Brain tumors are considered one of the most serious, prominent and life-threatening diseases globally. Brain tumors cause thousands of deaths every year around the globe because of the rapid growth of tumor cells. Therefore, timely analysis and automatic detection of brain tumors are required to save the lives of thousands of people around the globe. Recently, deep transfer learning (TL) approaches are most widely used to detect and classify the three most prominent types of brain tumors, i.e., glioma, meningioma and pituitary. For this purpose, we employ state-of-the-art pre-trained TL techniques to identify and detect glioma, meningioma and pituitary brain tumors. The aim is to identify the performance of nine pre-trained TL classifiers, i.e., Inceptionresnetv2, Inceptionv3, Xception, Resnet18, Resnet50, Resnet101, Shufflenet, Densenet201 and Mobilenetv2, by automatically identifying and detecting brain tumors using a fine-grained classification approach. For this, the TL algorithms are evaluated on a baseline brain tumor classification (MRI) dataset, which is freely available on Kaggle. Additionally, all deep learning (DL) models are fine-tuned with their default values. The fine-grained classification experiment demonstrates that the inceptionresnetv2 TL algorithm performs better and achieves the highest accuracy in detecting and classifying glioma, meningioma and pituitary brain tumors, and hence it can be classified as the best classification algorithm. We achieve 98.91% accuracy, 98.28% precision, 99.75% recall and 99% F-measure values with the inceptionresnetv2 TL algorithm, which out-performs the other DL algorithms. Additionally, to ensure and validate the performance of TL classifiers, we compare the efficacy of the inceptionresnetv2 TL algorithm with hybrid approaches, in which we use convolutional neural networks (CNN) for deep feature extraction and a Support Vector Machine (SVM) for classification. Similarly, the experiment’s results show that TL algorithms, and inceptionresnetv2 in particular, out-perform the state-of-the-art DL algorithms in classifying brain MRI images into glioma, meningioma, and pituitary. The hybrid DL approaches used in the experiments are Mobilnetv2, Densenet201, Squeeznet, Alexnet, Googlenet, Inceptionv3, Resnet50, Resnet18, Resnet101, Xception, Inceptionresnetv3, VGG19 and Shufflenet.

Breast cancer causes hundreds of women’s deaths each year. The manual detection of breast cancer is time-consuming, complicated, and prone to inaccuracy. For Breast Cancer (BC) detection, several imaging methods are explored. However, sometimes misidentification leads to unnecessary treatment and diagnosis. Therefore, accurate detection of BC can save many people from unnecessary surgery and biopsy. Due to recent developments in the industry, deep learning’s (DL) performance in processing medical images has significantly improved. Deep Learning techniques successfully identify BC from ultrasound images due to their superior prediction ability. Transfer learning reuses knowledge representations from public models built on large-scale datasets. However, sometimes Transfer Learning leads to the problem of overfitting. The key idea of this research is to propose an efficient and robust deep-learning model for breast cancer detection and classification. Therefore, this paper presents a novel DeepBraestCancerNet DL model for breast cancer detection and classification. The proposed framework has 24 layers, including six convolutional layers, nine inception modules, and one fully connected layer. Also, the architecture uses the clipped ReLu activation function, the leaky ReLu activation function, batch normalization and cross-channel normalization as its two normalization operations. We observed that the proposed model reached the highest classification accuracy of 99.35%. We also compared the performance of the proposed DeepBraestCancerNet approach with several existing DL models, and the experiment results showed that the proposed model outperformed the state-of-the-art. Furthermore, we validated the proposed model using another standard, publicaly available dataset. The proposed DeepBraestCancerNet model reached the highest accuracy of 99.63%.

Early and precise COVID-19 identification and analysis are pivotal in reducing the spread of COVID-19. Medical imaging techniques, such as chest X-ray or chest radiographs, computed tomography (CT) scan, and electrocardiogram (ECG) trace images are the most widely known for early discovery and analysis of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Deep learning (DL) frameworks for identifying COVID-19 positive patients in the literature are limited to one data format, either ECG or chest radiograph images. Moreover, using several data types to recover abnormal patterns caused by COVID-19 could potentially provide more information and restrict the spread of the virus. This study presents an effective COVID-19 detection and classification approach using the Shufflenet CNN by employing three types of images, i.e., chest radiograph, CT-scan, and ECG-trace images. For this purpose, we performed extensive classification experiments with the proposed approach using each type of image. With the chest radiograph dataset, we performed three classification experiments at different levels of granularity, i.e., binary, three-class, and four-class classifications. In addition, we performed a binary classification experiment with the proposed approach by classifying CT-scan images into COVID-positive and normal. Finally, utilizing the ECG-trace images, we conducted three experiments at different levels of granularity, i.e., binary, three-class, and five-class classifications. We evaluated the proposed approach with the baseline COVID-19 Radiography Database, SARS-CoV-2 CT-scan, and ECG images dataset of cardiac and COVID-19 patients. The average accuracy of 99.98% for COVID-19 detection in the three-class classification scheme using chest radiographs, optimal accuracy of 100% for COVID-19 detection using CT scans, and average accuracy of 99.37% for five-class classification scheme using ECG trace images have proved the efficacy of our proposed method over the contemporary methods. The optimal accuracy of 100% for COVID-19 detection using CT scans and the accuracy gain of 1.54% (in the case of five-class classification using ECG trace images) from the previous approach, which utilized ECG images for the first time, has a major contribution to improving the COVID-19 prediction rate in early stages. Experimental findings demonstrate that the proposed framework outperforms contemporary models. For example, the proposed approach outperforms state-of-the-art DL approaches, such as Squeezenet, Alexnet, and Darknet19, by achieving the accuracy of 99.98 (proposed method), 98.29, 98.50, and 99.67, respectively.

Detection of a brain tumor in the early stages is critical for clinical practice and survival rate. Brain tumors arise in multiple shapes, sizes, and features with various treatment options. Tumor detection manually is challenging, time-consuming, and prone to error. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans are mostly used for tumor detection due to their non-invasive properties and also avoid painful biopsy. MRI scanning of one patient’s brain generates many 3D images from multiple directions, making the manual detection of tumors very difficult, error-prone, and time-consuming. Therefore, there is a considerable need for autonomous diagnostics tools to detect brain tumors accurately. In this research, we have presented a novel TumorResnet deep learning (DL) model for brain detection, i.e., binary classification. The TumorResNet model employs 20 convolution layers with a leaky ReLU (LReLU) activation function for feature map activation to compute the most distinctive deep features. Finally, three fully connected classification layers are used to classify brain tumors MRI into normal and tumorous. The performance of the proposed TumorResNet architecture is evaluated on a standard Kaggle brain tumor MRI dataset for brain tumor detection (BTD), which contains brain tumor and normal MR images. The proposed model achieved a good accuracy of 99.33% for BTD. These experimental results, including the cross-dataset setting, validate the superiority of the TumorResNet model over the contemporary frameworks. This study offers an automated BTD method that aids in the early diagnosis of brain cancers. This procedure has a substantial impact on improving treatment options and patient survival.

The suspected cases of COVID-19 must be detected quickly and accurately to avoid the transmission of COVID-19 on a large scale. Existing COVID-19 diagnostic tests are slow and take several hours to generate the required results. However, on the other hand, most X-rays or chest radiographs only take less than 15 min to complete. Therefore, we can utilize chest radiographs to create a solution for early and accurate COVID-19 detection and diagnosis to reduce COVID-19 patient treatment problems and save time. For this purpose, CovidDetNet is proposed, which comprises ten learnable layers that are nine convolutional layers and one fully-connected layer. The architecture uses two activation functions: the ReLu activation function and the Leaky Relu activation function and two normalization operations that are batch normalization and cross channel normalization, making it a novel COVID-19 detection model. It is a novel deep learning-based approach that automatically and reliably detects COVID-19 using chest radiograph images. Towards this, a fine-grained COVID-19 classification experiment is conducted to identify and classify chest radiograph images into normal, COVID-19 positive, and pneumonia. In addition, the performance of the proposed novel CovidDetNet deep learning model is evaluated on a standard COVID-19 Radiography Database. Moreover, we compared the performance of our approach with hybrid approaches in which we used deep learning models as feature extractors and support vector machines (SVM) as a classifier. Experimental results on the dataset showed the superiority of the proposed CovidDetNet model over the existing methods. The proposed CovidDetNet outperformed the baseline hybrid deep learning-based models by achieving a high accuracy of 98.40%.

Infectious disease-related illness has always posed a concern on a global scale. Each year, pneumonia (viral and bacterial pneumonia), tuberculosis (TB), COVID-19, and lung opacity (LO) cause millions of deaths because they all affect the lungs. Early detection and diagnosis can help create chances for better care in all circumstances. Numerous tests, including molecular tests (RT-PCR), complete blood count (CBC) tests, Monteux tuberculin skin tests (TST), and ultrasounds, are used to detect and classify these diseases. However, these tests take a lot of time, have a 20% mistake rate, and are 80% sensitive. So, with the aid of a doctor, radiographic tests such as computed tomography (CT) and chest radiograph images (CRIs) are used to detect lung disorders. With CRIs or CT-scan images, there is a danger that the features of various lung diseases’ diagnoses will overlap. The automation of such a method is necessary to correctly classify diseases using CRIs. The key motivation behind the study was that there is no method for identifying and classifying these (LO, pneumonia, VP, BP, TB, COVID-19) lung diseases. In this paper, the DeepLungNet deep learning (DL) model is proposed, which comprises 20 learnable layers, i.e., 18 convolution (ConV) layers and 2 fully connected (FC) layers. The architecture uses the Leaky ReLU (LReLU) activation function, a fire module, a maximum pooling layer, shortcut connections, a batch normalization (BN) operation, and group convolution layers, making it a novel lung diseases classification framework. This is a useful DL-based method for classifying lung disorders, and we tested the effectiveness of the suggested framework on two datasets with a variety of images from different datasets. We have performed two experiments: a five-class classification (TB, pneumonia, COVID-19, LO, and normal) and a six-class classification (VP, BP, COVID-19, normal, TB, and LO). The suggested framework’s average accuracy for classifying lung diseases into TB, pneumonia, COVID-19, LO, and normal using CRIs was an impressive 97.47%. We have verified the performance of our framework on a different publicly accessible database of images from the agriculture sector in order to further assess its performance and validate its generalizability. This study offers an efficient and automated method for classifying lung diseases that aids in the early detection of lung disease. This strategy significantly improves patient survival, possible treatments, and limits the transmission of infectious illnesses throughout society.