodology is used to evaluate an energy system producing hydrogen from short-rotation poplar biomass through gasification coupled with carbon dioxide capture. The biomass feedstock is dried and milled before being fed to a low-pressure char-indirect gasifier. The syngas produced is conditioned and undergoes a water gas shift process. Biohydrogen is separated from the rest of compounds in a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit. The PSA off-gas is burnt for electricity production and the exhaust gas from this power-generation section goes through a two-stage gas separation membrane process for CO2 capture. The results show that the system succeeds in obtaining a negative (i.e., favourable) global warming impact with a low cumulative non-renewable energy demand. Direct emissions to the air, external electricity production and biomass production are the key processes contributing to the evaluated impacts. When it comes to replacing conventional (fossil-based) hydrogen, the biohydrogen product is found to be a better alternative than biohydrogen without CO2 capture only under global warming aspects.

ACS Style

Ana Susmozas; Diego Iribarren; Petra Zapp; Jochen Linβen; Javier Dufour. Life-cycle performance of hydrogen production via indirect biomass gasification with CO2 capture. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2016, 41, 19484 -19491.

AMA Style

Ana Susmozas, Diego Iribarren, Petra Zapp, Jochen Linβen, Javier Dufour. Life-cycle performance of hydrogen production via indirect biomass gasification with CO2 capture. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2016; 41 (42):19484-19491.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ana Susmozas; Diego Iribarren; Petra Zapp; Jochen Linβen; Javier Dufour. 2016. "Life-cycle performance of hydrogen production via indirect biomass gasification with CO2 capture." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 41, no. 42: 19484-19491.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2016 in Journal of Energy Storage
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Increasing renewable energy generation influences the reliability of electric power grids. Thus, there is a demand for new technical units providing ancillary services. Non-dispatchable renewable energy sources can be balanced by energy storage devices. By large-scale battery energy storage systems (BESSs) grid efficiency and reliability as well as power quality can be increased. A further characteristic of BESSs is the ability to respond rapidly and precisely to frequency deviations, making them technical ideal candidates for primary control provision (PCP).In this paper environmental impacts of PCP by novel Li-ion BESSs are compared to impacts of PCP by state-of-the-art coal power plants (CPPs) using a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach and considering German control market conditions. The coal power plant stock is characterized by varying properties. Thus, different scenarios of CPP operation are analyzed by varying sensitive parameters like efficiency loss and required must-run capacity. Finally, PCP by BESSs and CPPs are compared in terms of environmental performance. The more must-run electricity generation is attributable to PCP of CPPs, the higher are the environmental impacts of these CPPs. This leads to a better relative environmental performance of BESSs in most scenarios. Contrary, comparative or even better environmental performance of CPPs compared to state-of-the-art BESSs can solely be achieved if power plants without load restrictions for provision of primary control and with extreme low efficiency losses caused by PCP are applied. Consequently, the results of this paper indicate that BESSs are a promising option to reduce environmental impacts of primary control provision

ACS Style

Peter Stenzel; Jan Christian Koj; Andrea Schreiber; Wilfried Hennings; Petra Zapp. Primary control provided by large-scale battery energy storage systems or fossil power plants in Germany and related environmental impacts. Journal of Energy Storage 2016, 8, 300 -310.

AMA Style

Peter Stenzel, Jan Christian Koj, Andrea Schreiber, Wilfried Hennings, Petra Zapp. Primary control provided by large-scale battery energy storage systems or fossil power plants in Germany and related environmental impacts. Journal of Energy Storage. 2016; 8 ():300-310.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peter Stenzel; Jan Christian Koj; Andrea Schreiber; Wilfried Hennings; Petra Zapp. 2016. "Primary control provided by large-scale battery energy storage systems or fossil power plants in Germany and related environmental impacts." Journal of Energy Storage 8, no. : 300-310.

Journal article
Published: 27 October 2016 in Resources
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Neodymium and dysprosium are two rare earth elements (REEs), out of a group of 17 elements. Due to their unique properties, REEs gained increasing importance in many new technologies, like wind turbines, batteries, etc. However, the production of REEs requires high material and energy consumption and is associated with considerable environmental burdens. Due to the strong dependency of European industry on Chinese REE exports, this paper presents a possible European production chain of REEs based on the mineral eudialyte found in Norra Kärr (Sweden). This European production is compared to a Chinese route, as China produces more than 85% of today’s REEs. Bayan Obo as the largest REE deposit in China is considered as the reference system. Using the life cycle assessment method, the environmental impacts of both production lines are assessed. This study presents newly-estimated data of a possible Swedish eudialyte-based production route for Europe. Results for the new eudialyte process route show reduced environmental burdens, although the total REE content in eudialyte is much smaller than in the Bayan Obo deposit. Especially, the results for dysprosium from eudialyte outreach those for Bayan Obo due to the higher content of heavy rare earth elements.

ACS Style

Andrea Schreiber; Josefine Marx; Petra Zapp; Jürgen-Friedrich Hake; Daniel Voßenkaul; Bernd Friedrich. Environmental Impacts of Rare Earth Mining and Separation Based on Eudialyte: A New European Way. Resources 2016, 5, 32 .

AMA Style

Andrea Schreiber, Josefine Marx, Petra Zapp, Jürgen-Friedrich Hake, Daniel Voßenkaul, Bernd Friedrich. Environmental Impacts of Rare Earth Mining and Separation Based on Eudialyte: A New European Way. Resources. 2016; 5 (4):32.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrea Schreiber; Josefine Marx; Petra Zapp; Jürgen-Friedrich Hake; Daniel Voßenkaul; Bernd Friedrich. 2016. "Environmental Impacts of Rare Earth Mining and Separation Based on Eudialyte: A New European Way." Resources 5, no. 4: 32.

Journal article
Published: 19 May 2016 in Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy
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Many investigations have conducted life cycle assessments (LCA) of the most commonly discussed routes of carbon capture and storage (CCS): post-combustion with amine wash separation; oxyfuel using cryogenic air separation and pre-combustion by integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) using physical separation. A research alliance developed corresponding separation systems using different types of membranes to allow a more energy efficient separation process: polyactive polymeric membranes for post-combustion, ceramic membranes for oxyfuel and metallic membranes for IGCC separation. By conducting an LCA, the study examines the actual greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental impacts of the new membrane separation technologies, together with concepts implementing the more common technologies. The reference systems represent today’s state-of-the-art supercritical coal fired power plant in Germany, together with a more advanced ultra-supercritical plant operating at 700 °C without CO2 capture. The results demonstrate that among the three reference power plants the IGCC is the superior concept due to the highest efficiency. Regarding climate change, the IGCC power plants with CO2 capture are still the best concepts. When other environmental impacts are considered, the capture technologies are inferior. The membrane concepts show the overall better results in comparison to the conventional capture technologies. The environmental impacts for membrane applications add a new range of findings to the field of CCS LCAs. Now the results for several different approaches can be compared directly for the first time.

ACS Style

Stefanie Troy; Andrea Schreiber; Petra Zapp. Life cycle assessment of membrane-based carbon capture and storage. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 2016, 18, 1641 -1654.

AMA Style

Stefanie Troy, Andrea Schreiber, Petra Zapp. Life cycle assessment of membrane-based carbon capture and storage. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. 2016; 18 (6):1641-1654.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stefanie Troy; Andrea Schreiber; Petra Zapp. 2016. "Life cycle assessment of membrane-based carbon capture and storage." Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 18, no. 6: 1641-1654.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2015 in Energy Procedia
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The Rio +20 conference in 2012 confirmed not only the sustainability concept as the new development goal but also introduced the green economy as its implementation strategy and the life cycle assessment (LCA) as one of its analysis tools to reveal the current production and consumption patterns which affect human well-being.Human well-being therefore has to be defined. We describe human well-being using the capability approach of Amartya Sen. Current production and consumption patterns have an influence on human well-being, on people's functioning and capabilities. Consumption patterns alter and the energy sector is in Germany at the centre of that process. Renewable energy technologies are seen as instruments for a transformation of the energy system, causing non-renewable (mineral) resources such as the rare earth elements to be of high significance for the transformation. To analyse social conditions (human well-being) throughout the life cycle of the product we focused on five major functionings (welfare basis, health & safety, social participation, democracy & freedom, decent life) and assigned 24 impact issues to them to enable an assessment of the social effects of the rare earth production along the whole process chain.The analysis of social impacts of the production of the rare earth elements using S-LCA is developed to illustrate the connection between the S-LCA and the capability approach – Amartya Sen's concept of human well-being

ACS Style

H. Schlor; Petra Zapp; Josefine Marx; Andrea Schreiber; J.-F. Hake. Non-renewable Resources for the Energiewende – A Social Life Cycle Analysis. Energy Procedia 2015, 75, 2878 -2883.

AMA Style

H. Schlor, Petra Zapp, Josefine Marx, Andrea Schreiber, J.-F. Hake. Non-renewable Resources for the Energiewende – A Social Life Cycle Analysis. Energy Procedia. 2015; 75 ():2878-2883.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H. Schlor; Petra Zapp; Josefine Marx; Andrea Schreiber; J.-F. Hake. 2015. "Non-renewable Resources for the Energiewende – A Social Life Cycle Analysis." Energy Procedia 75, no. : 2878-2883.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2015 in Energy Procedia
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This paper investigates environmental impacts of high pressure alkaline water electrolysis systems. An advanced system with membranes on polymer basis is compared to a state-of-the-art system with asbestos membranes using a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. For the advanced system, a new improved membrane technology has been investigated within the EU research project “ELYGRID”. Results indicate that most environmental impacts are caused by the electricity supply necessary for operation. During the construction phase cell stacks are the main contributor to environmental impacts. New improved membranes have relatively small contributions to impacts caused by cell construction within the advanced systems. As main outcome the systems comparison illustrates a better ecological performance of the new developed system

ACS Style

Jan Christian Koj; Andrea Schreiber; Petra Zapp; Pablo Marcuello. Life Cycle Assessment of Improved High Pressure Alkaline Electrolysis. Energy Procedia 2015, 75, 2871 -2877.

AMA Style

Jan Christian Koj, Andrea Schreiber, Petra Zapp, Pablo Marcuello. Life Cycle Assessment of Improved High Pressure Alkaline Electrolysis. Energy Procedia. 2015; 75 ():2871-2877.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jan Christian Koj; Andrea Schreiber; Petra Zapp; Pablo Marcuello. 2015. "Life Cycle Assessment of Improved High Pressure Alkaline Electrolysis." Energy Procedia 75, no. : 2871-2877.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2015 in Energy Procedia
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Increasing renewable energy generation influences the reliability of electric power grids. Thus, there is a demand for new technical units providing ancillary grid services. Intermittent renewable energy sources can be balanced by energy storage devices, especially battery storage systems. By battery systems grid efficiency and reliability as well as power quality can be increased. A further characteristic of battery systems is the ability to respond rapidly and precisely to frequency deviations, making them technical ideal candidates for primary control provision (PCP). PCP by battery systems is applied in form of positive (discharge mode) and negative control (charge mode) and can reduce must-run capacity of fossil power plants.In this study environmental impacts of PCP by novelLi-ion large-scale battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are compared to impacts of PCP by state-of-the-art coal power plants (CPPs) using a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. An inventory of all relevant inputs (resources, material and energy flows) and outputs (emissions, wastes and waste water) is compiled. Environmental impacts associated with these inputs and outputs are evaluated. Finally, PCP by BESSs and fossil power plants are compared in terms of environmental performance. Different scenarios are analyzed by varying sensitive parameters like efficiency loss due to PCP at fossil power plants and required must-run capacity for PCP

ACS Style

Jan Christian Koj; Peter Stenzel; Andrea Schreiber; Wilfried Hennings; Petra Zapp; Gunnar Wrede; Ina Hahndorf. Life Cycle Assessment of Primary Control Provision by Battery Storage Systems and Fossil Power Plants. Energy Procedia 2015, 73, 69 -78.

AMA Style

Jan Christian Koj, Peter Stenzel, Andrea Schreiber, Wilfried Hennings, Petra Zapp, Gunnar Wrede, Ina Hahndorf. Life Cycle Assessment of Primary Control Provision by Battery Storage Systems and Fossil Power Plants. Energy Procedia. 2015; 73 ():69-78.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jan Christian Koj; Peter Stenzel; Andrea Schreiber; Wilfried Hennings; Petra Zapp; Gunnar Wrede; Ina Hahndorf. 2015. "Life Cycle Assessment of Primary Control Provision by Battery Storage Systems and Fossil Power Plants." Energy Procedia 73, no. : 69-78.