Food quality assessment is a critical aspect of food production and safety, ensuring that products meet both regulatory and consumer standards. Traditional methods such as sensory evaluation, chromatography, and spectrophotometry are widely used but often suffer from limitations, including subjectivity, high costs, and time-consuming procedures. In recent years, the development of electronic nose (e-nose) and electronic tongue (e-tongue) technologies has provided rapid, objective, and reliable alternatives for food quality monitoring. These bio-inspired sensing systems mimic human olfactory and gustatory functions through sensor arrays and advanced data processing techniques, including artificial intelligence and pattern recognition algorithms. The e-nose is primarily used for detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in food, making it effective for freshness evaluation, spoilage detection, aroma profiling, and adulteration identification. Meanwhile, the e-tongue analyzes liquid-phase components and is widely applied in taste assessment, beverage authentication, fermentation monitoring, and contaminant detection. Both technologies are extensively used in the quality control of dairy products, meat, seafood, fruits, beverages, and processed foods. Their ability to provide real-time, non-destructive, and high-throughput analysis makes them valuable tools in the food industry. This review explores the principles, advantages, and applications of e-nose and e-tongue systems in food quality assessment. Additionally, it discusses emerging trends, including IoT-based smart sensing, advances in nanotechnology, and AI-driven data analysis, which are expected to further enhance their efficiency and accuracy. With continuous innovation, these technologies are poised to revolutionize food safety and quality control, ensuring consumer satisfaction and compliance with global standards.

Recent energy research focuses on the efficiency enhancement of supercapacitor devices for multipurpose applications. Several materials have been used as electrode materials to achieve the maximum specific capacitance. The present review article concludes with three different types of materials recently used to enhance the efficiency of supercapacitors. The first type involves carbon-based materials for storage and supercapacitor applications. The carbon materials could be obtained naturally and synthesized manually based on need. The additional advantage of carbon material is these materials can be obtained from natural sources. The second type discusses the recent advances in metal oxide materials for high-performance supercapacitors. The metal oxide materials are involved in different types of attachment through the bi-tri metallic bonding, which enhances the specific capacitance. The third type involves recently advanced materials for high energy and power density application. The power and energy density of the materials is enhanced by the surface modification of the materials. In recent days, the MXene and nanocomposite materials seem to be an appropriate material to increase the power and energy density of the device. The modification and surface treatment of respective materials could enhance the specific capacitance of the material.

Highly active metal nanoparticle (MNP) supported cellulose nanofiber (CNF) composites (Au/CNF, Ni/CNF and Ag/CNF) were prepared for the reduction of 4- and 2-nitrophenols (4-NP and 2-NP) in water. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that the ultrafine nanoparticles (Au, Ni and Ag NPs) were uniformly deposited on CNFs surface. The content of Au (9.7 wt%), Ni (21.5 wt%) and Ag (22.6 wt%) in Au/CNF, Ni/CNF and Ag/CNF respectively was determined by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and inductive coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) analysis. The chemical state of the MNPs in Au/CNF, Ni/CNF and Ag/CNF was determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The significant metal-support interaction was studied by means of XPS. The Au/CNF, Ni/CNF and Ag/CNF demonstrated excellent catalytic activity towards the reduction of nitrophenols to aminophenols in water. To our delight, even a very low amount of catalyst was also found to be good enough to achieve 100% reduction of 4- and 2-NP with a higher reaction rate (within 5 min). The best rate constant (k_app) values were determined for the cellulose nanocomposites. To the best our knowledge, Au/CNF, Ni/CNF and Ag/CNF are the most efficient nanocatalysts for the reduction of 4- and 2-NP reported to date. The catalytic performance of Au/CNF, Ni/CNF and Ag/CNF was compared with previously reported results. A possible mechanism has been proposed for these catalytic systems.

This research work aims to identify a non-toxic, cheap, and effective greener inhibitor from Hemerocallis fulva (H. fulva) for corrosion of aluminum in a 1 M H₂SO₄ medium at different concentrations and temperatures. We investigated the inhibitive effect of H. fulva extract in a 1 M H₂SO₄ solution on aluminum using weight loss measurements with various concentrations and temperatures. Evaluations of the mechanism of corrosion inhibition by potentiodynamic polarization and AC-impedance analysis were also performed. The nature of the adsorption and morphology on the surface of aluminum were performed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) studies. The results suggested that the H. fulva extract can be used on aluminum as an efficient eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor in 1 M H₂SO₄ solution as identified using weight loss because the maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency η (%) was found to be 89% at 600 ppm at 303 ± 1 K. It was found that maximum η (%) was obtained at 303 ± 1 K compared to other temperatures (313, 323, and 333). The activation energy (E_a) was higher in the presence of inhibitor than in the absence of inhibitor, showing the temperature dependency of inhibition. The positive values of enthalpy of activation ΔH° and entropy of activation ΔS° reflect the endothermic and disordered nature of the reaction. Physical adsorption was proposed for the inhibition and the process followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The negative value of ΔG^o_ads indicates spontaneous adsorption. Polarization measurements clearly indicated that the H. fulva acts as a mixed inhibitor and the η (%) increases with inhibitor concentration. SEM-EDX, AFM, and XPS studies confirmed the formation of a protective layer over the surface of the aluminum specimen.

Efficient needle-like MnO ₂ /activated carbon nanocomposites have been prepared and demonstrated as versatile electrode materials for supercapacitors.

Metal-ion capacitors (MICs) have emerged as advanced hybrid energy storage devices that combine the high energy density of batteries with the superior power density and long cycle life of supercapacitors. By leveraging a unique configuration of faradaic and non-faradaic energy storage mechanisms, MICs offer a balanced performance that meets the diverse requirements of modern applications, including renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, and portable electronics. MICs employ diverse ions such as lithium, sodium, and potassium, which provide flexibility in material selection, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. For instance, lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) excel in compact and high-performance applications, while sodium-ion (NICs) and potassium-ion capacitors (KICs) provide sustainable and affordable solutions for large-scale energy storage. This review highlights the advancements in electrode materials, including carbon-based materials, transition metal oxides, and emerging candidates like MXenes and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), which enhance MIC performance. The role of electrolytes, ranging from organic and aqueous to hybrid and solid-state systems, is also examined, emphasizing their influence on energy density, safety, and operating voltage. Additionally, the article discusses the environmental and economic benefits of MICs, including the use of earth-abundant materials and bio-derived carbons, which align with global sustainability goals. The review concludes with an analysis of practical applications, commercialization challenges, and future research directions, including AI-driven material discovery and integration into decentralized energy systems. As versatile and transformative energy storage devices, MICs are poised to play a critical role in advancing sustainable and efficient energy solutions for the future.