The priority of education development at the present time due to technological progress and global technologization of advanced countries. The level of modern production, science and technology and social transformation define the public interest in the preparation of competitive, highly skilled, intelligent and proactive specialist with a strong creative mind. For the formation of a modern specialist is able to master and new production, and technology, and accumulating the advanced achievements of scientific thought in the first place, there should be a qualitative change in the training of students, focusing it on modern achievements of science and technology, an understanding of the basic disciplines, the development of creative and organizational skills of future specialists. It is also important to educate the need to independently acquire knowledge not only in the University but also throughout life. We revealed a system of didactic conditions of development of creative personality in the cognitive activity of future teachers of physics on the basis of which the participants of the pedagogical process can achieve the desired results.

This work deals with the study of changes in the dislocation structure and quantitative characteristics, as well as morphological components, of 0.34Cr-1Ni-Mo-Fe steel before and after plasma electrolytic hardening. According to the electron microscopic studies of the fine structure of 0.34Cr-1Ni-Mo-Fe steel before and after plasma electrolytic hardening, 0.34Cr-1Ni-Mo-Fe steel is a multiphase material containing an α-phase, a γ-phase (retained austenite), and a cementite and carbide phase. It was revealed that, morphologically, the α-phase in the initial state, generally, is present in the form of: lamellar pearlite with a volume fraction of 35%, a ferritocarbide mixture with a volume fraction of 45%, and fragmented ferrite with a volume fraction of 20% of the material. After surface hardening, the morphological components of the structure changed: packet–lamellar martensite with volume fractions of 60% and 40%, 5% and 7% of γ-phase as residual austenite in the crystals of packet–lamellar martensite, 0.6% and 1.5% of cementite in crystals of packet–lamellar martensite, and 0.15% and 0.35% of complex carbide M₂₃C₆ in crystals of packet–lamellar martensite, respectively, were observed. The quantitative characteristics of the dislocation structure were estimated by the following calculated indices of packet and lamellar martensite: scalar (ρ) and excess (ρ±) density of dislocations, the value of the curvature-torsion of the crystal lattice (χ), the amplitude of long-range internal stresses (σd), and the amplitude of shear stresses (σ_L), according to which the plastic nature of the bending-torsion of the crystal lattice was confirmed (σ_L > σd).

The development of thin, wear-resistant coatings is a relevant area in the field of surface engineering, especially given the increasing demand for resource efficiency and reliability of machine elements. In this study, we investigate the structural and phase composition, tribological characteristics, and physical and mechanical properties of zirconium carbonitride (ZrCN) coatings deposited by high-velocity oxygen-fuel spraying (HVOF) on U8G carbon steel substrates. Particular attention is paid to the influence of spraying parameters, in particular air pressure, on the formation of coatings and their performance properties. X-ray phase analysis methods revealed the formation of Zr₂CN, ZrC, ZrN, ZrO₂, and Fe₃O₄ phases, with the dominance of the cubic phase ZrN(C) with a lattice parameter of a = 4.6360 Å. Tribological tests have shown that at an air pressure of 0.38 MPa, the minimum friction coefficient is achieved, presumably due to the formation of an amorphous CN_x phase with a self-lubricating effect. The wear mechanism is predominantly abrasive in nature; the width of wear tracks is 329–759 μm. The coatings demonstrate a significant increase in microhardness—up to 1512–1857 HV, which is 4–4.5 times higher than the substrate. The results of adhesion tests carried out in accordance with ASTM D4541-22 showed a maximum adhesion strength of 14.56 MPa. The results obtained confirm the high efficiency of thin ZrCN coatings obtained by the HVOF method as a promising solution for protecting metal surfaces subject to intense wear in tribological systems.

This work is about how to make the study of physics fascinating for schoolchildren. We will focus on how to use laboratory classes to make the learning process more fun. We want to understand how to get students interested in physics. We think laboratory experiments are a good way. They allow students to experiment and see how scientific ideas work. This work is devoted to the study and implementation of effective methods to increase students' interest in physics. Special attention in this process is paid to the use of laboratory experiments as the main tool. Laboratory experiments are seen as a powerful attraction tool that allows students to interact directly with scientific concepts and laws. In the course of the work, modern approaches to teaching physics were analyzed, and the advantages of using laboratory experiments in the framework of increasing the interest of students were revealed. An important aspect of the study is also the identification of potential obstacles and difficulties in the implementation of laboratory experiments in the educational process. In the curricula of mathematics and physics in elementary school, the question of the consistency of the study of approximate calculations is discussed. As part of the seventh grade of physics, specific methodological recommendations are given for performing laboratory work and solving problems.