Bacterial canker of kiwifruit caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) is a major threat to the kiwifruit industry throughout the world and accounts for substantial economic losses in China. The aim of the present study was to test and explore the possibility of using MaxEnt (maximum entropy models) to predict and analyze the future large-scale distribution of Psa in China. Based on the current environmental factors, three future climate scenarios, which were suggested by the fifth IPCC report, and the current distribution sites of Psa, MaxEnt combined with ArcGIS was applied to predict the potential suitable areas and the changing trend of Psa in China. The jackknife test and correlation analysis were used to choose dominant climatic factors. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) drawn by MaxEnt was used to evaluate the accuracy of the simulation. The results showed that under current climatic conditions, the area from latitude 25° to 36°N and from longitude 101° to 122°E is the primary potential suitable area of Psa in China. The highly suitable area (with suitability between 66 and 100) was mainly concentrated in Northeast Sichuan, South Shaanxi, most of Chongqing, West Hubei and Southwest Gansu and occupied 4.94% of land in China. Under different future emission scenarios, both the areas and the centers of the suitable areas all showed differences compared with the current situation. Four climatic variables, i.e., maximum April temperature (19%), mean temperature of the coldest quarter (14%), precipitation in May (11.5%) and minimum temperature in October (10.8%), had the largest impact on the distribution of Psa. The MaxEnt model is potentially useful for forecasting the future adaptive distribution of Psa under climate change, and it provides important guidance for comprehensive management.

Two colonies of Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée), artificially selected from a Bt-susceptible colony (ACB-BtS) for resistance to Cry1Ab (ACB-AbR) and Cry1Ac (ACB-AcR) toxins, were used to analyze inheritance patterns of resistance to Cry1 toxins. ACB-AbR and ACB-AcR evolved significant levels of resistance, with resistance ratios (RR) of 39-fold and 78.8-fold to Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac, respectively. The susceptibility of ACB-AbR larvae to Cry1Ac and Cry1F toxins, which had not previously been exposed, were significantly reduced, being >113-fold and 48-fold, respectively. Similarly, susceptibility of ACB-AcR larvae to Cry1Ab and Cry1F were also significantly reduced (RR > nine-fold, RR > 18-fold, respectively), indicating cross-resistance among Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, and Cry1F toxins. However, ACB-AbR and ACB-AcR larvae were equally susceptible to Cry1Ie as were ACB-BtS larvae, indicating no cross-resistance between Cry1Ie and Cry1Ab or Cry1Ac toxins; this may provide considerable benefits in preventing or delaying the evolution of resistance in ACB to Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac toxins. Backcrossing studies indicated that resistance to Cry1Ab toxin was polygenic in ACB-AbR, but monogenic in ACB-AcR, whilst resistance to Cry1Ac toxin was primarily monogenic in both ACB-AbR and ACB-AcR, but polygenic as resistance increased.

Climate change significantly affects geographic distribution of plants pests and diseases worldwide. Understanding the influence of future climate change on the suitable areas of Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama) in our country and taking timely countermeasures are crucial for improving the effectiveness of control of pest. Based on the occurrence points of D. citri and the selected environmental variables, the potential suitable areas of this pest under climate change scenarios in China were predicted by using MaxEnt and GIS tools. Our results showed that the higly suitable area were mainly located in Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Southern Zhejiang, Southern Jiangxi, Eastern Hunan, Southwestern Guizhou, and the area was 43.7 × 10⁴ km². Areas of moderate and low suitability were centered on areas of high suitability and radiate to the North successively, with an area of 59.28 × 10⁴ km² and 93.46 × 10⁴ km² respectively. From current to 2070 s, the areas of the highly suitable areas will increase, and the geometric center of the highly and total suitable areas will move to north under three climate change scenarios.

Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) is an agricultural mite pest threatens crops throughout the world, causing serious economic loses. Exploring the effects of acaricides on predatory mites is crucial for the combination of biological and chemical control of T. cinnabarinus. Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) is one of the principal natural enemies of T. cinnabarinus, which can be applied in protected agriculture. In this study, the effects of sublethal concentrations of a new acaricide, SYP-9625 on two mite species, and the effects of the application concentration on predatory mite, N. californicus were assessed. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of SYP-9625 on life parameters and predation capacity of N. californicus based on the concentration-response bioassay of T. cinnabarinus to explor the application of the new acaricide with natural enemy N. californicus. All of the experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions [25 ± 1°C, 16: 8 h (L: D) and 75 ± 5% RH]. The sublethal concentrations LC₁₀ (0.375μg/mL) and the LC₃₀ (0.841μg/mL) against T. cinnabarinus and the application concentration (100μg/mL) against N. californicus were used to evaluate the effects of SYP-9625 on population parameters of N. californicus based on an age-stage, two-sex life table and its predation capacity by functional response. cinnabarinus females treated with LC₃₀ exhibited significantly reduced net reproductive rates (R₀ = 11.02) in their offspring compared with females treated with LC₁₀ (R₀ = 14.96) and untreated females (R₀ = 32.74). However, the intrinsic rate of increase (r_m) and the finite rate of increase (λ) of N. californicus indicated that the application concentration of SYP-9625 had no significant negative effect on N. californicus eggs (r_m = 0.277, λ = 1.319) compared to the control (r_m = 0.292, λ = 1.338). Additionally, most population parameters of N. californicus showed a dose-dependent manner with the increase of the concentration of SYP-9625 against T. cinnabarinus. SYP-9625 also stimulated the control efficiency of N. californicus against immobile stages including eggs and larvae. This study demonstrated that sublethal concentrations of SYP-9625 can inhibit the population growth of T. cinnabarinus. In addition, the sublethal concentrations and the application concentration showed no effect on the population growth of N. californicus. These two advantages described above showed great commercial potential of this new acaricide based on population parameters of the two mite species and predation capacity of the predatory mite under laboratory conditions.

Sogatella furcifera Horváth (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is a major migratory pest of rice crops in Asia. The ultrastructure of the flight muscle directly affects the flight ability of insects. The ultrastructure of the flight muscle of some insects can be affected by insecticides. However, the ultrastructure of the flight muscle of S. furcifera and the effect of insecticides on the flight muscle of S. furcifera are not well understood. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of the insecticide dinotefuran on the ultrastructure of the flight muscle of S. furcifera females. In this study, the cross-sectional area and the diameter of the myofibril cross-sections of dinotefuran-treated S. furcifera females increased with the number of days after emergence (DAE), and they were higher than in untreated females. The sarcomere length of myofibrils increased with the number of DAE, and it differed from that of the untreated females. On the first day after emergence, the higher the concentration of dinotefuran, the smaller was the extent of decrease. On the third day after emergence, the higher the concentration of dinotefuran, the larger was the extent of enhancement. For the percentage of mitochondria, those of LC10 and LC20 dinotefuran-treated S. furcifera females increased with the number of DAE and were higher than in untreated females. LC10 dinotefuran-treated S. furcifera females exhibited the largest increase. Thus, our results suggest that the flight ability of S. furcifera increased with time. Some concentrations of dinotefuran can enhance the flight capacity of S. furcifera.