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Li Sun
School of Sociology and Social Policy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Research article
Published: 23 June 2021 in Health Sociology Review
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Globally, the use of e-health has accelerated dramatically during the coronavirus pandemic. Based on both quantitative and qualitative data collected in China’s Hubei province (i.e. the first epicentre of COVID-19), this research explores how the pandemic influences the practices of e-health from the perspective of users. Through analysis of 1,033 surveys and 14 in-depth interviews, we find that e-health has played a crucial role in residents’ healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic. Certain external factors influence the choice of digital health, including the high risk of infection outdoors, the shutting down of transport systems, and dysfunctional healthcare facilities that neglect non-COVID-19 patients’ clinical demands. Against this backdrop, we argue digital health acts as a functional equivalent to traditional medical treatment and has largely satisfied patients and users in the crisis period. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic has unintentionally sped up the diffusion of digital medicine over the long term as respondents expressed their willingness to continue use of e-health in the post-COVID-19 phase. However, we assert that despite the increasing use of e-health, it cannot fully substitute traditional offline treatment. Thus, we suggest a combination of online and offline healthcare will be more commonly practiced in the future.

ACS Style

Weiquan Wang; Li Sun; Tao Liu; Tian Lai. The use of E-health during the COVID-19 pandemic: a case study in China’s Hubei province. Health Sociology Review 2021, 1 -17.

AMA Style

Weiquan Wang, Li Sun, Tao Liu, Tian Lai. The use of E-health during the COVID-19 pandemic: a case study in China’s Hubei province. Health Sociology Review. 2021; ():1-17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Weiquan Wang; Li Sun; Tao Liu; Tian Lai. 2021. "The use of E-health during the COVID-19 pandemic: a case study in China’s Hubei province." Health Sociology Review , no. : 1-17.

Research article
Published: 02 October 2018 in Journal of Chinese Governance
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The topic of social welfare provision is currently drawing a lot of attention in both the Netherlands and China. Both governments are considering a new division between the responsibilities of the state, the individual citizen and the market. Both countries find themselves having to develop new socially and financially sustainable systems of social welfare provision. From the angle of the public-private mix, this article seeks to discuss the institutional evolution of systems of social welfare provision in the Netherlands and China, with a focus on health care, social housing and pension provision/elderly care. The public-private mix refers to four distinguishable ‘levels’ which can be identified in the public-private dimension: systems, organizations, partnerships and values. Despite the cultural differences, the long history of a mixed public – private tradition in the Netherlands could prove a source of inspiration in the Chinese context in several different ways. Firstly, the combination of an active government and an active private sector (civil society and private companies). Secondly, a welfare system that is highly regulated by the government. And thirdly a bottom-up approach, which favours negotiations and puts more emphasis on the processes, and in which projects take longer to plan and execute but that also creates support and legitimacy.

ACS Style

Cor Van Montfort; Li Sun; Ying Zhao. Stability by change – the changing public-private mix in social welfare provision in China and the Netherlands. Journal of Chinese Governance 2018, 3, 419 -437.

AMA Style

Cor Van Montfort, Li Sun, Ying Zhao. Stability by change – the changing public-private mix in social welfare provision in China and the Netherlands. Journal of Chinese Governance. 2018; 3 (4):419-437.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cor Van Montfort; Li Sun; Ying Zhao. 2018. "Stability by change – the changing public-private mix in social welfare provision in China and the Netherlands." Journal of Chinese Governance 3, no. 4: 419-437.

Chapter
Published: 27 June 2018 in Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China
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In the history of the People’s Republic of China, farmers’ rural–urban migration has been deeply influenced by state intervention and economic dynamics, which has progressed through four phases: prohibition, permissiveness, liberalization, and facilitation. First, during the prohibition phase (1949–1983), the state forbade farmers’ individual migration to cities. Second, during the permissiveness phase (1984–1991), the state started to relinquish control and gradually allowed farmers’ migration; intra-provincial migration was the main movement of migrants in this phase. Third, during the liberal phase (1992–2001), more and more rural migrants worked in these foreign-owned companies and factories, and interprovincial migration became common. In this phase, the state did not take any concrete measures to either encourage or discourage farmers’ rural–urban migration, referred to a phase of liberalization. Fourth, during the facilitation phase (2002 onward), the state began to implement various preferential policies to facilitate farmers’ rural–urban migration.

ACS Style

Li Sun. Migration Phase and State Intervention in the History of the PRC. Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China 2018, 69 -88.

AMA Style

Li Sun. Migration Phase and State Intervention in the History of the PRC. Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China. 2018; ():69-88.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li Sun. 2018. "Migration Phase and State Intervention in the History of the PRC." Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China , no. : 69-88.

Chapter
Published: 27 June 2018 in Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China
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The largest human mobility in the world is occurring in China, which 281 million rural–urban migrant workers alone account for around a third of all internal migration in the world. Migrant workers have made a great contribution to China’s economy. However, because of the unique hukou (household registration) system, migrant workers do not enjoy equal social rights as “ordinary” urban workers; for example, migrant workers are excluded from urban social welfare systems. Against the backdrop, from early 2000 onwards, the Chinese government introduced a series of migration policies to explicitly facilitate farmers’ rural–urban migration. According to a recent United Nation (UN) report, China is one of only ten countries in the world that have policies to raise rural–urban migration. This book examines these recent migration policies in China and explores migrant workers’ coping strategies under policy intervention.

ACS Style

Li Sun. Introduction. Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China 2018, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Li Sun. Introduction. Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China. 2018; ():1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li Sun. 2018. "Introduction." Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China , no. : 1-9.

Chapter
Published: 27 June 2018 in Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China
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Wage exploitation by employers is regarded as the most severe problem migrant workers face during their employment, especially in the construction sector. Although a circular on protecting migrant workers’ wages was promulgated in 2004, it fails to protect migrant workers’ legal rights because few migrant workers took administrative coping for a legal claim. Employers’ exploitative behaviors over migrant workers’ wages include keeping deposit, packet payments, incomplete wages, and non-payment. When facing the first three cases of wage exploitation, migrant workers adopt social coping, that is, try to negotiate with employers. If the negotiation cannot be reached, they often give up and suffer the loss silently instead of taking further action. However, if the amount of unpaid wage is significant for migrant workers, they may adopt various coping strategies, for example, more and more migrant workers have begun to take political coping, such as protests or strikes.

ACS Style

Li Sun. Wage Exploitation: Protests as an Emerging Strategy in Chinese Society. Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China 2018, 123 -135.

AMA Style

Li Sun. Wage Exploitation: Protests as an Emerging Strategy in Chinese Society. Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China. 2018; ():123-135.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li Sun. 2018. "Wage Exploitation: Protests as an Emerging Strategy in Chinese Society." Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China , no. : 123-135.

Chapter
Published: 27 June 2018 in Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China
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Classic migration theories have large influence on understanding rural–urban migration in China. In this chapter, firstly, four migration theories are reviewed in detail including Ravenstein’s laws of migration, Lee’s general theory of migration, Zelinsky’s stage theory, and Mabogunje’s systems approach to rural–urban migration. Secondly, this chapter gives a brief portrait of Chinese farmers’ rural–urban migration. First, who migrates? Focusing on the demographic characteristics of migrant workers, such as educational level, gender, and age. Second, why do people migrate from rural areas to urban centers? Third, what are the working and living conditions at migrant workers’ destinations? These conditions include occupation, accommodation, and social contact. Fourth, what are the social securities of migrant workers in cities? Lastly, what are the consequences of migration? Looking at impacts on receiving areas, impacts on sending areas, and impacts on the families of migrant workers (i.e., left-behind groups).

ACS Style

Li Sun. A Glance on Rural–Urban Migration. Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China 2018, 11 -38.

AMA Style

Li Sun. A Glance on Rural–Urban Migration. Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China. 2018; ():11-38.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li Sun. 2018. "A Glance on Rural–Urban Migration." Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China , no. : 11-38.

Chapter
Published: 27 June 2018 in Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China
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Migrant workers, commonly employed in “three D” jobs (i.e., “dirty, dangerous, and demeaning”), have the highest risk of suffering from work injures comparing to other groups of workers. In 2004, the Circular on Migrant Workers Participating in Work-Related Injury Insurance was launched by the central government. But its outcome is not desirable, for example, according to National Bureau of Statistics, only 26.2% of migrant workers were covered by work injury insurance in 2014. Instead of taking administrative coping based on the work-related injury insurance, most injured migrant workers undertake social coping (e.g., bargaining, negotiation, threats, and violence) to receive informal compensation from employers, which is usually significantly less than the amount of legal insurance compensation. Sometimes, even being insured does not necessarily mean migrant workers can receive legal insurance compensation, and some insured injured migrant workers have to resort to private negotiations with employers for informal compensation.

ACS Style

Li Sun. Work-Related Injuries: Injured But Not Entitled for Legal Compensation. Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China 2018, 137 -151.

AMA Style

Li Sun. Work-Related Injuries: Injured But Not Entitled for Legal Compensation. Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China. 2018; ():137-151.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li Sun. 2018. "Work-Related Injuries: Injured But Not Entitled for Legal Compensation." Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China , no. : 137-151.

Chapter
Published: 27 June 2018 in Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China
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Job seeking is the first step in rural–urban migration. Local governments in the sending areas facilitate potential migrant workers’ job seeking in two ways: skills training and recruitment fairs. Based on empirical data, potential migrants’ job seeking can be categorized into two types. One is administrative coping, i.e., obtaining assistance through government programs. The other is social coping, i.e., finding jobs through informal channels including social networks (e.g., relatives, friends, and neighbors), unofficial job agencies (e.g., employment brokers), and themselves (e.g., finding employment without third-party assistance). A majority of the interviewed migrants do not make claims for assistance from government programs; instead, they found jobs with the help of social networks. Hence, for a large number of migrants, especially those who are older and have little or no education degree, social networks represent an important functional substitute for governmental policy intervention.

ACS Style

Li Sun. Job Seeking: Social Networks as a Functional Substitute for Government’s Program. Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China 2018, 109 -122.

AMA Style

Li Sun. Job Seeking: Social Networks as a Functional Substitute for Government’s Program. Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China. 2018; ():109-122.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li Sun. 2018. "Job Seeking: Social Networks as a Functional Substitute for Government’s Program." Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China , no. : 109-122.

Chapter
Published: 27 June 2018 in Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China
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At the dawn of the twenty-first century, the Chinese government started to introduce a series of policies explicitly aimed at farmers’ rural–urban migration. This research has sought to examine how migrant workers cope with problems under policy intervention. These different strategies are categorized into a typology of “coping” which includes administrative coping, political coping, and social coping, as well as the main corresponding coping resources: government policy, power of civil groups, and social networks, respectively. Empirical data show making a claim under migration policies is not commonly found among migrant workers, in other words, administrative coping is not widely adopted by migrant workers. Instead, social coping is the most adopted one by migrant workers; meanwhile, political coping is an emerging coping strategy in Chinese society. Therefore, there is still a long way to go and much to do in order to ensure migrant workers benefit from migration polices in China.

ACS Style

Li Sun. Conclusion and Discussion. Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China 2018, 163 -175.

AMA Style

Li Sun. Conclusion and Discussion. Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China. 2018; ():163-175.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li Sun. 2018. "Conclusion and Discussion." Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China , no. : 163-175.

Chapter
Published: 27 June 2018 in Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China
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Migrant workers have a high risk of infectious and communicable diseases, sexually transmitted diseases, and reproductive health problems. In 2003, the central government introduced the New Rural Medical Cooperative Scheme (NRMCS), which is a health insurance system targeted at citizens with agricultural hukou. Due to governmental subsidies, NRMCS participants only need to pay a small percentage of the contribution to join the NRMCS. The majority of migrant workers participate in the NRMCS at the places of their origin. In the case of catastrophic illnesses, they often choose to receive inpatient treatment at the designated hospitals of the NRMCS and enjoy benefits that range from 30 to 70% of the treatment cost. Therefore, it is common to find migrant workers coping with illness through administrative coping. The NRMCS can be regarded as the most effective policy. One of the main reasons is that everyone can appreciate the usefulness of “money.”

ACS Style

Li Sun. Illness in Cities: Claimants Appreciate the Usefulness of “Money”. Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China 2018, 153 -162.

AMA Style

Li Sun. Illness in Cities: Claimants Appreciate the Usefulness of “Money”. Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China. 2018; ():153-162.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li Sun. 2018. "Illness in Cities: Claimants Appreciate the Usefulness of “Money”." Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China , no. : 153-162.

Chapter
Published: 27 June 2018 in Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China
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Since 2000s, Chinese central government has introduced a series of policies aiming to facilitate rural laborers’ migration. Four key policies regarding migrant workers are discussed in this chapter: the Skills Training Program for Migrant Workers; the Circular on Managing Wage Payment to Migrant Workers; the Circular on Migrant Workers Participating in Work-Related Injury Insurance; and The New Rural Medical Cooperative Scheme (Health Insurance). In the context, migrant workers have been well targeted by these polices from the aspects of enhancing their skills, offering social securities, and protecting their legal rights. However, in reality, not every migrant worker makes a claim or gets benefits from these policies as desired. Therefore, it is interesting to explore under these policy intervention, what coping strategies migrant workers adopt to solve these problems they face during their migration trajectories.

ACS Style

Li Sun. Rural–Urban Migration Policies in China Since 2000s. Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China 2018, 89 -108.

AMA Style

Li Sun. Rural–Urban Migration Policies in China Since 2000s. Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China. 2018; ():89-108.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li Sun. 2018. "Rural–Urban Migration Policies in China Since 2000s." Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China , no. : 89-108.

Chapter
Published: 27 June 2018 in Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China
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This research employs a micro–macro perspective: policy at the macro-level and individuals’ action at the micro-level. Correspondingly, two conceptual frameworks are applied, i.e., policy intervention and individuals’ coping. This chapter starts with a detailed explanation of policy intervention. Following this, an introduction is given to the concept of coping as a social action. Due to the different coping strategies individuals may take adopt, three forms of coping are proposed in this book: administrative coping, political coping, and social coping. Government policies are the main coping resource for migrant workers’ administrative coping. Political coping refers to migrant workers taking political action to cope with events during migration, such as organizing a strike or protest. Social coping means that migrant workers pool their social resources to deal with events and social networks play an essential role during this type of coping.

ACS Style

Li Sun. Concepts and Methods: Coping as a Social Action. Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China 2018, 39 -68.

AMA Style

Li Sun. Concepts and Methods: Coping as a Social Action. Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China. 2018; ():39-68.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li Sun. 2018. "Concepts and Methods: Coping as a Social Action." Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China , no. : 39-68.

Journal article
Published: 26 June 2018 in Energies
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In order to explore the factors affecting users’ behaviors in a free-floating bike sharing (FFBS) system in China, a survey was conducted in Jiangsu province, China in 2017, and the travel characteristics of FFBS users were analyzed. A binary logistic model was applied to quantify the impact of various variables regarding residents’ usage preference based on 30401 valid questionnaires. The findings show that (1) FFBS was mainly used for short-distance travel in cities, especially for commuting and schooling, and the time period of travel in FFBS coincided with the rush-hour in urban areas; (2) a higher level of education, a higher daily transportation cost, the convenience of picking up and parking, and the contribution to users’ health could promote the usage of FFBS, while malfunctioning bicycles and limited regulations were major obstacles restricting the development of FFBS; (3) interestingly, people with high-incomes rather than those with low-incomes showed an inclination for FFBS owing to the charge mode. This research provides empirical evidence to facilitate the formulation of urban transportation policies and to improve the management of FFBS for the operators.

ACS Style

Xuefeng Li; Yong Zhang; Li Sun; Qiyang Liu. Free-Floating Bike Sharing in Jiangsu: Users’ Behaviors and Influencing Factors. Energies 2018, 11, 1664 .

AMA Style

Xuefeng Li, Yong Zhang, Li Sun, Qiyang Liu. Free-Floating Bike Sharing in Jiangsu: Users’ Behaviors and Influencing Factors. Energies. 2018; 11 (7):1664.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xuefeng Li; Yong Zhang; Li Sun; Qiyang Liu. 2018. "Free-Floating Bike Sharing in Jiangsu: Users’ Behaviors and Influencing Factors." Energies 11, no. 7: 1664.

Journal article
Published: 05 April 2017 in Sustainability
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This paper aims to contribute to understanding the dynamics of industrial symbiosis. More specifically, we focus on the dynamics of anchoring as they can be observed in the Chinese context of eco-industrial development. We define anchoring as those activities that (typically local) actors perform to create local physical and institutional conditions conducive to the emergence and further development of industrial symbiosis in a specific regional industrial system. We argue that, in the study of industrial symbiosis dynamics, it is conceptually more useful to focus on anchoring as an activity, rather than anchor tenants as actors. Based on a systematic literature review, we distinguish two types of anchoring activities: institutional and physical. We analyze anchoring dynamics in the case of Qijiang Industrial Symbiosis (Chongqing Municipality) in China. We have identified the physical and institutional anchoring activities, the actors responsible for these activities, and how different anchoring activities build on each other over time. Our case study shows that the attempt to bring about industrial symbiosis in the Qijiang industrial park can be described in a richer way than just ‘governmental planning’.

ACS Style

Li Sun; Wouter Spekkink; Eefje Cuppen; Gijsbert Korevaar. Coordination of Industrial Symbiosis through Anchoring. Sustainability 2017, 9, 549 .

AMA Style

Li Sun, Wouter Spekkink, Eefje Cuppen, Gijsbert Korevaar. Coordination of Industrial Symbiosis through Anchoring. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (4):549.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li Sun; Wouter Spekkink; Eefje Cuppen; Gijsbert Korevaar. 2017. "Coordination of Industrial Symbiosis through Anchoring." Sustainability 9, no. 4: 549.

Journal article
Published: 07 February 2017 in Sustainability
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China faces a number of impressive challenges in dealing with climate change: rising energy use, growing emission levels of greenhouse gases, dangerous levels of air pollution over cities and low resilience against flood and drought. Sustainable urbanization has been adopted as a keyword in handling these challenges. The Chinese central government has undertaken a variety of measures, including the launch of large Sino-European programs to learn from ‘developed nations’. In the wake of these partnerships, a great variety of cross-national and cross-city agreements were signed. Sino-European cooperation does not often run as smoothly as initially hoped because of diverging interests, cultural misunderstandings and practical limitations. In the background, a mismatch in normative conceptions Chinese and European participants have of ‘good governance’ plays a role. In this contribution, insights taken from Montesquieu’s ‘The Spirit of Laws’ regarding checks and balances and trias politica (updated to ‘sextas politica’ for the 21st century) are used to comprehend how the exertion of power is distributed and expected to be distributed differently in Chinese than in European administrative traditions. The article will end with conclusions on how European misconceptions of Chinese governance complicate Sino-European collaboration in sustainable urbanization policies.

ACS Style

Martin De Jong; Helen Stout; Li Sun. Seeing the People’s Republic of China through the Eyes of Montesquieu: Why Sino-European Collaboration on Eco City Development Suffers from European Misinterpretations of “Good Governance”. Sustainability 2017, 9, 151 .

AMA Style

Martin De Jong, Helen Stout, Li Sun. Seeing the People’s Republic of China through the Eyes of Montesquieu: Why Sino-European Collaboration on Eco City Development Suffers from European Misinterpretations of “Good Governance”. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (2):151.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martin De Jong; Helen Stout; Li Sun. 2017. "Seeing the People’s Republic of China through the Eyes of Montesquieu: Why Sino-European Collaboration on Eco City Development Suffers from European Misinterpretations of “Good Governance”." Sustainability 9, no. 2: 151.

Articles
Published: 07 November 2015 in Journal of Aging & Social Policy
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This article analyzes China’s pension arrangement and notes that China has recently established a universal non-contributory pension plan covering urban non-employed workers and all rural residents, combined with the pension plan covering urban employees already in place. Further, in the latest reform, China has discontinued the special pension plan for civil servants and integrated this privileged welfare class into the urban old-age pension insurance program. With these steps, China has achieved a degree of universalism and integration of its pension arrangement unprecedented in the non-Western world. Despite this radical pension transformation strategy, we argue that the current Chinese pension arrangement represents a case of “incomplete” universalism. First, its benefit level is low. Moreover, the benefit level varies from region to region. Finally, universalism in rural China has been undermined due to the existence of the “policy bundle.” Additionally, we argue that the 2015 pension reform has created a situation in which the stratification of Chinese pension arrangements has been “flattened,” even though it remains stratified to some extent.

ACS Style

Tao Liu; Li Sun. Pension Reform in China. Journal of Aging & Social Policy 2015, 28, 15 -28.

AMA Style

Tao Liu, Li Sun. Pension Reform in China. Journal of Aging & Social Policy. 2015; 28 (1):15-28.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tao Liu; Li Sun. 2015. "Pension Reform in China." Journal of Aging & Social Policy 28, no. 1: 15-28.

Comparative study
Published: 17 October 2014 in Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie
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According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, by 2010 the number of people aged 60 or over had reached 178 million in China or 13% of its population. With the largest elderly population in the world in absolute numbers, China faces a challenge of providing care for the elderly both in the present and the future. Unlike old age pensions and health protection for the elderly, in Chinese society elderly care had never been considered to be a social problem but rather the individual family's responsibility. After the turn of the millennium, as the repercussions of increasingly ageing demographics, the results of the One-Child Policy and drastic changes in traditional family structures gradually became more apparent, this issue of elderly care has increasingly become one of the most pressing concerns for the ageing society. As there is little existing research on this particular topic, this article aims to shed light on elderly care in China, focusing on the care of elderly needing assistance with activities of daily living, since this group of elderly are most in need of care, their numbers having risen to 33 million in 2010. This article argues it is urgent for China to switch from informal family-based elderly care to the state's formal long-term care, illustrates that a model of social insurance (e.g. as in Germany) is advocated by many Chinese scholars and points out the ways in which it is different from both the commercialized models (e.g. as in the USA) and state organized "Beveridge" models (e.g. as in Sweden).

ACS Style

Tao Liu; Li Sun. An apocalyptic vision of ageing in China. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie 2014, 48, 354 -364.

AMA Style

Tao Liu, Li Sun. An apocalyptic vision of ageing in China. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie. 2014; 48 (4):354-364.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tao Liu; Li Sun. 2014. "An apocalyptic vision of ageing in China." Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie 48, no. 4: 354-364.