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David Peck
Architectural Engineering and Technology, Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CE Delft, The Netherlands

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Review
Published: 22 December 2020 in Sustainability
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In recent years, implementing a circular economy in cities (or “circular cities”) has been proposed by policy makers as a potential solution for achieving sustainability. One strategy for circular cities is to reintroduce manufacturing into urban areas (or “urban manufacturing”), allowing resource flows to be localized at the city scale. However, the extent to which urban manufacturing contributes to circular cities is unclear in existing literature. The purpose of this paper is therefore twofold: to understand whether urban manufacturing could contribute to the circular economy, and to understand the drivers and barriers to circular urban manufacturing. By reviewing existing literature and interviewing experts, we identified the caveats for the contribution of urban manufacturing to circular cities, as well as the spatial, social, and material-related drivers and barriers for circular urban manufacturing.

ACS Style

Tanya Tsui; David Peck; Bob Geldermans; Arjan van Timmeren. The Role of Urban Manufacturing for a Circular Economy in Cities. Sustainability 2020, 13, 23 .

AMA Style

Tanya Tsui, David Peck, Bob Geldermans, Arjan van Timmeren. The Role of Urban Manufacturing for a Circular Economy in Cities. Sustainability. 2020; 13 (1):23.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tanya Tsui; David Peck; Bob Geldermans; Arjan van Timmeren. 2020. "The Role of Urban Manufacturing for a Circular Economy in Cities." Sustainability 13, no. 1: 23.

Editorial
Published: 19 November 2020 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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ACS Style

Davide Chiaroni; Pasquale Del Vecchio; David Peck; Andrea Urbinati; Demetris Vrontis. “Digital technologies in the business model transition towards a circular economy”. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2020, 168, 105286 .

AMA Style

Davide Chiaroni, Pasquale Del Vecchio, David Peck, Andrea Urbinati, Demetris Vrontis. “Digital technologies in the business model transition towards a circular economy”. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2020; 168 ():105286.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Davide Chiaroni; Pasquale Del Vecchio; David Peck; Andrea Urbinati; Demetris Vrontis. 2020. "“Digital technologies in the business model transition towards a circular economy”." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 168, no. : 105286.

Research
Published: 11 August 2020 in Journal of Remanufacturing
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Adopting design approaches that allow products to last multiple use-cycles supports European Commission objectives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reduce primary material impacts. Remanufacturing is an example of an appropriate circular strategy and it can be applied in a variety of industries that are intensive materials users. However, most companies have not yet adopted design strategies facilitating remanufacturing at scale. In this paper, we explored how design management can facilitate the implementation of Design for Remanufacturing, based on a literature review and in-depth interviews. Seven companies active in business-to-business markets were interviewed about the design-related opportunities and barriers they see for remanufacturing. We found that access to technical knowledge is not a barrier, whereas integrating this knowledge into the existing design process is. We conclude that design management can contribute to the uptake of Design for Remanufacturing for the following reasons: by making the value of Design for Remanufacturing to the company at large explicit, by building bridges between internal and external stakeholders, and by embedding Design for Remanufacturing into existing processes by means of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and roadmaps.

ACS Style

Nina Boorsma; Ruud Balkenende; Conny Bakker; Tanya Tsui; David Peck. Incorporating design for remanufacturing in the early design stage: a design management perspective. Journal of Remanufacturing 2020, 11, 25 -48.

AMA Style

Nina Boorsma, Ruud Balkenende, Conny Bakker, Tanya Tsui, David Peck. Incorporating design for remanufacturing in the early design stage: a design management perspective. Journal of Remanufacturing. 2020; 11 (1):25-48.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nina Boorsma; Ruud Balkenende; Conny Bakker; Tanya Tsui; David Peck. 2020. "Incorporating design for remanufacturing in the early design stage: a design management perspective." Journal of Remanufacturing 11, no. 1: 25-48.

Journal article
Published: 30 April 2020 in Sustainability
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This paper analyses the user safety of a playground built out of reused blades from a dismantled wind turbine. Located in Rotterdam and designed by the Netherlands architecture firm Superuse Studios, the playground, called “Wikado”, represents an example of the circular economy applied to the built environment. With reused materials, Wikado represents a saving in resources and energy, when compared to a standard playground built with primary materials. Furthermore, the playground creates a unique design experience for its users, who can still recognise the original rotor blades following their transformation into slides, platforms, and tunnels. However, the safety of the playground could be questioned. This paper will analyse the materials and products used in the playground and their condition some years after opening. The analysis focuses on the risks of human health during the use of the playground. It considers the shape and the sharpness of the rotor blades, its components such as glass fibres and epoxy resin. As a result of the analysis, two risk analysis conceptual models help to assess the health concerns regarding the contact with the materials, and some yellow drops leaching from the rotor blades. This analysis informs the contemporary debate concerning the reuse of materials, and more generically, the circular economy applied to the built environment: whether it is recommended and safe to reuse materials for a different function from that which they were originally designed. This paper will explain that in the analysed case study, it can be safe to reuse materials for a different function, but only with the appropriate precautions.

ACS Style

Piero Medici; Andy Van Den Dobbelsteen; David Peck. Safety and Health Concerns for the Users of a Playground, Built with Reused Rotor Blades from a Dismantled Wind Turbine. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3626 .

AMA Style

Piero Medici, Andy Van Den Dobbelsteen, David Peck. Safety and Health Concerns for the Users of a Playground, Built with Reused Rotor Blades from a Dismantled Wind Turbine. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (9):3626.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Piero Medici; Andy Van Den Dobbelsteen; David Peck. 2020. "Safety and Health Concerns for the Users of a Playground, Built with Reused Rotor Blades from a Dismantled Wind Turbine." Sustainability 12, no. 9: 3626.

Short review
Published: 22 April 2020 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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Luis Tercero Espinoza; Dieuwertje Schrijvers; Wei-Qiang Chen; Jo Dewulf; Roderick Eggert; James Goddin; Komal Habib; Christian Hagelüken; Alan J. Hurd; René Kleijn; Anthony Y. Ku; Min-Ha Lee; Keisuke Nansai; Philip Nuss; David Peck; Evi Petavratzi; Guido Sonnemann; Ester van der Voet; Patrick A. Wäger; Steven B. Young; Alessandra Hool. Greater circularity leads to lower criticality, and other links between criticality and the circular economy. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2020, 159, 104718 .

AMA Style

Luis Tercero Espinoza, Dieuwertje Schrijvers, Wei-Qiang Chen, Jo Dewulf, Roderick Eggert, James Goddin, Komal Habib, Christian Hagelüken, Alan J. Hurd, René Kleijn, Anthony Y. Ku, Min-Ha Lee, Keisuke Nansai, Philip Nuss, David Peck, Evi Petavratzi, Guido Sonnemann, Ester van der Voet, Patrick A. Wäger, Steven B. Young, Alessandra Hool. Greater circularity leads to lower criticality, and other links between criticality and the circular economy. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2020; 159 ():104718.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luis Tercero Espinoza; Dieuwertje Schrijvers; Wei-Qiang Chen; Jo Dewulf; Roderick Eggert; James Goddin; Komal Habib; Christian Hagelüken; Alan J. Hurd; René Kleijn; Anthony Y. Ku; Min-Ha Lee; Keisuke Nansai; Philip Nuss; David Peck; Evi Petavratzi; Guido Sonnemann; Ester van der Voet; Patrick A. Wäger; Steven B. Young; Alessandra Hool. 2020. "Greater circularity leads to lower criticality, and other links between criticality and the circular economy." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 159, no. : 104718.

Review
Published: 09 November 2019 in Resources, Conservation & Recycling: X
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The assessment of the criticality of raw materials allows the identification of the likelihood of a supply disruption of a material and the vulnerability of a system (e.g. a national economy, technology, or company) to this disruption. Inconclusive outcomes of various studies suggest that criticality assessments would benefit from the identification of best practices. To prepare the field for such guidance, this paper aims to clarify the mechanisms that affect methodological choices which influence the results of a study. This is achieved via literature review and round table discussions among international experts. The paper demonstrates that criticality studies are divergent in the system under study, the anticipated risk, the purpose of the study, and material selection. These differences in goal and scope naturally result in different choices regarding indicator selection, the required level of aggregation as well as the subsequent choice of aggregation method, and the need for a threshold value. However, this link is often weak, which suggests a lack of understanding of cause-and-effect mechanisms of indicators and outcomes. Data availability is a key factor that limits the evaluation of criticality. Furthermore, data quality, including both data uncertainty and data representativeness, is rarely addressed in the interpretation and communication of results. Clear guidance in the formulation of goals and scopes of criticality studies, the selection of adequate indicators and aggregation methods, and the interpretation of the outcomes, are important initial steps in improving the quality of criticality assessments.

ACS Style

Dieuwertje Schrijvers; Alessandra Hool; Gian Andrea Blengini; Wei-Qiang Chen; Jo Dewulf; Roderick Eggert; Layla Van Ellen; Roland Gauss; James Goddin; Komal Habib; Christian Hagelüken; Atsufumi Hirohata; Margarethe Hofmann-Amtenbrink; Jan Kosmol; Maïté Le Gleuher; Milan Grohol; Anthony Ku; Min-Ha Lee; Gang Liu; Keisuke Nansai; Philip Nuss; David Peck; Armin Reller; Guido Sonnemann; Luis Tercero; Andrea Thorenz; Patrick A. Wäger. A review of methods and data to determine raw material criticality. Resources, Conservation & Recycling: X 2019, 100023 .

AMA Style

Dieuwertje Schrijvers, Alessandra Hool, Gian Andrea Blengini, Wei-Qiang Chen, Jo Dewulf, Roderick Eggert, Layla Van Ellen, Roland Gauss, James Goddin, Komal Habib, Christian Hagelüken, Atsufumi Hirohata, Margarethe Hofmann-Amtenbrink, Jan Kosmol, Maïté Le Gleuher, Milan Grohol, Anthony Ku, Min-Ha Lee, Gang Liu, Keisuke Nansai, Philip Nuss, David Peck, Armin Reller, Guido Sonnemann, Luis Tercero, Andrea Thorenz, Patrick A. Wäger. A review of methods and data to determine raw material criticality. Resources, Conservation & Recycling: X. 2019; ():100023.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dieuwertje Schrijvers; Alessandra Hool; Gian Andrea Blengini; Wei-Qiang Chen; Jo Dewulf; Roderick Eggert; Layla Van Ellen; Roland Gauss; James Goddin; Komal Habib; Christian Hagelüken; Atsufumi Hirohata; Margarethe Hofmann-Amtenbrink; Jan Kosmol; Maïté Le Gleuher; Milan Grohol; Anthony Ku; Min-Ha Lee; Gang Liu; Keisuke Nansai; Philip Nuss; David Peck; Armin Reller; Guido Sonnemann; Luis Tercero; Andrea Thorenz; Patrick A. Wäger. 2019. "A review of methods and data to determine raw material criticality." Resources, Conservation & Recycling: X , no. : 100023.

Journal article
Published: 25 April 2019 in Sustainability
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The availability of resources is crucial for the socio-economic stability of our society. For more than two decades, there was a debate on how to structure this issue within the context of life-Cycle assessment (LCA). The classical approach with LCA is to describe “scarcity” for future generations (100–1000 years) in terms of absolute depletion. The problem, however, is that the long-term availability is simply not known (within a factor of 100–1000). Outside the LCA community, the short-term supply risks (10–30 years) were predicted, resulting in the list of critical raw materials (CRM) of the European Union (EU), and the British risk list. The methodology used, however, cannot easily be transposed and applied into LCA calculations. This paper presents a new approach to the issue of short-term material supply shortages, based on subsequent sudden price jumps, which can lead to socio-economic instability. The basic approach is that each resource is characterized by its own specific supply chain with its specific price volatility. The eco-costs of material scarcity are derived from the so-called value at risk (VAR), a well-known statistical risk indicator in the financial world. This paper provides a list of indicators for 42 metals. An advantage of the system is that it is directly related to business risks, and is relatively easy to understand. A disadvantage is that “statistics of the past” might not be replicated in the future (e.g., when changing from structural oversupply to overdemand, or vice versa, which appeared an issue for two companion metals over the last 30 years). Further research is recommended to improve the statistics.

ACS Style

Joost Vogtländer; David Peck; Dorota Kurowicka. The Eco-Costs of Material Scarcity, a Resource Indicator for LCA, Derived from a Statistical Analysis on Excessive Price Peaks. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2446 .

AMA Style

Joost Vogtländer, David Peck, Dorota Kurowicka. The Eco-Costs of Material Scarcity, a Resource Indicator for LCA, Derived from a Statistical Analysis on Excessive Price Peaks. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (8):2446.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joost Vogtländer; David Peck; Dorota Kurowicka. 2019. "The Eco-Costs of Material Scarcity, a Resource Indicator for LCA, Derived from a Statistical Analysis on Excessive Price Peaks." Sustainability 11, no. 8: 2446.

Journal article
Published: 10 July 2017 in Journal of Remanufacturing
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Eco-efficient Value Creation is a method to analyse innovative product and service design together with circular business strategies. The method is based on combined analyses of the costs, market value (perceived customer value) and eco-costs. This provides a prevention-based single indicator for ‘external environmental costs’ in LCA. The remanufacturing of products is an environmental and sustainable approach, in the circular economy, and can deliver lower eco-costs of materials depletion and pollution. From a business point of view, however, remanufacturing seems to be viable in B2B niche markets only. In consumer markets, remanufacturing is less common. The question is how can remanufacturing become a viable business solution for mainstream consumer markets. Traditional ‘green’ marketing approaches are not enough: green has a positive, but also negative connotations, so marketing approaches are complex. By using the Eco-efficient Value Creation method, marketing strategies for the roll-out of remanufacturing in mainstream consumer markets, can be revealed. This approach has led to the development of five aspects, which are key to innovative circular business models, for remanufacturing: (1) buyers differ from the buyers of the ‘new product’ (2) quality must be emphasised in all communications (3) risk must be taken away from the buyer (4) top level service is required to convince the buyer (5) a ‘green’ brand may support the remanufactured product image.

ACS Style

Joost G. Vogtlander; Arno E. Scheepens; Nancy M. P. Bocken; David Peck. Combined analyses of costs, market value and eco-costs in circular business models: eco-efficient value creation in remanufacturing. Journal of Remanufacturing 2017, 7, 1 -17.

AMA Style

Joost G. Vogtlander, Arno E. Scheepens, Nancy M. P. Bocken, David Peck. Combined analyses of costs, market value and eco-costs in circular business models: eco-efficient value creation in remanufacturing. Journal of Remanufacturing. 2017; 7 (1):1-17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joost G. Vogtlander; Arno E. Scheepens; Nancy M. P. Bocken; David Peck. 2017. "Combined analyses of costs, market value and eco-costs in circular business models: eco-efficient value creation in remanufacturing." Journal of Remanufacturing 7, no. 1: 1-17.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2015 in Materials & Design
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ACS Style

David Peck; Prabhu Kandachar; Erik Tempelman. Critical materials from a product design perspective. Materials & Design 2015, 65, 147 -159.

AMA Style

David Peck, Prabhu Kandachar, Erik Tempelman. Critical materials from a product design perspective. Materials & Design. 2015; 65 ():147-159.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Peck; Prabhu Kandachar; Erik Tempelman. 2015. "Critical materials from a product design perspective." Materials & Design 65, no. : 147-159.

Journal article
Published: 05 September 2014 in International Journal of Automation Technology
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Globally there is increasing concern about a range of materials which have been termed critical materials. This paper defines critical materials as single elements, which are metals, at risk of supply constraints, financially costly, price volatile, deemed economically important and difficult to substitute as a result of their special or unique properties. These metals are used in engineering, technology applications, and product designs. They are widely used and of high value in the field of Automation Technologies. Previous studies have shown that awareness and understanding about critical materials in companies is low. This paper outlines a novel approach to address the company gap in knowledge through the development and testing of a specially developed serious game called ‘In the Loop: The Critical Raw Materials Game.’ Developed from prior research, company case studies, and literature, the game serves as a catalyst for informed discussion about the topic of critical materials. The results of the testing demonstrate the applicability of the approach to the automation technology field and present a roadmap going forwards.

ACS Style

Katherine Whalen; David Peck. In the Loop – Sustainable, Circular Product Design and Critical Materials. International Journal of Automation Technology 2014, 8, 664 -676.

AMA Style

Katherine Whalen, David Peck. In the Loop – Sustainable, Circular Product Design and Critical Materials. International Journal of Automation Technology. 2014; 8 (5):664-676.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katherine Whalen; David Peck. 2014. "In the Loop – Sustainable, Circular Product Design and Critical Materials." International Journal of Automation Technology 8, no. 5: 664-676.

Original articles
Published: 17 May 2013 in European Journal of Engineering Education
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Developed economies have become highly dependent on a range of technology metals with names such as neodymium and terbium. Stakeholders have warned of the impending scarcity of these critical materials. Difficulties in materials supply can affect the high-tech industries as well as the success of sustainable innovation strategies that are based on sophisticated technology. Industrial designers and engineers should therefore increase their awareness of the limits in availability of critical materials. In this paper, it is argued that materials’ criticality can give a fresh impetus to the higher education of industrial design engineers. It is important to train future professionals to apply a systems perspective to the process of technology innovation, enabling them to thrive under circumstances of constrained material choices. The conclusions outline ideas on how to weave the topic into existing educational programmes of future technology developers.

ACS Style

Andreas R. Köhler; Conny Bakker; David Peck. Critical materials: a reason for sustainable education of industrial designers and engineers. European Journal of Engineering Education 2013, 38, 441 -451.

AMA Style

Andreas R. Köhler, Conny Bakker, David Peck. Critical materials: a reason for sustainable education of industrial designers and engineers. European Journal of Engineering Education. 2013; 38 (4):441-451.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andreas R. Köhler; Conny Bakker; David Peck. 2013. "Critical materials: a reason for sustainable education of industrial designers and engineers." European Journal of Engineering Education 38, no. 4: 441-451.

Conference paper
Published: 01 January 2011 in Volume 8: 11th International Power Transmission and Gearing Conference; 13th International Conference on Advanced Vehicle and Tire Technologies
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Various early prototyping techniques have been proposed for specific purposes and products, for instance for user-centered design of software tools, or interface design of consumer durables. Our research focuses on the development of a comprehensive approach, called abstract prototyping, to support a rich and complete prototyping of artifact-service combinations (ASCs). In this paper we present the concept and implementation of abstract prototypes (APs) from an information system point of view, and discuss both the general information structure and the specific information constructs used in our approach. First, the main constituents of APs are identified. Then, formal definitions of the involved information constructs are introduced. Afterwards, the practical implementation of the information constructs is discussed. As an information processing activity, abstract prototyping decomposes to four stages: (i) aggregation of information about the innovated ASCs, (ii) compilation and testing of the technical contents for abstract prototype(s), (iii) demonstration of the abstract prototype(s) to stakeholders, and (iv) refinement of the contents towards a final abstract prototype. It is assumed that ideation and elaboration of the concepts of the new artifact-service combinations precedes and produces input for abstract prototyping. It is proposed that APs should demonstrate real life manifestation of all characteristic operation and interaction/use processes, including the operation of the conceptualized artifact-service combination, the actions of the human actors, and the happenings in the surrounding environment. This can be achieved through the inclusion and proper instantiation of the necessary information constructs in the APs. The real life processes established by the existence and operations of ASCs is modeled and represented by scenarios. The contents of the abstract prototype are designed and demonstrated taking the interests and needs of the stakeholders into consideration. Eventually, an abstract prototype consists of two main constituents, namely narration and enactment, which enable the presentation of the technical contents. The former conveys a story about the manifestation of the ASCs and highlights the accompanying processes, and the latter visualizes the components, actors, arrangements, procedures, and happenings involved in them. The presented approach of information content development has been tested in master graduation projects, certain cycles of PhD research, and a company orientated process innovation project. The follow up research focuses on the development of a dedicated tool for abstract prototyping, and on the validation of proposed development and application methodology in complex industrial cases.

ACS Style

Imre Horváth; Zoltán Rusák; Eva Hernando Martin; Wilhelm F. Van Der Vegte; Adrie Kooijman; Eliab Z. Opiyo; David Peck. An Information Technological Specification of Abstract Prototyping for Artifact and Service Combinations. Volume 8: 11th International Power Transmission and Gearing Conference; 13th International Conference on Advanced Vehicle and Tire Technologies 2011, 209 -223.

AMA Style

Imre Horváth, Zoltán Rusák, Eva Hernando Martin, Wilhelm F. Van Der Vegte, Adrie Kooijman, Eliab Z. Opiyo, David Peck. An Information Technological Specification of Abstract Prototyping for Artifact and Service Combinations. Volume 8: 11th International Power Transmission and Gearing Conference; 13th International Conference on Advanced Vehicle and Tire Technologies. 2011; ():209-223.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Imre Horváth; Zoltán Rusák; Eva Hernando Martin; Wilhelm F. Van Der Vegte; Adrie Kooijman; Eliab Z. Opiyo; David Peck. 2011. "An Information Technological Specification of Abstract Prototyping for Artifact and Service Combinations." Volume 8: 11th International Power Transmission and Gearing Conference; 13th International Conference on Advanced Vehicle and Tire Technologies , no. : 209-223.

Journal article
Published: 16 June 2009 in European Journal of Engineering Education
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ACS Style

Imre Horvath; David Peck; Jouke Verlinden. Demarcating advanced learning approaches from methodological and technological perspectives. European Journal of Engineering Education 2009, 34, 465 -485.

AMA Style

Imre Horvath, David Peck, Jouke Verlinden. Demarcating advanced learning approaches from methodological and technological perspectives. European Journal of Engineering Education. 2009; 34 (6):465-485.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Imre Horvath; David Peck; Jouke Verlinden. 2009. "Demarcating advanced learning approaches from methodological and technological perspectives." European Journal of Engineering Education 34, no. 6: 465-485.