Due to the rapid expansion of electric vehicles (EVs), they are expected to be one of the main contributors to transportation. The increasing use of fossil fuels as one of the most available energy sources has led to the emission of greenhouse gases, which will play a vital role in achieving a sustainable transportation system. Developed and developing countries have long-term plans and policies to use EVs instead of internal combustion vehicles and to use renewable energy to generate electricity, which increases the number of charging stations. Recently, to meet the charging demand for EVs, the main focus of researchers has been on smart charging solutions. In addition, maintaining power quality and peak demand for grids has become very difficult due to the widespread deployment of EVs as personal and commercial vehicles. This paper provides information on EV charging control that can be used to improve the design and implementation of charging station infrastructure. An in-depth analysis of EV types, global charging standards, and the architectures of AC-DC and DC-DC converters are covered in this review article. In addition, investigating the role of EV collectors, as well as EV penetration, in electric energy systems to facilitate the integration of electric energy systems with renewable energy sources is one of the main goals of this paper.

The peer-to-peer (P2P) strategy as a new trading scheme has recently gained attention in local electricity markets. This is a practical framework to enhance the flexibility and reliability of energy hubs, specifically for industrial prosumers dealing with high energy costs. In this paper, a Norwegian industrial site with multi-energy hubs (MEHs) is considered, in which they are equipped with various energy sources, namely wind turbines (WT), photovoltaic (PV) systems, combined heat and power (CHP) units (convex and non-convex types), plug-in electric vehicles (EVs), and load-shifting flexibility. The objective is to evaluate the importance of P2P energy transaction with on-site flexibility resources for the industrial site. Regarding the substantial peak power charge in the case of grid power usage, this study analyzes the effects of P2P energy transaction under uncertain parameters. The uncertainties of electricity price, heat and power demands, and renewable generations (WT and PV) are challenges for industrial MEHs. Thus, a stochastically based optimization approach called downside risk constraint (DRC) is applied for risk assessment under the risk-averse and risk-neutral modes. According to the results, applying the DRC approach increased by 35% the operation cost (risk-averse mode) to achieve a zero-based risk level. However, the conservative behavior of the decision maker secures the system from financial losses despite a growth in the operation cost.

This paper presents an optimal framework for demand response aggregators in wholesale electricity markets. Demand response aggregators provide customers with flexible contracts in the proposed model. These contracts allow for hourly load reductions through load curtailment, load shifting, onsite generation utilization, and energy storage systems. The study suggests the price-based self-scheduling model for demand response aggregators, which seeks to maximize the aggregator's payoff for participation in day-ahead energy markets. The proposed model is implemented on a sample demand response aggregator with uncertainty and without uncertainty. Three methods, box, polyhedral, and ellipsoidal, based on robust optimization, are proposed for uncertainty modeling in this work, and their effectiveness is compared with each other. The results show that if the uncertainty is modeled using the polyhedral method, the value of the objective function will deviate by only 22.72 % compared to the case without uncertainty. However, this deviation in box and ellipsoidal methods is 118.48 % and 49.20 %, respectively, which shows the superiority of the polyhedral method compared to the oval and box methods.

Today, the role of smart machines in our lives is valuable. With the advancement of digital technologies, such as the internet of things (IoT), many embedded systems have been developed for various applications. In homes, all daily activities and even security depend on machines. Therefore, implementing IoT-based smart homes has become a prominent research field. Also, since we are in the era of endless growth of the IoT and its applications, the topic of home automation systems is becoming more popular due to its countless advantages. In general, most home automation systems focus on one function: the ability to control home appliances remotely. In the world of information technology, the creation of rules and standards should always be done in the early stages of development because, after the work is done, incompatibilities between devices are created, which is a severe challenge and limits the use of technology. Therefore, the research on IoT technology has led to the formation of various protocols; this article gives an overview of seven essential protocols. Also, in this review article, energy consumption management, and privacy and security issues are discussed, and smart homes are introduced as critical requirements for the evolution of smart cities.

Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRESs) are a practical solution for providing reliable, low-carbon electricity to off-grid and remote communities. This review examines the role of energy storage within HRESs by systematically comparing electrochemical, mechanical, thermal, and hydrogen-based technologies in terms of technical performance, lifecycle cost, operational constraints, and environmental impact. We synthesize findings from implemented off-grid projects across multiple countries to evaluate real-world performance metrics, including renewable fraction, expected energy not supplied (EENS), lifecycle cost, and operation & maintenance burdens. Special attention is given to the emerging role of hydrogen as a long-term and cross-sector energy carrier, addressing its technical, regulatory, and financial barriers to widespread deployment. In addition, the paper reviews real-world implementations of off-grid HRES in various countries, summarizing practical outcomes and lessons for system design and policy. The discussion also includes recent advances in metaheuristic optimization algorithms, which have improved planning efficiency, system reliability, and cost-effectiveness. By combining technological, operational, and policy perspectives, this review identifies current challenges and future directions for developing sustainable, resilient, and economically viable HRES that can accelerate equitable electrification in remote areas. Finally, the review outlines key limitations and future directions, calling for more systematic quantitative studies, long-term field validation of emerging technologies, and the development of intelligent, Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven energy management systems within broader socio-techno-economic frameworks. Overall, this work offers concise insights to guide researchers and policymakers in advancing the practical deployment of sustainable and resilient HRES.

This paper is a comprehensive reference for researchers interested in flexible AC alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) technologies. This study investigates modified UPFC models. Besides UPFC, an overview of DPFC will be presented, and the critical differences between these advanced power flow control technologies will be discussed. In particular, we will do a comparative evaluation of three well-known DPFC models: Distributed Series Reactor (DSR), Distributed Static Series Compensator (DSSC), and Distributed Unified Power Flow Controller (DUPFC). This work also discusses the latest models of FACTS technology, such as Carbon Nanotubes (CNT), Multi-winding transformers (MWT), and Line-to-Line Compensators (LLC). Finally, this review paper introduces advanced optimization techniques for optimal placement and design of FACTS devices.