This study evaluates the precipitation product of the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) over the Mexican region during the period between April 2014 and October 2015 using three different time scales for cumulative precipitation (hourly, daily and seasonal). Also, the IMERG data have been analyzed as a function of elevation given the rain gauges from the automatic meteorological stations network, located within the area of study, which are used as a reference. In the present study, continuous and categorical statistics are used to evaluate IMERG. It was found that IMERG showed better performance at the daily and seasonal time scale resolutions. While hourly precipitation estimates reached a mean correlation coefficient of 0.35, the daily and seasonal precipitation estimates achieved correlations over 0.51. In addition, the IMERG precipitation product was able to reproduce the diurnal and daily cycles of the average precipitation with a trend towards overestimating rain gauges. However, extreme precipitation events were highly underestimated, as shown by relative biases of −61% and −46% for the hourly and daily precipitation analysis, respectively. It was also found that IMERG tends to improve precipitation detection and to decrease magnitude errors over the higher terrain elevations of Mexico.

To study the air quality in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area (GMA), concentrations of suspended particles (PM₁₀) and ozone (O₃) reported by eight monitoring stations were analyzed. Also, six commonly found types of synoptic situations (TSS) during 1996–2016 were identified using an atmospheric pattern correlation method on the mean sea level pressure and geopotential heights (850 hPa, 500 hPa, and 200 hPa) of fields given by the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) database. Overall, 75% of the period of study was classified as one of the six TSS. Afterward, statistical significance tests (confidence level 95%) were applied to determine whether the TSS affected PM₁₀ and O₃ concentrations locally in the GMA. PM₁₀ maximum hourly concentrations (~76.7 μg/m³) occurred around 8 am local time, while that of ozone (~0.054 ppm) occurred between 1–4 pm local time. Meanwhile, PM₁₀ monthly levels were higher between December and May, and the highest O₃ concentrations occurred between April and June. Average annual levels of PM₁₀ have decreased through the years, while the annual trend of mean O₃ concentrations seemed to respond to the 11-year solar cycle. It was also found that during “convective-allowing situations” (TSS VI) and “thermal low over California” (TSS I), PM₁₀ concentrations remained low in the GMA, and O₃ concentrations rose under the influence of a “low-pressure system over the United States (USA)” (TSS II). Further research is suggested to address the effect of the local circulation in the GMA linked to the TSS on O₃ and PM₁₀ concentrations.

This paper uses rawinsondes and pilot balloon data from the 2004 North American Monsoon (NAM) Experiment, as well as satellite‐based products and reanalysis datasets that span 1982–2018, to analyze the mixing mechanisms responsible for the temporal and spatial variations of the Gulf of California (GoC) boundary layer during the NAM onset in the core monsoon region. We show that the regional diurnal cycle is strongly affected by low‐level convergence and divergence associated with local land‐sea breezes and by the presence of a thermal inversion over the gulf. Earlier starting monsoons have less moisture available for precipitation than those starting later in the calendar year. Therefore, early onset monsoons have less rainfall during their first month, which is a result that is in contrast with previous studies that have analyzed the timing of the NAM but only reported seasonal precipitation totals. The GoC boundary layer height at the time of monsoon onset, found to be controlled by the gulf’s surface temperature, has a significant impact on the precipitation over Sonora, Sinaloa, and southern Arizona. After the erosion of the thermal inversion over the GoC that coincides with the NAM onset, wind shear produced by the region’s unique geographic and topographic features is the largest source of turbulence for the mixing of the boundary layer. Our results suggest that a numerical model used to forecast or analyze NAM precipitation must have enough spatial resolution to adequately reproduce the effects that the GoC’s features have on its complex diurnal circulation systems.

Se realizó un estudio del impacto de las fuentes fijas en la Ciudad de Pinar del Río utilizando el sistema de modelación MM5-CALMET-CALPUFF. Se simuló la dispersión de SO2, NOx, PM25, PM10 y CO emitidos por las 21 fuentes durante 15 días representativos del período lluvioso, además de la depositación húmeda de SO4(2-) y NO3-. Se observó que las máximas concentraciones se producen en horarios de la mañana y noche. Se observó que producto de estas emisiones se ven afectados algunas zonas cercanas a la ciudad como Minas de Matahambre, San Juan y Martínez, Santa María, San Luis, El Corojo, Hermanos Saíz, Viñales, Pilotos, Consolación del Sur y las Ovas. Los valores de concentración medios diarios de NOx y SO2 sobrepasaron sus concentraciones máximas admisibles según la NC 39: 1999 y estuvieron por encima de los valores guías de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y los valores estándares EPA.

This paper uses rawinsondes and pilot balloon data from the 2004 North American Monsoon (NAM) Experiment, as well as satellite-based products and reanalysis datasets that span 1982 to 2018, to analyze the mixing mechanisms responsible for the temporal and spatial variations of the Gulf of California (GoC) boundary layer during the NAM onset. We show that the regional diurnal cycle is strongly affected by low-level convergence and divergence associated with local breeze regimes and by the presence and intensity of a thermal inversion over the gulf. Earlier starting monsoons have less moisture available for precipitation than those starting later in the calendar year. Therefore, early onset monsoons have less rainfall during their first month, which is a result that is in contrast with previous studies that have analyzed the timing of the NAM but only reported seasonal precipitation totals. The GoC boundary layer height at the time of monsoon onset, found to be controlled by the gulf’s surface temperature, has a significant impact on the precipitation over Sonora, Sinaloa, and southern Arizona. After the erosion of the thermal inversion over the GoC that coincides with the NAM onset, wind shear produced by the region’s unique geographic and topographic features is the largest source of turbulence for the mixing of the boundary layer. Hence, our results suggest that a numerical model used to forecast or analyze NAM precipitation must have enough spatial resolution to adequately reproduce the effects that the GoC’s features have on its complex diurnal circulation systems.