In the modern digital world, electronic devices are being widely employed for various applications where thermal performance represents a significant technical challenge due to continued miniaturization, high heat generated in the system, and non-uniform high-temperature causing failure. Phase change materials (PCMs) owing to the immense heat of fusion are primarily considered for thermal management, but their insulating properties hedge their applications in electronics cooling. Nano-enhanced phase change materials (NePCMs) have the ability to improve the thermal conductivity of PCM, decrease system temperature and escalate the operating time of devices. Accordingly, the current study focused on the experimental investigations for the thermal performance of three heat sinks (HS) with different configurations such as a simple heat sink (SHS), a square pin-fins heat sink (S_pfHS), and Cu foam integrated heat sink (Cu_fmHS) with various alumina nanoparticles mass concentrations (0.15, 0.20 and 0.25 wt%) incorporated in PCM (RT-54HC) and at heat flux (0.98–2.94 kW/m²). All HSs reduced the base temperature with the insertion of NePCM compared to the empty SHS. The experimental results identified that the thermal performance of Cu_fmHS was found to be superior in reducing base temperature and enhancing working time at two different setpoint temperatures (SPTs). The maximum drop in base temperature was 36.95%, and a 288% maximum working time enhancement was observed for Cu_fmHS. Therefore, NePCMs are highly recommended for the thermal management of the electronic cooling system.

Pakistan is a developing country that faces severe energy crises due to the increased use of energy. The purpose of this study is energy transition by designing a strategy for the adoption of renewable energy policies in the entire energy system by using all renewable energy resources to forecast future energy needs and carbon emission mitigation potential. This research study aims to evaluate the renewable energy policies of Pakistan and to analyze the ways to secure energy sources in the future using LEAP. The study established a path for the transformation of the Pakistan energy system by considering the potential of renewable resources, the cost of the energy system, and the primary energy supply. The highest value of energy demand is noted for the 1st scenario, while the lowest emissions are noted for the 16th scenario for each renewable source (WIN16, SOL16, and BIO16). The lowest values of energy demand and emissions (192.1 TWh and 37.7 MMT, respectively) are shown using the green solution compared to other scenarios (hydro, nuclear, BAU), concluding that the green solution is the most suitable scenario. The analysis shows, that from a technological and economic perspective, it is possible to carry out transformation with the necessary steps to effectively achieve a renewable energy system. The findings of this study show that the green scenario in Pakistan which has the lowest operational and externality costs is the best choice for the future.