We report on the development of high performance triple and quadruple junction solar cells made of amorphous (a-Si:H) and microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si:H) for the application as photocathodes in integrated photovoltaic–electrosynthetic devices for solar water splitting. We show that the electronic properties of the individual sub cells can be adjusted such that the photovoltages of multijunction devices cover a wide range of photovoltages from 2.0 V up to 2.8 V with photovoltaic efficiencies of 13.6% for triple and 13.2% for quadruple cells. The ability to provide self-contained solar water splitting is demonstrated in a PV-biased electrosynthetic (PV-EC) cell. With the developed triple junction photocathode in the a-Si:H/a-Si:H/μc-Si:H configuration we achieved an operation photocurrent density of 7.7 mA cm⁻² at 0 V applied bias using a Ag/Pt layer stack as photocathode/electrolyte contact and ruthenium oxide as counter electrode. Assuming a faradaic efficiency of 100%, this corresponds to a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 9.5%. The quadruple junction device provides enough excess voltage to substitute precious metal catalyst, such as Pt by more earth-abundant materials, such as Ni without impairing the solar-to-hydrogen efficiency.

TiO ₂ layer made by e-beam induced evaporation is demonstrated as an ETL in high efficiency planar junction perovskite solar cells.

Direct solar-to-hydrogen conversion via water splitting was demonstrated in an integrated photovoltaic–electrochemical (PV–EC) device using a hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin film tandem junction (a-Si:H/a-Si:H) solar cell as photocathode. The solar cell was adapted to provide sufficient photovoltage to drive both the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions. The best results, in terms of photoelectrochemical stability and performance, were obtained with an Ag/Pt layer stack as H2 evolving photocathode back contact and with a RuO2 counter electrode for O2 evolution. Under irradiation by simulated sunlight (AM 1.5 spectrum with 100mW/cm2), we achieved 6.8% solar-to-hydrogen efficiency at 0V applied bias in a two-electrode set-up. This sets a fresh benchmark for integrated thin film silicon tandem based photoelectrochemical devices. In addition, the photovoltage at constant current (−3mA/cm2) was measured over a prolonged period of time and revealed an excellent chemical stability (operation over 50h) of the photocathode. Furthermore, we present an empirical serial circuit model of the PV–EC device, in which the corresponding photovoltaic and electrochemical components are decoupled. This allows for a detailed comparison between the solar cell and the PV–EC cell characteristics, from which the relevant loss processes in the overall system could be identified. The model was further used to compare calculated and measured photocurrent–voltage characteristics of the investigated PV–EC device which showed excellent agreement