The present study was carried out to estimate the residual level of preservatives and active whitening agents from personal care products (PCPs) wastewater

Human beings have a long history of changing crops’ characteristics by selective and crossbreeding. However, with the advancement in science and technology, genetic modification in crops is possible to add cross specie characteristics like pest/herbicide resistance, increased yield, etc. Although there are several benefits of genetically modified (GM) crops, genetically modified crops have not gained universal acceptance due to cross specie genes. Therefore, it is mandatory to check the genotype of a crop before import or export and to declare if it is genetically modified or not. This can be done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a gold standard for this testing.

Rice is one of the highly consumable and demanded food crops throughout the world. To meet this requirement, genetically modified (GM) crops were introduced, which were met with sturdy and frequently angry opposition by the user. To handle the situation labeling of GM food / crop was advised, thus demand for traceability and detection of unknown modified genes increased.Modified genes are detected by various methods; these methods are affected by several factors as reported in international standards. Those factors include presence / absence of shells, husk, and dust, method of DNA extraction and different PCR primers. These factors ultimately pose hindrance in detection of modified genes.This study was conducted to analyze the effects of the above mentioned factors on detection of GM rice samples. Furthermore two different sets of primers were used with same samples and their impact on the PCR detection was observed.The results showed a significant difference in DNA concentration between the rice samples with husk, without husk and after seed germination. Furthermore, the change of PCR primer set also affected the detection of genetic modifications. This allows analysis of the potential factors that may have impact on the final results.