Objectives: The problem area noted by the author of this paper is the existence of threats to the critical infrastructure of the state, especially from rapidly developing

Objectives: According to the authors, such an assumption requires describing the impact of information security management on the proper, efficient functioning of the organization in cyberspace. Increasingly, the concept of information is becoming a key category, a central point of...

Objectives: The aim of the study is to assess the strategic and tactical environment in Central and Eastern Europe, especially between the EU and Belarus, taking into account the results of political and operational analyses of the situation on the border between Poland, Lithuania and Latvia,...

The research objective of this article is to determine the possibilities to influence the shaping of the safety culture in road transport, taking into account the education policy of the state. As a result, the research problem is as follows: "What are the possibilities of effective shaping of the safety culture in transport by the state?". Therefore, a hypothesis was put forward, which comes down to the statement that the most effective way of shaping the safety culture in transport is to pursue an appropriate education policy. To achieve such a research objective, answer the research question and confirm the hypothesis, a range of theoretical research methods were applied, including comparison, analysis of literature, analysis of legal acts, synthesis and analysis, inference (induction and deduction), and abstraction.

The European Union aims to achieve climate neutrality by 2050, with biogas and biomethane expected to play an increasingly important role in the decarbonisation of the energy system. This study investigates the economic and social determinants shaping the development of biogas production in European countries and identifies an optimal investment strategy for new biogas plants under varying environmental conditions. An expert–mathematical method was applied to assess and hierarchise twenty economic and social factors influencing biogas production, based on evaluations provided by 71 experts from eleven European countries. Subsequently, individual choice criteria derived from game theory were used to determine the optimal strategy for biogas plant construction under conditions of uncertainty. The results indicate that six determinants—EU-level production support mechanisms, investment costs, national support instruments, process efficiency improvements, community involvement, and agricultural raw material prices—account for 52.9% of the total impact on biogas development potential. Among the analysed investment options, large-scale biogas plants with an installed capacity of 3 MW were identified as the optimal strategy, offering the lowest unit production costs and the lowest risk of cost overruns across diverse economic and social environments. These findings provide policy-relevant insights for supporting efficient and socially acceptable biogas deployment in Europe.

Artykuł odnosi się do wydarzeń masowych, czyli „imprez” o takim charakterze, ale niewymienionych w ustawie o bezpieczeństwie imprez masowych. Scharakteryzowano w nim kilka rodzajów tego typu wydarzeń oraz dokonano analizy zadań poszczególnych „uczestników” imprezy. W dalszej części tekstu przedstawiono zagrożenia dla bezpieczeństwa uczestników imprez o charakterze masowym powodowane przez celowe lub intencjonalnie błędne kwalifikowanie wydarzeń do innych kategorii niż imprezy masowe. W podsumowaniu wskazano na główne powody takiego postępowania organizatorów, czyli nieprecyzyjne przepisy prawne oraz celowe omijanie i wykorzystywanie tych zapisów ustawowych, a także chęć zminimalizowania „formalności” (dokumentacji, opinii, instrukcji, regulaminów, zezwoleń), a co za tym idzie – nakładów finansowych (np. na obowiązkowe służby informacyjne i porządkowe).