This study was carried out to determine the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and mobile genetic elements of 16 Escherichia coli isolates—with reduced susceptibility to ceftazidime and imipenem—that were recovered from the fecal samples of coyotes and wild hogs from West Texas, USA. Whole-genome sequencing data analyses revealed distinct isolates with a unique sequence type and serotype designation. Among 16 isolates, 4 isolates were multidrug resistant, and 5 isolates harbored at least 1 beta-lactamase gene (bla_CMY-2, bla_CTX-M-55, or bla_CTX-M-27) that confers resistance to beta-lactam antimicrobials. Several isolates carried genes conferring resistance to tetracyclines (tet(A), tet(B), and tet(C)), aminoglycosides (aac(3)-IId, ant(3″)-Ia, aph(3′)-Ia, aph(3″)-lb, aadA5, and aph(6)-ld), sulfonamides (sul1, sul2, and sul3), amphenicol (floR), trimethoprim (dfrA1 and dfrA17), and macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B (MLSB) agents (Inu(F), erm(B), and mph(A)). Nine isolates showed chromosomal mutations in the promoter region G of ampC beta-lactamase gene, while three isolates showed mutations in gyrA, parC, and parE quinolone resistance-determining regions, which confer resistance to quinolones. We also detected seven incompatibility plasmid groups, with incF being the most common. Different types of virulence genes were detected, including those that enhance bacterial fitness and pathogenicity. One bla_CMY-2 positive isolate (O8:H28) from a wild hog was also a Shiga toxin-producing E. coli and was a carrier of the stx2A virulence toxin subtype. We report the detection of bla_CMY-2, bla_CTX-M-55, and bla_CTX-M-27 beta-lactamase genes in E. coli from coyotes for the first time. This study demonstrates the importance of wildlife as reservoirs of important multi-drug-resistant bacteria and provides information for future comparative genomic analysis with the limited literature on antimicrobial resistance dynamics in wildlife such as coyotes.

Entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs) can infect and kill a diverse range of arthropods, including ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) that can transmit various diseases to animals and humans. Consequently, the use of EPFs as a biocontrol method for managing tick populations has been explored as an alternative to chemical acaricides, which may have harmful effects on the environment and non-target species. This review summarizes studies conducted on EPFs for tick control between 1998 and 2024, identifying 9 different EPF species that have been used against 15 different species of ticks. One of the most well-known and widely researched EPFs used against ticks is Metarhizium anisopliae, a fungus known for its ability to infect and kill various arthropods. When applied to tick-infested areas, M. anisopliae spores attach to the tick’s cuticle, germinate, and penetrate through the cuticle, leading to the eventual death of the tick due to the fungal infection. Whilst a number of studies support the potential of this and other EPF species against ticks, this review suggests that limitations to their effective use may include factors such as heat, humidity, and ultraviolet light (UV-A and UV-B). This comprehensive review aims to provide an overview of the literature on the potential of EPFs in tick control, focusing on their mode of action, previous field successes/failures, advantages, potential applications, and prospects for future practical developments.

Every year in the United States, approximately 48 million people are affected by bacterial illnesses that are transmitted through food, leading to 3000 fatalities. These illnesses typically stem from food animals and their by-products, which may harbor dangerous pathogens like Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Campylobacter jejuni. Factors that contribute to contamination include manure used as a soil amendment, exposure to polluted irrigation water, and contact with animals. To improve food safety, researchers are studying pre-slaughter intervention methods to eliminate bacterial contamination in live animals. While small ruminants are vital to global agriculture and income generation for small farms, traditional feeding practices involve supplements and antibiotics to boost performance, which contributes to antibiotic resistance. Hence, researchers are looking for friendly bacterial strains that enhance both animal and human health without impacting livestock productivity. The global trend is to minimize the use of antibiotics as feed supplements, with many countries prohibiting or limiting their use. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive insight on the antioxidant capabilities, therapeutic attributes, and applications of bioactive compounds derived from sweet potato tops (SPTs), rice bran (RB) and radish tops (RTs). This overview provides an insight on plant parts that are abundant in antioxidant and prebiotic effects and could be used as value-added products in animal feed and pharmaceutical applications. This review was based on previous findings that supplementation of basal diets with natural supplements represents a multifaceted intervention that will become highly important over time. By remarkably reducing the burden of foodborne pathogens, they apply to multiple species, are cheap, do not require withdrawal periods, and can be applied at any time in food animal production.

The ecology of infectious diseases involves wildlife, yet the wildlife interface is often neglected and understudied. Pathogens related to infectious diseases are often maintained within wildlife populations and can spread to livestock and humans. In this study, we explored the fecal microbiome of coyotes and wild hogs in the Texas panhandle using polymerase chain reactions and 16S sequencing methods. The fecal microbiota of coyotes was dominated by members of the phyla Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. At the genus taxonomic level, Odoribacter, Allobaculum, Coprobacillus, and Alloprevotella were the dominant genera of the core fecal microbiota of coyotes. While for wild hogs, the fecal microbiota was dominated by bacterial members of the phyla Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. Five genera, Treponema, Prevotella, Alloprevotella, Vampirovibrio, and Sphaerochaeta, constitute the most abundant genera of the core microbiota of wild hogs in this study. Functional profile of the microbiota of coyotes and wild hogs identified 13 and 17 human-related diseases that were statistically associated with the fecal microbiota, respectively (p < 0.05). Our study is a unique investigation of the microbiota using free-living wildlife in the Texas Panhandle and contributes to awareness of the role played by gastrointestinal microbiota of wild canids and hogs in infectious disease reservoir and transmission risk. This report will contribute to the lacking information on coyote and wild hog microbial communities by providing insights into their composition and ecology which may likely be different from those of captive species or domesticated animals. This study will contribute to baseline knowledge for future studies on wildlife gut microbiomes.

Canine heartworm, a parasitic zoonosis caused by Dirofilaria immitis, is expanding geographically. This study investigated the prevalence, associated risk factors, and molecular characteristics of D. immitis in dogs from Ilhéus, Bahia, a coastal tourist region in northeastern Brazil previously considered non-endemic. In a cross-sectional study with 481 domestic dogs, blood samples were tested for adult D. immitis antigens (SNAP® 4Dx® Plus) and microfilariae (modified Knott's test). Risk factors were analyzed using logistic regression and spatial analysis, including the association with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Positive samples underwent polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis targeting the cox1 gene. The overall prevalence of D. immitis, defined as positive in at least one test, was 19.6% (84/428; 16.0%-23.7%). Seroprevalence was 16.0% (77/481; 12.7%-19.3%), while microfilaremia was 14.3% (61/428; 11.2%-17.9%). Most infected dogs were asymptomatic (71.4%). Larger dogs, those kept outdoors, and those exposed to environmental risk factors (e.g., lack of doghouse or standing water) showed significantly higher odds of seropositivity. The presence of dense vegetation (NDVI median = 0.51) and a rural environment were also associated with increased risk. Spatial analysis revealed a cluster of cases in the southern area of the municipality. Phylogenetic analysis indicated high genetic similarity between local isolates and those from other regions worldwide. These findings confirm the circulation of D. immitis in Ilhéus and highlight the role of environmental and management factors in transmission. The high proportion of asymptomatic carriers reinforces the need for regional surveillance and prevention strategies.