Calla lily (Zantedeschia albomaculata (Hook.) Baill.) is an herbaceous or semi-evergreen perennial grown from rhizomes. It is commonly named “Spotted Arum”. Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) are found in all known organisms and are known for being functionally equivalent in all of them. A completely new in vitro culture protocol was applied to Z. albomaculata with two hormones, 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and kinetin, to obtain full growth and multiplication. Due to their highly conserved sequences, the analysis of small-subunit rRNAs (16S–18S rRNAs) can provide precise statistical evaluation of a wide variety of phylogenetic connections. As a result, the plant’s 18S rRNA gene allowed for identification and partial sequencing. Also, the traditional floral method and the novel application technique for identification were applied to Z. albomaculata. In this paper we systemically describe the structural strategies of the plant’s adaptation to the surroundings at the morphological, physiological, and anatomical scale. Most the essential oils and fatty acids found in Z. albomaculata are omega fatty acids, octadecenoic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitic acid. All these fatty acids have industrial, medicinal, and pharmaceutical applications. The significant findings are the spadix sheathing leaves, and the precipitation of raphides calcium oxalate. The mitotic index showing the division activity was recorded, and it was 17.4%. The antimicrobial activity of Z. albomaculata ethanol extract was performed via the well diffusion method. This extract has shown high activity against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, compared to its lower activity against Bacillus cereus. By defining these characteristics and in vitro culture conditions, we will be able to acclimatize the plant in greenhouses, and then transfer it to the open field. The findings of this work identified the general characteristics of Zantedeschia albomaculata as an ornamental and medicinal plant in order to acclimatize this plant for cultivation in the Mediterranean climate.

The utilization of chitosan nanoparticles is a novel technique for gene transformation into plant tissues. It takes a few minutes to transform gene to plant. UidA gene was detected in Escherichia coli (K12 strain) using polymerase chain reaction analysis by UidA-specific primers. The gene was transformed into the explants of two different plant species (Solanum tuberosum and Paulownia tomentosa). These plants have different natures as crop and woody plants respectively. Therefore, they have different abilities to express the UidA gene. The gene is expressed into blue color in plant tissues due to the formation and expression of the GUS enzyme. The transformation of the UidA gene was detected morphologically by the formation of blue color; and molecular using PCR. Chitosan nanoparticles were characterized by UV/Visible spectroscope and photographing with a transmission electron microscope (TEM). As a result of this research, it is suggested that chitosan nanoparticles be used in gene transformation into plant tissues. Because it is safe, quick, and inexpensive, as well as biocompatible and biodegradable.

Populus is a fast growing tree that attract the attention of people. This genus provides environment protection due to their ability in carbon sequestration, phytoremediation and wildlife inhabitant. Populus species are widely used a source of wood, veneer, paper and bioenergy. This survey study aimed to identify the current status of Populus species inhabiting four different governorates of the Egyptian territories. In this survey, four different locations were surveyed, i.e. Cairo, Giza, Qaliobia and Gharbia governorates. According to the site survey, five species of Populus were found. Research findings indicate that the length and diameter of the trees varied according to various species in various localities. Selected trees of various species were subjected to different morphological, chemical parameters and genetic assessments. P. deltoides from Giza in addition to P. deltoides and P. nigra from Cairo gave somewhat close relation in their vegetative parameters. Furthermore, both P. nigra and P. alba from Gharbia location gave high similarity due to overall vegetative parameters and also both P. euramericana female from the Gharbia and P. nigra from Qaliobia. Genetic diversity was analyzed using molecular markers. Three different Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers were used for the reaction (17899A, 17899B and HB13). ISSR primers markers yielded 67.5% polymorphic loci among the surveyed species and cluster analysis enabled separation of these populations on the basis of their genetic distances. P. euramericana female and male from Giza showed close relation at morphological level. From this study it can be concluded that: firstly; leaf parameters i.e. leaf area width and length were suitable for identifying the differences among species, and secondly; genetic analysis using molecular markers was enough to discriminate between species. Our results finally suggest that Populus species possess genetic variation and can adapt to new environmental conditions, which in its self-valuable information would potentially lead to promising applications.

Aegle marmelos , known for its spiky appearance, is a versatile tree found worldwide. In the Indian medical tradition, this therapeutic tree is utilized to treat various ailments. It is commonly propagated through seeds, although they have a limited lifespan and are susceptible to insect damage. Due to the variability of seed offspring, standardized varieties are not readily available. Molecular identification was performed for the plant species to be as a fingerprint identification based on genomic basic. Hence, this study manipulated the in vitro multiplication for enhancing Aegle marmelos traits through variation in media type and composition. In phase one of the experiment, successful micropropagation has been easily achieved with shoot tip culture on two growth in vitro media: Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium and woody plant medium (WPM) with different concentrations (one‐fourth, one‐half, three‐fourths, and full power media) with two sucrose concentration 20 and 30 g/L. The growth parameters measured indicated a heightened response to both MS and WPM media, each with its distinct composition. The genetic variation via intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular marker in the first phase was 35.5%. In phase two, the hormonal treatment was applied for the best media choice from Phase 1. During the second phase of multiplication and rooting stages with phytohormones, the optimal treatments were chosen to maximize yields. In the multiplication stage, the most favorable conditions, as determined by morphological parameters, were achieved with full MS medium supplemented with 30 g sucrose, 0.1 mg/L Kin, and 0.75 mg/L BAP. In contrast, for the rooting stage, the optimal treatment consisted of one‐fourth MS medium supplemented with 15 g sucrose, 0.5 mg/L Kin, 0.1 g/L activated charcoal, and 15 mg/L IBA. Physiological parameters exhibited variability, with each metabolite displaying distinct optimal conditions. Catalase plays a crucial role in decomposing hydrogen peroxide to protect cells, tissues, and organs. This research effectively enhanced the in vitro micropropagation of Aegle marmelos by determining the most efficacious medium formulations and hormonal treatments for shoot multiplication and roots, while also illustrating the influence of WPM on catalase enzyme activity enhancement.