The current work is concerned with the synthesis of aluminium (AA6061-T6) matrix composites (AMCs) reinforced with 15 and 20 weight percentages of silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) particulates using the indigenously fabricated electric stir casting furnace with bottom discharge arrangement. The major concern in the synthesis of AMCs of ceramic particles with the aluminium matrix is wettability in the casting route, and it was overcome by adding 2 of magnesium in the melt, proper incorporation time, and appropriate stirring speed. The microstructure and mechanical characteristics of the synthesized AMC were analyzed. Si₃N₄ particles in the matrix are uniformly dispersed in the optical and scanning electron micrographs (SEM). Adding reinforcement particles of Si₃N₄ to the AA6061 matrix increased microhardness, macrohardness, and ultimate tensile strength significantly. Microhardness and macrohardness of the AA6161/20 wt. Si₃N₄ composite were 98 VHN and 91 BHN, respectively, which were 117.8 and 111.63 higher than those of the AA6061 matrix alloy, respectively. Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of AA6061 was 159.82MPa which was increased to 249.12MPa in the AA6061/20 wt. Si₃N₄ composite. Percent elongation of the AA6061/Si₃N₄ composite was reduced with the addition of Si₃N₄ reinforcement.

The major motivation behind transistor scaling is the requirement for high-speed transistors with lower fabrication costs. When the fin thickness or breadth is smaller than 10 nm in a trigate FET, charges travel in a nonconfined fashion, resulting in the creation of energy subbands and causing volume inversion. In comparison to the carrier near a surface inversion layer, volume inversion experiences less interface scattering. In large-scale integrations, we have focused on developing a 3D model for surface potential by establishing the three-dimensional Poison’s equation and building a unique fin field-effect transistor (FinFET) structure. In this context, there is a growing interest in developing a low-cost, simple solution that combines plastic (polymer) as a substrate and organic materials to create electronics such as monitors and sensors. The research examines characteristics such as silicon width, oxide thickness, doping concentration, metal work-function about gate, and various surface potentials. For different circuit configurations, it also examines the DC and AC characteristics of the FinFET structure. A differential amplifier is built for RF application based on the device specifications. This work is aimed at improving the semiconductor design structure by adjusting device parameters, analyzing the results, establishing the best FinFET device preferences, and selecting an application for the optimized device. The 3D Poisson’s equation may be used to create an analytical model of a trigate nanosize FinFET, which can then be tested using a TCAD simulator. By constructing such a FinFET, we can structure and analyze various electrostatic parameters. To facilitate the creation of FinFET-based circuits, including product development, a novel transistor needs a creative device basis. The infrastructure’s support denotes a computationally advantageous numerical model that accurately depicts a FinFET. The work presents a compact model for semiconductor manufacturing that permits separate IC productions while achieving higher levels of excellence and using less power. The design outperforms the CMOS by 22.7% in gain, 31.48% in power consumption, and 12.72% in CMRR, while operating at a 5 GHz unity gain frequency.

Metals used in biomedical applications are frequently coated to prevent oxidation and metallic ion release, both of which can be harmful due to toxic effects. To prevent these adverse effects of metals, researchers have focused their efforts on developing various coating techniques, facilitating surface coating, or obtaining functional surfaces. (WEDM) is now considered a difficult method of obtaining functional surfaces for medical applications. The properties of the surface and subsurface layers obtained by the WEDM method are particularly interesting in this regard. The analysis utilised RSM-based computational technique to evaluate the WEDM characteristics (MRR SR) of Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy in biomedical applications. The biggest drawback of the material in the biomedical industry, which includes orthopedic applications and dental implants, would be that it releases harmful atoms such as iron, chromium, and nickel into the bodily fluid environment. To combat the problems, a hydroxyapatite layer applied to the metal implant improves biocompatibility, osteocompatibility, and antimicrobial properties. By comparing the Modified Differential Evolution (MDE) approach to the basic differential evolution (DE) optimization strategy, the effectiveness of the MDE approach has been established. According to the cyclic polarized test, the Hap coated Titanium material had better corrosion resistance than the pure sample. The Hap coated titanium material has a higher zone of inhibition than the pure sample. The next step is to synthesis hydroxyapatite from cuttlebone, which is then electrodeposited onto titanium. FTIR, electrochemical tests, FESEM, and SEM were used to describe the coated sample, as well as an antibacterial test using E. Coli and B. Cereus bacteria. Because it is porous, the Hap coating helps bone tissue growth by preventing detrimental metal ions from escaping into the biological medium. The corrosion inhibition efficiency of the coated sample was performed in SBF (NaHCO₃0.35g/L, MgCl₂.6H₂O0.30g/L, CaCl₂·2H₂O0.37g/L, K₂HPO₄. 3H₂O0.23g/L, Na₂SO₄0.071g/L, NaCl7.99g/L, KCl0.22g/L, Triss buffer6.063g/L) solution using the potentiodynamic polarisation method and the solution pH was maintained.

This study investigates the effect of incorporating nano-additives Cerium oxide (CeO₂), Zinc oxide (ZnO), and Titanium oxide (TiO₂) at 25 ppm concentration into biodiesel derived from waste cooking oil, with the objective of improving diesel engine performance and reducing exhaust emissions. Experiments were carried out on a single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine under varying load conditions. Among the tested blends, the B20 + TiO₂ (25 ppm) mixture exhibited a modest reduction in brake thermal efficiency (2.53%) and a slight increase in brake specific energy consumption (3.80%) compared to diesel fuel. However, significant emission improvements were achieved, with a reduction in CO (23.42%) and HC (24.78%) emissions, accompanied by a decrease in smoke opacity (12.37%). The findings highlight that TiO₂ nano-additive biodiesel blends offer a sustainable and environmentally viable alternative to conventional diesel. The study is constrained by its emphasis on a particular mixture of biodiesel and nano additives, perhaps limiting the generalisability to different combinations or concentrations. The study largely assesses engine performance and emissions under a singular operating condition, potentially neglecting differences in performance across varied loads or speeds.