Background. Recently, dentists can utilize three‐dimensional printing technology in fabricating dental restoration. However, to date, there is a lack of evidence regarding the effect of printing layer thicknesses and postprinting on the mechanical properties of the 3D‐printed temporary restorations with the additive manufacturing technique. So, this study evaluated the mechanical properties of a 3D‐printed dental resin material with different printing layer thicknesses and postprinting methods. Methods. 210 specimens of a temporary crown material (A2 EVERES TEMPORARY, SISMA, Italy) were 3D‐printed with different printing layer thicknesses (25, 50, and 100 μm). Then, specimens were 3D‐printed using DLP technology (EVERES ZERO, DLP 3D printer, SISMA, Italy) which received seven different treatment conditions after printing: water storage for 24 h or 1 month, light curing or heat curing for 5 or 15 minutes, and control. Flexural properties were evaluated using a three‐point bending test on a universal testing machine (ISO standard 4049). The Vickers hardness test was used to evaluate the microhardness of the material system. The degree of conversion was measured using an FT‐IR ATR spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis was performed using two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) test (p ≤ 0.05). Results. The 100 μm printing layer thickness had the highest flexural strength among the other thickness groups. As a combined effect printing thickness and postprinting conditions, the 100 μm with the dry storage group has the highest flexural strength among the tested groups (94.60 MPa). Thus, the group with 100 μm thickness that was heat cured for 5 minutes (HC 5 min 100 μm) has the highest VHN value (VHN = 17.95). Also, the highest mean DC% was reported by 50 μm layer thickness (42.84%).Conclusions. The thickness of the 100 μm printing layer had the highest flexural strength compared to the 25 μm and 50 μm groups. Also, the postprinting treatment conditions influenced the flexural strength and hardness of the 3D‐printed resin material.

This study aimed to assess the mechanical and biocompatibility properties of dental resin reinforced with different nanoparticle additives. Temporary crown specimens were 3D-printed and grouped based on nanoparticle type and amount, including zirconia and glass silica. Flexural strength testing evaluated the material’s ability to withstand mechanical stress using a three-point bending test. Biocompatibility was tested using MTT and dead/live cell assays to assess effects on cell viability and tissue integration. Fractured specimens were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) for fracture surface examination and elemental composition determination. Results show that adding 5% glass fillers and 10–20% zirconia nanoparticles significantly improves the flexural strength and biocompatibility of the resin material. Specifically, the addition of 10%, 20% zirconia, and 5% glass silica by weight significantly increases the flexural strength of the 3D-printed resins. Biocompatibility testing reveals cell viabilities greater than 80% in all tested groups. Reinforced 3D-printed resin holds clinical potential for restorative dentistry, as zirconia and glass fillers have been shown to enhance mechanical and biocompatibility properties of dental resin, making it a promising option for dental restorations. The findings of this study may contribute to the development of more effective and durable dental materials.

The development of 3D-printed crown resin materials with improved mechanical and physical properties is an area of growing interest in dentistry. This study aimed to develop a 3D-printed crown resin material modified with zirconia glass (ZG) and glass silica (GS) microfillers to enhance overall mechanical and physical properties. A total of 125 specimens were created and divided into five groups: control unmodified resin, 5% either ZG or GS reinforced 3D-printed resin, and 10% either ZG or GS reinforced 3D-printed resin. The fracture resistance, surface roughness, and translucency parameter were measured, and fractured crowns were studied under a scanning electron microscope. The results showed that 3D-printed parts that were strengthened with ZG and GS microfillers demonstrated comparable mechanical performance to unmodified crown resin but resulted in greater surface roughness, and only the group that contained 5% ZG showed an increase in translucency. However, it should be noted that increased surface roughness may impact the aesthetics of the crowns, and further optimisation of microfillers concentrations may be necessary. These findings suggest that the newly developed dental-based resins that incorporate microfillers could be suitable for clinical applications, but further studies are necessary to optimise the nanoparticle concentrations and investigate their long-term clinical outcomes.

This study aimed to investigate the bonding strength and durability of titanium alloys bonded to zirconia-based materials produced using subtractive and additive digital methods. Two titanium alloy groups (N = 20) and two zirconia ceramic groups (N = 60) were fabricated using CAD/CAM milling from prefabricated discs (Ti-ML and Zr-ML), and 3D printing via SLM (Ti-3D) and DLP/LCM systems (Zr-3D). The specimens were bonded with dental cement to form four test groups: Zr-ML/Ti-ML, Zr-ML/Ti-3D, Zr-3D/Ti-ML, and Zr-3D/Ti-3D. Half of the specimens in each group underwent thermocycling to assess the effect of aging on bond strength. The density, microhardness, and surface morphology were evaluated, along with the shear bond strength and failure modes of the resin composites. Statistical differences were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test across all groups. The 3D-printed specimens of both materials exhibited higher microhardness and lower surface roughness than the milled specimens. The shear bond strength (SBS) was the highest in the Ti-ML/Zr-ML combination group before and after thermocycling, which had more cohesive failures, whereas the lowest bond strength was observed in the Ti-3D/Zr-ML group. The adhesion between titanium and zirconia-based materials was the strongest when both were fabricated using subtractive methods, followed by additive and mixed-method combinations.

This study evaluated and compared the mechanical performance of conventionally milled zirconia and two additively manufactured zirconia ceramics fabricated using Lithography-based Ceramic Manufacturing (LCM) technology for potential use in load-bearing dental restorations. A total of 150 zirconia specimens were prepared and allocated into three material groups: milled zirconia and LCM-printed zirconia (LithaCon 3Y 210 and LithaCon 3Y 230), each subdivided into non-aged (control, C) and thermocycled aged (A) conditions (n = 25 per condition). Specimens were standardized using CAD and fabricated by milling or LCM printing. Flexural strength was assessed using a three-point bending test in accordance with ISO 6872:2024, nanoindentation hardness was measured with a Berkovich indenter following ISO 14577-1:2015, and surface roughness was evaluated using optical profilometry per ISO 21920-2:2021. Flexural strength showed no significant differences among groups, while hardness and surface roughness varied significantly. LCM zirconia demonstrated comparable flexural strength to milled zirconia, although milled materials exhibited higher hardness. The 210A group showed the most favorable overall mechanical profile, warranting further investigation of long-term performance.