Lung cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies in the world. However, current curative approaches for treating this type of cancer have some weaknesses. Therefore, scientists are attempting to discover new anti-lung cancer agents. Sea cucumber is a marine-derived source for discovering biologically active compounds with anti-lung cancer properties. To explore the anti-lung cancer properties of sea cucumber, we analyzed surveys using VOSviewer software and identified the most frequently used keywords. We then searched the Google Scholar database for compounds with anti-lung cancer properties within that keyword family. Finally, we used AutoDock 4 to identify the compounds with the highest affinity for apoptotic receptors in lung cancer cells. The results showed that triterpene glucosides were the most frequently identified compounds in studies examining the anti-cancer properties of sea cucumbers. Intercedenside C, Scabraside A, and Scabraside B were the three triterpene glycosides with the highest affinity for apoptotic receptors in lung cancer cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that anti-lung cancer properties of sea cucumber-derived compounds have been examined in in silico conditions. Ultimately, these three components displayed anti-lung cancer properties in in silico conditions and may be used for the manufacture of anti-lung cancer agents in the near future.

Depression and anxiety in cardiovascular disease worsen the prognosis of patients. Treatments for these disorders often provide limited improvement. The present study aimed to test, for the first time, the impact of educational technology on anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients participating in a cardiac rehabilitation program. A 12-month randomized controlled trial was conducted, in which 207 patients were randomly assigned to either the experimental (n = 76) or control (n = 69) groups. The intervention involved a structured patient education program provided by medical students who had undergone specially designed training in cardiac rehabilitation. The primary outcomes were death, hospitalization, heart failure, and recurrent myocardial infarction. The study also assessed anxiety and depression. A year later, the experimental group showed a statistically significant decrease in anxiety and depression on the HADS scale, with reductions of 2.0 and 1.9 points, respectively (p < 0.05). The control group showed reductions of 1.5 and 1.2 points (p < 0.05). The difference in the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression between the groups at 12 months was −1.29 in favor of the main group (95% CI, −0.7 to −1.88), and the standardized mean difference was 0.36 (95% CI, 0.03 to 0.69). No treatment-related adverse events were observed. The results suggest that educational interventions can have a positive impact on mental health. The study’s strengths include a structured intervention, randomization, and long-term follow-up. The limitations include the lack of blinding of study participants and a relatively small sample size.

Үй жағдайында жасалынатын бейресми күтім тәжірибесін толық түсіну үшін күтім жасаушының жынысы, отбасылық қарым-қатынасы және мәдени көзқарасы секілді күтім контекстіне әсер ететін нақты факторларды зеттеу қажет. Аталмыш факторлардың арасында әсіресе жыныс пен жастың күтімге әсер етуі назар аударады.Бұл зерттеу Medline, Scopus, Web of Science мәліметтер базаларын пайдалану арқылы жүзеге асырылды. Іздеу стратегиясы келесі MeSH (Медициналық Ақпараттандырушы Тақырыптар) терминдерін қамтыды: "бейресми күтім", "қамқоршы", "денсаулық проблемалары", "жұмыс проблемалары", "әлеуметтік мәселелер", "жыныстық факторлар", "гендерлік айырмашылықтар".Егде жастағы адамдарға бейресми күтім жасаушылардың арасындағы гендерлік айырмашылықтар туралы алдыңғы зерттеулер әйелдердің бұл рөлде басым екенін көрсетті. Сонымен қатар күтім жасау тәжірибесіндегі айырмашылықтарды, сондай-ақ психикалық және физикалық денсаулық проблемаларын, күтімге жұмсалған уақытты бөлуді және төленбейтін жұмыстың әсер етуіндегі айырмашылықтар, төленбейтін жұмысты бөлудегі теңсіздік, сондай-ақ, жалақы мен зейнетақы төлемдеріндегі айырмашылықтар орын алған.. Гендерлік теңдікке қол жеткізу, ерлер мен әйелдердің отбасылық және кәсіби міндеттері арасындағы теңгерімді қамтамасыз ету үшін үй жағдайындағы күтімді жыныстар арасында да, отбасы мен мемлекет арасында да қайта бөліп қарастыру қажет. Ұлттық деңгейде үйде күтім көрсету қызметтерін жүзеге асырудағы гендерлік теңсіздікті азайтуға бағытталған маңызды саясаттық шараларды келесі санаттарға бөлуге болады: ұзақ мерзімді күтім қызметтерінің сапасын және қолжетімділігін арттыру; отбасылық демалыс пен икемді еңбек тәртібін қолданылуда гендерлік қорғауды енгізу; жұмыспен қамтуға байланысты бейресми қамқоршылар үшін экономикалық кедергілерді жою және қалыптасқан гендерлік нормалар мен стереотиптермен күресу. To comprehensively understand of the informal caregiving experience, it is essential to conduct an in-depth investigation into the caregiving context, including gender, family dynamics, and the caregiver's cultural background. Among these factors, considerable research attention has been dedicated to examining the impact of gender on caregiving. The objective of this study is to scrutinize studies that explore the association between informal care and the well-being of caregivers, with a particular focus on gender disparities within the caregiving domain. A systematic literature retrieval was conducted by querying the Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The search strategy incorporated specific Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms, including "informal care", "caregiver", "health problems", "employment difficulties", "social problems", "gender", and "gender disparities". Earlier investigations into gender distinctions among caregivers for older adults have demonstrated a predominance of female caregivers, disparities in caregiving experiences, mental and physical health-related challenges, time allocation dedicated to caregiving, exposure to unpaid labor, inequalities in the distribution of unpaid work, caregiving responsibilities, and economic implications, including disparities in remuneration and pension entitlements. To promote gender equality and achieve a balance between family and work responsibilities for both men and women, there is a need to redistribute informal caregiving tasks between genders and between family and government entities. Key policy measures to address gender disparities in the provision of home care services at a national level can be grouped into four main categories: improving the quality, accessibility, and availability of long-term care; including gender considerations in the design and implementation of family leave policies and flexible work arrangements; removing economic barriers for caregivers' employment; and challenging traditional gender roles and stereotypes. Для более полного понимания опыта неформального ухода требуется более точное изучение контекста ухода, который включает в себя такие аспекты, как пол, семейные отношения и культурный фон ухаживающего лица. Из всех этих факторов особое внимание исследователей привлекает вопрос о влиянии пола на процесс...

Introduction. In Kazakhstan, as the phenomenon of population aging becomes more and more relevant, an increasing number of researchers in the field of medicine are studying health-related problems that arise at this age. During these studies, many scientists are wondering: how to accurately measure the quality of life of older people? In our country, the most used tools for conducting this assessment are the SF-36 questionnaire, while the widely used worldwide tools WHOQOL-100 and its short version WHOQOL-BREF are rarely evaluated and used in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of the Kazakh-language version of the World Health Organization's Short Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) in a pilot study. Material and methods. The WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was subjected to translation procedures according to the instructions of WHOQOL (WHO) and a pilot study was conducted in a group of elderly respondents (>60 years old) living in the city of Aktobe. The WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire consists of 26 questions, which are divided into 4 areas (physical health, emotional health, social factors, environment). The reliability and validity of the questionnaire was evaluated with the determination of the Alpha-Cronbach's index, as well as the assessment of the intra-class correlation (ICC). The statistical significance was set at 0.05. The software package SPSS v. 10.0 was used for the analysis. Results. The average age of the participants was 67.3±5.03 years, and the overall WHOQOL-BREF score was 76.02 ±11.86. Overall, 60% of the participants were women. The alpha values for each of the spheres and the overall index (> 0.70) and the overall correlation of the elements were satisfactory. The confirmatory analysis of the intra-class correlation showed high ICC values (more than 0.74) for each of the spheres. Conclusion. The psychometric properties of the Kazakh version of WHOQOL-BREF were acceptable.

The problem of professional risks in the medical fieldhas a low priority among medical workers themselves, which can affect the quality of help to the population in the field of health care. This study aimed to identificaty the peculiarities of professional risk manifestation among medical workers and clarify the level of awareness among specialists and future professionals in the field regarding these risks. The subjects of the study were medical workers from local hospitals in Kriviy Rih, Dnepropetrovsk region, and undergraduate students from the Kriviy Rih Medical College. The study was conducted on 200 people using an accessible, spontaneous, quota sampling with elements of probability (quota’s indication — work experience), and two specially designed anonymous questionnaires were used. The majority of respondents are female (85%), only a small percentage of men (15%) are paramedics and doctors working at ambulance stations. The majority of undergraduate students are also women – 95%. By age characteristics: among the surveyed healthcare workers, the majority of the sample was made up of people over 35 years old, and among the senior students of the Kryvyi Rih Medical College, prevails the group over 25 years old. More than half of the surveyed respondents-practitioners (64%) have secondary special education and 36% have higher education. Among the surveyed healthcare professionals, the vast majority (55%) are people who have been working in the healthcare sector in medical specialties for more than 10 years. It was revealed that most respondents are familiar with traditional medical risks. The study reveals a decline in the prestige of the medical profession in modern Ukraine. The study argues that both future medical workers and practitioners often underestimate or accept professional risks. This attitude hinders their ability to perceive risks objectively, potentially leading to professional abnormality and a decline in the quality of medical services. Comprehensive strategic decisions and systemic measures are needed to protect medical workers from occupational risks.

Introduction. High-quality family medicine (FM) education programs are needed to efficiently and safely manage integrated care delivery and meet patient care needs at the primary health care level. In countries with less developed primary health care systems, statements of teaching standards for postgraduate education in family medicine are less common. The aim of this study was to review the international standards for family medicine residency training for use as a standard best practice guide for family medicine training programs in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Methods. Literature searches were conducted in Medline and Google Scholar databases. The inclusion criteria were the following publications: the research topic should be related to the FM, access to the full text of the publication. Postgraduate education, educational residency programs in FM, competencies and practical skills of FM residents, methods of assessing the knowledge of FM residents. The search used the following keywords (MeSH) and their combinations: family medicine; residency, postgraduate education / training, educational standard and educational programs. Results. It was difficult to obtain standardized information about educational programs in countries with a developing PHC system, for example, in the post-Soviet countries. Information from seven EU countries showed that family medicine is widely recognized as a separate discipline. In these countries, academic recognition has led to rapid development over the past two decades. Conclusion. The position of general medical practice in the Republic of Kazakhstan is formally acceptable, but still it will take a lot of effort to achieve the desired level of recognition and quality. Введение. Для эффективного и безопасного управления оказанием комплексной медицинской помощи и удовлетворения потребностей пациента в уходе на уровне ПМСП необходимы высококачественные образовательные программы по семейной медицине (СМ). В странах с менее развитой системой первичной медико-санитарной помощи (ПМСП) заявления о стандартах обучения для последипломного образования по семейной медицине встречаются реже. Целью данного исследования был обзор международных стандартов обучения в резидентуре по СМ для их последующего использования в качестве стандартного руководства по передовой практике при создании программ псолевузовского обучения в Республике Казахстан. Методы. Поиск литературы проводился в базах данных Medline и Google Scholar. Критериями включения были следующие публикации: тема исследования должна была относиться к СМ, доступ к полному тексту публикации, послевузовское обучение, образовательные программы резидентуры по СМ, компетенции и практические навыки резидентов СМ, методы оценивания знаний резидентов СМ. При поиске использовались следующие ключевые слова (MeSH) и их комбинации: семейная медицина; резидентура, послевузовское образование/обучение, образовательный стандарт и образовательные программы. Результаты. Было сложно получить стандартизированную информацию об образовательных программах в старанах с развивающейся системой ПМСП, например странах постсоветского пространства. Информация из 7 стран ЕС показала, что семейная медицина получила широкое признание как отдельная дисциплина. В этих странах академическое признание СМ привело к быстрому развитию за последние два десятилетия. Выводы. Положение общей врачебной практики в Республике Казахстан формально приемлемо, но все же потребуются большие усилия для достижения желаемого уровня ее признания и качества. Кіріспе. Кешенді медициналық көмек көрсетуді тиімді және қауіпсіз басқару және алғашқы медициналық-санитарлық көмек (АМСК) деңгейінде пациенттерге күтім жасау қажеттіліктерін қанағаттандыру үшін жоғары сапалы отбасылық медицина (ОM) білім беру бағдарламалары қажет. Алғашқы медициналық-санитарлық көмек жүйесі аз дамыған елдерде ОМ жоғары оқу орнынан кейінгі білім беруді оқыту стандарттарының мәлімдемелері аз кездеседі. Бұл зерттеудің мақсаты отбасылық медицинаның резидентурасын оқытудың...