The application of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) plays an important role in protecting power systems and ensuring their safe, reliable, and efficient operation. However, coordinating DOCRs involves solving a highly constrained and nonlinear optimization problem. The primary objective of optimization is to minimize the total operating time of DOCRs by determining the optimal values for decision variables such as the time multiplier setting (TMS) and plug setting (PS). This article presents an efficient hybrid optimization algorithm that combines the modified firefly algorithm and genetic algorithm to achieve improved solutions. First, this study modifies the firefly algorithm to obtain a global solution by updating the firefly’s brightness and to prevent the distance between the individual fireflies from being too far. Additionally, the randomized movements are controlled to produce a high convergence rate. Second, the optimization problem is solved using the genetic algorithm. Finally, the solution obtained from the modified firefly algorithm is used as the initial population for the genetic algorithm. The proposed algorithms have been tested on the IEEE 3-bus, 8-bus, 9-bus and 15-bus networks. The results indicate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed algorithms in minimizing the total operating time of DOCRs compared with other optimization methods presented in the literature.

Mobile devices are playing an important role in our daily lives. Nowadays, mobile devices are not only phones to call and text, but they are also smart devices that enable users to do almost any task that could be done on a regular PC. At the heart of the design of smartphones, there lies the processor to which almost all the development in the smartphone arena is attributed. Recently, ARM processors are among the most prominent processors used in mobile devices, smartphones, and embedded systems. This paper conducts an experimental comparative study of ARM 64-bit processors in terms of performance and their effect on power consumption, CPU temperature, and battery temperature. We use a number of well-known benchmarks to evaluate those characteristics of three smartphones, namely, Snapdragon 778G+, Exynos 1280 and HiSilicon Kirin 980. Those smartphones are all equipped with ARM 64-bit processors. Our results reveal that none of the three-selected smartphones was the best in all characteristics; each has superiority amongst others in certain characteristics and is dominated by others in other characteristics.

This paper investigates the asymptotic and oscillatory properties of a distinctive class of third-order linear differential equations characterized by multiple delays in a noncanonical case. Employing the comparative method and the Riccati method, we introduce the novel and rigorous criteria to discern whether the solutions of the examined equation exhibit oscillatory behavior or tend toward zero. Our study contributes to the existing literature by presenting theories that extend and refine the understanding of these properties in the specified context. To validate our findings and demonstrate their applicability in a general setting, we offer two illustrative examples, affirming the robustness and validity of our proposed criteria.