Culture and tourism are crucial for economic growth and sustainable development, working together symbiotically. Culture boosts tourism by supporting heritage, production, and creativity, while cultural heritage, reflecting national identity and traditions, strengthens local economies. This study uses a panel data analysis to examine the impact of cultural factors on international tourist arrivals in 27 EU nations. The Driscoll–Kraay method reveals that UNESCO World Heritage Sites, government cultural expenditures, household recreation and cultural expenditures, real GDP per job, and bed capacity positively influence international tourist numbers. Regarding cultural factors, World Heritage Sites have the most significant influence, with each additional UNESCO site leading to a 0.22% rise in tourist numbers. The most crucial determinant of tourist arrivals is bed capacity, with a one percent increase leading to a 0.66% increase in tourist arrivals. Conversely, healthcare expenditures and political civil liberties have a negative impact on tourist arrivals. This study discusses managerial implications and offers recommendations for future research.

Avrupa ve Dünya için iklim değişikliği ve çevresel kirlilik, varoluşsal bir tehdit olarak algılanmaktadır. Avrupa Birliği (AB), bu sorunların üstesinden gelebilmek ve sürdürülebilir bir kalkınma için 11 Aralık 2019 tarihinde, Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatını açıklamıştır. Bu düzenlemeler ile AB, Türkiye’nin de içlerinde olduğu, ithalat yaptığı ülkelerden sürdürülebilirlik koşullarına uyumu aramaktadır. Mutabakat kapsamında sınırda karbon düzenlemesi, uluslararası ticareti etkileyecek en önemli hususlardan birisidir. İhracatının yaklaşık yarısını AB’ye gerçekleştiren Türkiye’nin ihracatta rekabetçi olabilmesi için bu mutabakata uyumu büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu uyum, aynı zamanda küresel ticarette entegrasyonu ve uluslararası yatırımların yönelmesi açısından kritik önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Açıklanmış Karşılaştırmalı Üstünlükler (RCA) ve Göreli İhracat Avantajı (RXA) Endeks katsayıları ile sınırda karbon düzenlemesi kapsamında ilk aşamada yer alan demir-çelik, alüminyum, çimento, gübre ve elektrik sektörlerinde Türkiye’nin rekabet gücünü ortaya koymaktır. Çalışma, 2005-2022 yılları arasını kapsamaktadır. Veriler, Uluslararası Ticaret Merkezi Trade Map veri tabanı tarafından sunulan Armonize Sistem (Harmonized System-HS) sınıflandırmasından elde edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre Türkiye’nin, çimento sektöründe güçlü, demir-çelik sektöründe orta, alüminyum sektöründe zayıf rekabet avantajına, elektrik ve gübre sektörlerinde ise rekabet dezavantajına sahip olduğu görülmüştür.

This is study aims to evaluate Turkey's agricultural machinery and equipment export performance with the aid of the Export Similarity Index (ESI) from a relative and holistic perspective with the leading countries in the global export market (China, Germany, United States of America [USA], Japan, Italy). For this purpose, export data for 2002-2021 were extracted from the Trade Map database. According to the Harmonized System (HS) as a 6-digit code system, the ESI value was calculated for 39 agricultural machinery and equipment product groups (sub-product groups 69, 82, 84, 87). The results of the study showed that, the ESI values regarding Turkey's agricultural machinery and equipment exports with China, Germany, the USA, and Italy increased in this mentioned period. These increase in ESI values indicated that, the countries export similar products and therefore the competition between them has increased. However, the decreases in Turkey's ESI values compared to Japan mean that, the similarity in the products they export and the competition between the two countries have decreased. Turkey's ESI value of "67.19" with Italy in 2021 shows that ,Turkey is in high competition with Italy in agricultural machinery and equipment exports. In addition, Turkey's ESI value of "26.46" with China in 2002 increased to "46.23" in 2021. This increase in the ESI value shows that, Turkey and China are increasingly exporting similar products and that competition between the two countries is increasing. China's performance is a serious threat to Turkey. To strengthen Turkey's agricultural machinery and equipment export performance, comprehensive export strategies that include both companies in the sector and state-led efforts are needed.

The aim of the study is to determine the competitiveness of Turkey’s agricultural machinery and equipment sector. Balassa’s Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) approach was used in the period 2002-2021 by using International Trade Center database. Balassa’s Revealed Comparative Advantage RCA2 Index for 39 agricultural machinery and equipment product groups (their sub-product groups of 69, 82, 84, 87) related to Harmonized System 6-digit product classification, Vollrath’s Relative Export Advantage-RXA, Net Export Index-NEI, and Export-Import Rate Index-EIRI indices were calculated. According to the results, while Turkey has a competitive advantage in 13 of the agricultural machinery and equipment product group exports, it has a competitive disadvantage in the other 26 product groups.

Assessing a country’s tourism competitiveness is vital for identifying its tourism potential. The aim of this study is to determine Türkiye’s competitiveness in world tourism exports over the period 2010–2023 and to compare the similarity of Türkiye’s exports to the world tourism market with 40 tourism exporting countries that provide complete data for the analyzed period. The study uses the Relative Export Advantage (RXA) Index and Export Similarity Index (ESI) from the Revealed Comparative Advantage indexes. The RXA analysis, based on Trade Map data, reveals that out of 26 competitive countries, 10 have a “strong”, 9 a “moderate”, and 7 a “weak” advantage. The top countries with a “strong” advantage are Macao, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Jordan, Croatia, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Vietnam, Australia, and New Zealand. According to 2023 Trade Map data, Türkiye, ranking sixth globally in tourism export revenues, is the most competitive among Spain, Portugal, Malaysia, Morocco, Egypt, Indonesia, Greece, and Italy, which have a “medium” competitive advantage. The ESI results show that Türkiye’s export similarity with highly competitive countries was initially higher during 2010–2023 but has since decreased.

Global trade in agricultural products is critical for food security. As the volume of trade has increased and become more complex, it has become important to assess global competition in the trade of agricultural products. The objective of the study is to assess Türkiye's position and level of specialization in relation to the competitiveness of the top 20 countries in the global export market for three key agricultural products wheat and meslin, maize and rice over the period 2004-2023. These three products were chosen due to their significant role in the global economy. For the analysis, data were selected using the Harmonized System (HS) 4-digit product codes from Trade Map database. Specifically, wheat and meslin are coded as “1001”, maize as “1005”, and rice as “1006”. 20 years of data on the exports and imports of countries were used and analyzed with the Indices of Revealed Comparative Advantage, Net Exports and Export-Import Ratio. According to the results of the RCA analysis, Ukraine has the highest competitive advantage in the global wheat and meslin export market, while Türkiye is the most competitively disadvantaged country. In the maize export market, Argentina holds the highest competitive advantage, whereas Türkiye is the most disadvantaged. In the rice export market, Guyana has the highest competitive advantage, with Türkiye being the most disadvantaged country after Austria.