This is the first of two papers about the synthesis and microstructure properties of the Geo–rGO–TiO₂ ternary nanocomposite, which was designed to suit the criteria of a pervaporation membrane for seawater desalination. The performance and capability of Geo–rGO–TiO₂ as a seawater desalination pervaporation membrane are described in the second paper. A geopolymer made from alkali-activated metakaolin was utilized as a binder for the rGO-TiO₂ nanocomposite. A modified Hummer’s method was used to synthesize graphene oxide (GO), and a hydrothermal procedure on GO produced reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The adopted approach yielded high-quality GO and rGO, based on Raman spectra results. The nanolayered structure of GO and rGO is revealed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) images. The Geo–rGO–TiO₂ ternary nanocomposite was created by dispersing rGO nanosheets and TiO₂ nanoparticles into geopolymer paste and stirring it for several minutes. The mixture was then cured in a sealed mold at 70 °C for one hour. After being demolded, the materials were kept for 28 days before being characterized. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) measurements revealed that the geopolymer matrix efficiently bonded the rGO and TiO₂, creating nanocomposites. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) was used to examine the morphology of the outer layer and cross-sections of nanocomposites, and the results displayed that rGO were stacked on the surface as well as in the bulk of the geopolymer and will potentially function as nanochannels with a width of around 0.36 nm, while TiO₂ NPs covered the majority of the geopolymer matrix, assisting in anti-biofouling of the membranes. The pores structure of the Geo–rGO–TiO₂ were classified as micro–meso pores using the Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) method, indicating that they are appropriate for use as pervaporation membranes. The mechanical strength of the membranes was found to be adequate to withstand high water pressure during the pervaporation process. The addition of rGO and TiO₂ NPs was found to improve the hyropobicity of the Geo–rGO–TiO₂ nanocomposite, preventing excessive seawater penetration into the membrane during the pervaporation process. The results of this study elucidate that the Geo–rGO–TiO₂ nanocomposite has a lot of potential for application as a pervaporation membrane for seawater desalination because all of the initial components are widely available and inexpensive.

This is part 2 of the research on pervaporation membranes for seawater desalination based on Geo–rGO–TiO₂ nanocomposite. The quality of the Geo–rGO–TiO₂ pervaporation membranes (PV), as well as the suitability of the built pervaporation system, is thoroughly discussed. The four membranes described in detail in the first article were tested for their capabilities using the parameters turbidity, salinity, total suspended solids (TSS), and electrical conductivity (EC). The membranes’ flux permeate was measured as a function of temperature, and salt rejection was calculated using the electrical conductivity values of the feed and permeate. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to investigate changes in the chemical composition and internal structure of the membranes after use in pervaporation systems. The morphology of the membrane’s surfaces was examined by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the elemental distribution was observed by using X-ray mapping and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that the pervaporation membrane of Geo–rGO–TiO₂ (1, 3) achieved a permeate flux as high as 2.29 kg/m²·h with a salt rejection of around 91%. The results of the FTIR and XRD measurements did not show any changes in the functional group and chemical compositions of the membrane after the pervaporation process took place. Long-term pressure and temperature feed cause significant cracking in geopolymer and Geo–TiO₂ (3) membranes. SEM results revealed that the surface of all membranes is leached out, and elemental distribution based on X-ray mapping and EDS observations revealed the addition of Na+ ions on the membrane surface. The study’s findings pave the way for more research and development of geopolymers as the basic material for inorganic membranes, particularly with the addition of rGO–TiO₂ nanocomposites.

This Kosabangsa community engagement program aims to strengthen the capacity of sago-processing groups and the PKK women's organization in Moramo District, South Konawe Regency, to implement digital marketing innovations for healthy, nutritious local food products through Facebook. The partner groups initially lacked knowledge and skills in digital marketing, resulting in low product visibility and limited market reach. The program was implemented through three main stages: (1) socialization and training on digital marketing, (2) mentoring in developing attractive and informative promotional content and applying marketing strategies via Facebook Marketplace and local community groups, and (3) evaluation activities through pre-test and post-test assessments, direct observation, interviews, and analysis of online sales performance. The results show a significant improvement in partners' capacity, as indicated by an increase in digital marketing knowledge from 50% to 85%, stronger content creation skills, and a wider online market reach. The program also successfully supported the diversification of nutritious sago-based food products, thereby providing additional economic value to community groups. Overall, this activity demonstrates that a community-needs-based training and mentoring approach, combined with simple digital tools, can generate rapid and significant impacts in strengthening local economies. These findings reinforce previous studies highlighting Facebook's effectiveness as a tool for community empowerment in the local food sector.

The main objective of this study is to synthesize geopolymer-optical fiber composite and its potential as a lighttransmitting material. Geopolymer synthesized through alkali activated method of metakaolin incorporated with a certain amount of bare optical fiber. The mechanical properties of the composite were characterized through flexural and compressive strength measurement. The chemical compositions of the starting materials were characterized by means of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The microstructure of the resulting composites wasstudied by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The light properties of the specimens were measured by using a lux meter. It was found that the addition of the optical fiber did not influence the overall mechanical properties of geopolymer matrix. The intensity of light transmitted in the composite decrease due the light absorption by the matrix of geopolymer. The results of this study offer a new insight into the potential of geopolymer-optical fiber as a potential light transmitting material for wide range applications.

AuNPs (gold nanoparticles) are a type of nanomaterial with a high biocompatibility. The goal of this research is to use the Turkevich method to make AuNPs AuNPs (gold nanoparticles) are a type of nanomaterial with a high biocompatibility. The goal of this research is to use the Turkevich method to make AuNPs