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Kohei Makita
Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, 069-8501, Japan

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Journal article
Published: 07 July 2021 in Preventive Veterinary Medicine
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Brucellosis is endemic in Tanzania. A cross-sectional study was conducted at 17 cattle farms in agro-pastoral areas in Tanzania to identify risk factors associated with the within-farm prevalence of bovine brucellosis and to quantitatively assess the infection dynamics through disease modelling. Cattle blood sampling and interviews with farmers using a structured questionnaire were conducted. A total of 673 serum samples were screened using the Rose-Bengal plate test (RBPT), and sero-positivity of RBPT-positive samples was confirmed using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Zero-inflated binomial regression was performed for univariable and multivariable risk factor analyses of within-farm prevalence. Several susceptible-infectious (SI) models were compared based on deviance information criteria, and age-dependent force of infection (FOI) was measured using age-specific prevalence data for the 10 infection-positive farms. Using the diagnoses of cows on the 17 farms, the basic reproduction number, R0, was also calculated. The farm-level prevalence and animal-level adjusted prevalence were 58.8 % (10/17, 95 % confidence interval: 33.5–80.6 %) and 7.0 % (28/673, 95 % credible interval: 5.7–8.4 %), respectively. The risk factor for high within-farm prevalence was introduction of cattle from other herds. A mathematical model with constant FOI showed the annual probability of infection as 1.4 % (95 % credible interval: 1.0 %–2.0 %). The R0 was 1.07. The constant FOI could have been due to the predominant mode of infection being transmission of Brucella from contaminated aborted materials during grazing. Direct purchase of infected cattle could facilitate efficient transmission between susceptible animals through abortion.

ACS Style

Makoto Ukita; Nathanael Hozé; Takahiro Nemoto; Simon Cauchemez; Shingo Asakura; George Makingi; Rudovick Kazwala; Kohei Makita. Quantitative evaluation of the infection dynamics of bovine brucellosis in Tanzania. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2021, 194, 105425 .

AMA Style

Makoto Ukita, Nathanael Hozé, Takahiro Nemoto, Simon Cauchemez, Shingo Asakura, George Makingi, Rudovick Kazwala, Kohei Makita. Quantitative evaluation of the infection dynamics of bovine brucellosis in Tanzania. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2021; 194 ():105425.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Makoto Ukita; Nathanael Hozé; Takahiro Nemoto; Simon Cauchemez; Shingo Asakura; George Makingi; Rudovick Kazwala; Kohei Makita. 2021. "Quantitative evaluation of the infection dynamics of bovine brucellosis in Tanzania." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 194, no. : 105425.

Original research article
Published: 11 September 2020 in Frontiers in Veterinary Science
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In a globalized world, the frequency of transboundary livestock infectious diseases is increasing, and strengthening of farm biosecurity is vital to stabilize food production. The aim of this study was to understand the decision-making process for farm biosecurity among Japanese livestock farmers. Postal surveys using structured questionnaires were conducted on beef, dairy, pig, and layer farms in Hokkaido and Saitama Prefectures, which represent the principal production area and peri-urban Tokyo, respectively, as well as randomly selected broiler farms across Japan. The question items included the attributes of farms and owners, disease experiences, related associations and sources of hygiene information, attitude toward hygiene management, and compliance with the Standards of Rearing Hygiene Management (SRHM). The compliance rates were compared between livestock sectors. Univariable analyses were conducted using combined data from both prefectures, with the compliance rate as the outcome variable and the questionnaire items as explanatory variables, in generalized linear models. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted using the variables with p < 0.2 in the univariable analyses. The factors identified were classified into knowledge, attitude, capacity, practice, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed. The questionnaires were completed and returned by 97 and 66 beef cattle, 86 and 136 dairy, 67 and 45 pig, 20 and 39 layer farmers in Hokkaido and Saitama Prefectures, respectively, and 95 broiler farms. The compliance rate was significantly higher among broiler farms (88.9%) compared with the other sectors, followed by pig (77.1%), layer (67.2%), dairy (63.8%), and beef (59.1%) farms in Hokkaido Prefecture, and layer (64.9%), pig (60.0%), dairy (58.5%), and beef (57.6%) farms in Saitama Prefecture. Based on SEM, the decision-making process from greater knowledge to higher attitude, and from higher attitude to greater compliance with the SRHM were significant (p < 0.01) in all sectors. Higher capacity was significantly associated with higher knowledge in dairy, pig,break and layer farms (p < 0.01), and with higher compliance in beef, pig, and layer farms (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the provision of targeted hygiene knowledge to livestock farmers and the support to smallholder farms would improve biosecurity through elevated attitudes and self-efficacy.

ACS Style

Kohei Makita; Elly Steenbergen; Lisa Haruta; Saddam Hossain; Yuki Nakahara; Yuto Tamura; Takuto Watanabe; Hazumu Kadowaki; Shingo Asakura. Quantitative Understanding of the Decision-Making Process for Farm Biosecurity Among Japanese Livestock Farmers Using the KAP-Capacity Framework. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2020, 7, 1 .

AMA Style

Kohei Makita, Elly Steenbergen, Lisa Haruta, Saddam Hossain, Yuki Nakahara, Yuto Tamura, Takuto Watanabe, Hazumu Kadowaki, Shingo Asakura. Quantitative Understanding of the Decision-Making Process for Farm Biosecurity Among Japanese Livestock Farmers Using the KAP-Capacity Framework. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2020; 7 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kohei Makita; Elly Steenbergen; Lisa Haruta; Saddam Hossain; Yuki Nakahara; Yuto Tamura; Takuto Watanabe; Hazumu Kadowaki; Shingo Asakura. 2020. "Quantitative Understanding of the Decision-Making Process for Farm Biosecurity Among Japanese Livestock Farmers Using the KAP-Capacity Framework." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 7, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 15 May 2020 in Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences
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The livestock insurance program for dairy farmers in Vietnam targeting various acute diseases began in 2011 as a pilot project; however, due to vaccination campaigns, outbreaks of such diseases are rare. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of mastitis and reproductive failure-which chronically affect the farming economy-on the decision to participate in the insurance program. A survey involving a questionnaire and milk sampling from apparently healthy animals was conducted on the 38 participating and 59 non-participating dairy farms in the livestock insurance program in Ba Vi, Hanoi, Vietnam, in August 2014. Microbiological tests were performed to detect sub-clinical mastitis, whereas the questionnaire was administered to collect information regarding farm management and the occurrence of clinical mastitis and reproductive failure over the previous three months. There were no significant differences in the proportion of farms having cows with clinical mastitis (insured: 8/38 farms, 21.1% vs. non-insured: 13/58 farms, NA = 1, 22.8%, p = 1) and repeat breeders (insured: 16/36 farms, NA = 2, 44.4% vs. non-insured: 20/57 farms, NA = 2, 35.1%, p = 0.49) over the previous three months. The proportion of farms having cows with sub-clinical mastitis at the time of the survey was also not significantly different between insured (5/38 farms, 13.2%) and non-insured (7/59 farms, 11.91%) farms (p = 1). Based on the obtained results, neither endemic disease nor farm management is respectably involved in the decision of farms to participate in the animal insurance program targeting acute animal infectious diseases.

ACS Style

Kentaro Koide; Ryo Murata; Au Xuan Khoa; Nguyen Khanh Ly; Phan Thi Tam; Vu Thi Thu Tra; Duong Van Nhiem; Satoko Kubota; Hiroichi Kono; Kohei Makita. Influence of Mastitis and Repeat Breeding Incidence on Participation in the Animal Insurance Program for Dairy Farmers in Ba Vi, Hanoi, Vietnam. Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2020, 2, 461 -468.

AMA Style

Kentaro Koide, Ryo Murata, Au Xuan Khoa, Nguyen Khanh Ly, Phan Thi Tam, Vu Thi Thu Tra, Duong Van Nhiem, Satoko Kubota, Hiroichi Kono, Kohei Makita. Influence of Mastitis and Repeat Breeding Incidence on Participation in the Animal Insurance Program for Dairy Farmers in Ba Vi, Hanoi, Vietnam. Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2020; 2 (4):461-468.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kentaro Koide; Ryo Murata; Au Xuan Khoa; Nguyen Khanh Ly; Phan Thi Tam; Vu Thi Thu Tra; Duong Van Nhiem; Satoko Kubota; Hiroichi Kono; Kohei Makita. 2020. "Influence of Mastitis and Repeat Breeding Incidence on Participation in the Animal Insurance Program for Dairy Farmers in Ba Vi, Hanoi, Vietnam." Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2, no. 4: 461-468.

Journal article
Published: 09 April 2020 in Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases
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Chemical tick control is a major means of preventing East Coast fever (ECF), especially in sub-Saharan Africa. However, in southwestern Uganda, improper tick control practices have led to severe acaricide resistance. The objectives of this study were to determine the risk factors associated with tick infestation in dairy cattle and Theileria parva infection, and to generate evidence for the prioritization of effective countermeasures for tick control. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 30 farms in Mbarara District, and information on tick control practices and tick infestation were collected. Tick samples were collected from 13 farms to test tick acaricide efficacy. A total of 420 blood samples from calves to adults of exotic- and cross-breed dairy cattle were collected, and T. parva diagnosis via polymerase chain reaction was performed. All the 13 tick populations tested were resistant to deltamethrin (synthetic pyrethroid). Resistance to single-formulation organophosphate-chlorfenvinphos was 39 % (5/13); co-formulations (chlorpyrifos + cypermethrin), 69 % (9/13); and amitraz (amidine), 85 % (11/13). The overall prevalence of T. parva infection at the individual-level was 45.2 % (190/420, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 40.4–50.1), and that at the farm-level was 83 % (25/30, 95 %CI: 65–94). A good quality cattle crush was a preventive factor for tick infestation (odds ratio (OR): 0.32, 95 %CI: 0.15−0.63, p = 0.001). Well-managed acaricide storage (OR: 0.36, 95 %CI: 0.17−0.76, p = 0.008), and a good quality measuring cylinder for acaricide were preventive factors (OR: 0.32, 95 %CI: 0.11−0.93, p = 0.036) for T. parva infection. The risk factors for T. parva infection were a longer period of acaricide use of the same brand (OR: 1.06, 95 %CI: 1.01−1.10, p = 0.012), and a higher frequency (twice a week) of acaricide use rather than once a week (OR: 11.70, 95 %CI: 1.95−70.13, p = 0.007). These risk factors should be given high intervention priority in order to effectively control ticks and prevent T. parva infections in dairy farms. Teaching proper practices to dairy farmers and to technical staff should be used to overcome the severe challenge of acaricide resistance in Mbarara District.

ACS Style

Takeshi Miyama; Joseph Byaruhanga; Ikuo Okamura; Leo Uchida; Yasukazu Muramatsu; William Mwebembezi; Patrick Vudriko; Kohei Makita. Effect of chemical tick control practices on tick infestation and Theileria parva infection in an intensive dairy production region of Uganda. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 2020, 11, 101438 .

AMA Style

Takeshi Miyama, Joseph Byaruhanga, Ikuo Okamura, Leo Uchida, Yasukazu Muramatsu, William Mwebembezi, Patrick Vudriko, Kohei Makita. Effect of chemical tick control practices on tick infestation and Theileria parva infection in an intensive dairy production region of Uganda. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 2020; 11 (4):101438.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Takeshi Miyama; Joseph Byaruhanga; Ikuo Okamura; Leo Uchida; Yasukazu Muramatsu; William Mwebembezi; Patrick Vudriko; Kohei Makita. 2020. "Effect of chemical tick control practices on tick infestation and Theileria parva infection in an intensive dairy production region of Uganda." Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 11, no. 4: 101438.

Journal article
Published: 02 March 2020 in Preventive Veterinary Medicine
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The objective of this case-control study was to determine the herd- and cow-level risk factors associated with an outbreak of Mycoplasma bovine mastitis in the winter of 2014–2015 in Nemuro, Hokkaido, Japan. Two questionnaire surveys were sent to all 40 Mycoplasma-infected farms in the area and 73 non-infected farms for the farm-level analysis. Infected cows were matched to twice the number of non-infected cows in the same herds by parity and days after calving. Movement records, dairy herd test records, and clinical records of infected cows and matched non-infected cows were collected for the cow-level analysis. Risk factors for Mycoplasma infection were explored by multivariable analyses at both levels. In the herd-level analysis, tie stall housing for milking cows (odds ratio [OR] = 0.20, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.07-0.60, p = 0.004), consciously wiping of teat openings before milking (OR = 0.15, 95 % CI: 0.02-0.76, p = 0.030), and use of paper towels to wipe teats (OR = 0.31, 95 % CI: 0.09-0.92, p = 0.045) were identified as preventive factors, whereas introduction of cattle (OR = 3.43, 95 % CI: 1.14–10.86, p = 0.030) was identified as a risk factor. In the cow-level analysis, a history of presence in livestock markets (OR = 10.80, 95 % CI: 1.12–104.38, p = 0.040), higher milk yield 2 months prior to Mycoplasma infection (OR = 1.09, 95 % CI: 1.02–1.18, p = 0.014), and previous diagnosis of acute mastitis without isolation of the causal pathogen (OR = 3.14, 95 % CI: 0.86–11.41, p = 0.082) were identified as risk factors. These results highlight the importance of proper milking hygiene control and quarantine of introduced cattle to prevent Mycoplasma infection.

ACS Style

Yuri Fujimoto; Hirotaka Ito; Hidetoshi Higuchi; Hiroshi Ohno; Kohei Makita. A case-control study of herd- and cow-level risk factors associated with an outbreak of Mycoplasma mastitis in Nemuro, Japan. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2020, 177, 104946 .

AMA Style

Yuri Fujimoto, Hirotaka Ito, Hidetoshi Higuchi, Hiroshi Ohno, Kohei Makita. A case-control study of herd- and cow-level risk factors associated with an outbreak of Mycoplasma mastitis in Nemuro, Japan. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2020; 177 ():104946.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yuri Fujimoto; Hirotaka Ito; Hidetoshi Higuchi; Hiroshi Ohno; Kohei Makita. 2020. "A case-control study of herd- and cow-level risk factors associated with an outbreak of Mycoplasma mastitis in Nemuro, Japan." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 177, no. : 104946.

Journal article
Published: 13 February 2020 in Pathogens
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The prolongation of the classic swine fever (CSF) outbreak in Japan in 2018 was highly associated with the persistence and widespread of the CSF virus (CSFV) in the wild boar population. To investigate the dynamics of the CSF outbreak in wild boar, spatiotemporal analyses were performed. The positive rate of CSFV in wild boar fluctuated dramatically from March to June 2019, but finally stabilized at approximately 10%. The Euclidean distance from the initial CSF notified farm to the farthest infected wild boar of the day constantly increased over time since the initial outbreak except in the cases reported from Gunma and Saitama prefectures. The two-month-period prevalence, estimated using integrated nested Laplace approximation, reached >80% in half of the infected areas in March–April 2019. The area affected continued to expand despite the period prevalence decreasing up to October 2019. A large difference in the shapes of standard deviational ellipses and in the location of their centroids when including or excluding cases in Gunma and Saitama prefectures indicates that infections there were unlikely to have been caused simply by wild boar activities, and anthropogenic factors were likely involved. The emergence of concurrent space–time clusters in these areas after July 2019 indicated that CSF outbreaks were scattered by this point in time. The results of this epidemiological analysis help explain the dynamics of the spread of CSF and will aid in the implementation of control measures, including bait vaccination.

ACS Style

Norikazu Isoda; Kairi Baba; Satoshi Ito; Mitsugi Ito; Yoshihiro Sakoda; Kohei Makita. Dynamics of Classical Swine Fever Spread in Wild Boar in 2018–2019, Japan. Pathogens 2020, 9, 119 .

AMA Style

Norikazu Isoda, Kairi Baba, Satoshi Ito, Mitsugi Ito, Yoshihiro Sakoda, Kohei Makita. Dynamics of Classical Swine Fever Spread in Wild Boar in 2018–2019, Japan. Pathogens. 2020; 9 (2):119.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Norikazu Isoda; Kairi Baba; Satoshi Ito; Mitsugi Ito; Yoshihiro Sakoda; Kohei Makita. 2020. "Dynamics of Classical Swine Fever Spread in Wild Boar in 2018–2019, Japan." Pathogens 9, no. 2: 119.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2020 in Food Safety
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Colistin is a critically important antibiotic for humans. The Japanese government withdrew colistin growth promoter and shifted therapeutic colistin to a second-choice drug for pigs in 2017. A quantitative release assessment of mcr-mediated colistin-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) in Japanese finisher pigs was conducted under the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) risk assessment framework. Input data included colistin resistance and mcr-1-5 test results for E. coli isolates in the Japan Veterinary Resistance Monitoring System (JVARM), postal survey results regarding indication disease occurrence and colistin use by swine veterinarians in 2017 and 2018, and colistin resistance and mcr monitoring experiments at four pig farms in 2017-2018. An individual-based model was developed to assess the risk: the proportion of Japanese finisher pigs with mcr-1-5-mediated colistin-resistant E. coli dominant in the gut on an arbitrary day. Before implementing risk management measures, the risk was estimated to be 5.5% (95% CI: 4.2%-10.1%). At 12 months after stopping colistin growth promoter, the proportion of pigs with plasmid-mediated colistin-resistant E. coli declined by 52.5% on the experiment farms (95% CI: 8.7%-80.8%). The probability of therapeutic colistin use at the occurrence of bacterial diarrhea declined from 37.3% (95% CI: 30.3%-42.5%) in 2017 to 31.4% (95% CI: 26.1%-36.9%), and that of edema disease declined from 55.0% (95% CI: 46.0%-63.7%) to 44.4% (95% CI: 36.9%-52.0%). After risk management implementation, the risk was estimated to have declined to 2.3% (95% CI: 1.8%-4.3%; 58.2% reduction). Scenario analyses showed that pen-level colistin treatment effectively reduces the risk from 5.5% to 4.7% (14.5% reduction), an effect similar to stoppage of therapeutic colistin (16.4% reduction to 4.6%).

ACS Style

Kohei Makita; Yuri Fujimoto; Nami Sugahara; Takeshi Miyama; Masaru Usui; Tetsuo Asai; Michiko Kawanishi; Manao Ozawa; Yutaka Tamura. Quantitative Release Assessment of mcr-mediated Colistin-resistant Escherichia Coli from Japanese Pigs. Food Safety 2020, 8, 13 -33.

AMA Style

Kohei Makita, Yuri Fujimoto, Nami Sugahara, Takeshi Miyama, Masaru Usui, Tetsuo Asai, Michiko Kawanishi, Manao Ozawa, Yutaka Tamura. Quantitative Release Assessment of mcr-mediated Colistin-resistant Escherichia Coli from Japanese Pigs. Food Safety. 2020; 8 (2):13-33.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kohei Makita; Yuri Fujimoto; Nami Sugahara; Takeshi Miyama; Masaru Usui; Tetsuo Asai; Michiko Kawanishi; Manao Ozawa; Yutaka Tamura. 2020. "Quantitative Release Assessment of mcr-mediated Colistin-resistant Escherichia Coli from Japanese Pigs." Food Safety 8, no. 2: 13-33.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2020 in Journal of Veterinary Medical Science
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A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the risk factors for sub-clinical mastitis (SCM) in Mbarara District, an intensive dairy production region of Uganda where hand-milking is dominant. In 30 farms, herd-level milking practices and SCM prevalence were studied. The SCM prevalences were 68.6% (417/608, 95% confidence interval (CI): 64.9–72.2%) and 39.2% (946/2,411, 37.3–41.2%) at the cow- and quarter-levels, respectively. A preventive factor for SCM was cow calmness at the end of milking (OR: 0.20, 95%CI: 0.05–0.79, P=0.021); a risk factor was rough teat-end (OR: 1.75, 95%CI: 1.14–2.68, P=0.011). Good cow hygiene was negatively associated with environmental mastitis (P=0.002). Appropriate hand-milking practices that avoid teat damage are expected to reduce SCM in Uganda.

ACS Style

Takeshi Miyama; Joseph Byaruhanga; Ikuo Okamura; Hajime Nagahata; Ryo Murata; William Mwebembezi; Yasukazu Muramatsu; Kohei Makita. Prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis and its association with milking practices in an intensive dairy production region of Uganda. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 2020, 82, 488 -493.

AMA Style

Takeshi Miyama, Joseph Byaruhanga, Ikuo Okamura, Hajime Nagahata, Ryo Murata, William Mwebembezi, Yasukazu Muramatsu, Kohei Makita. Prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis and its association with milking practices in an intensive dairy production region of Uganda. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 2020; 82 (4):488-493.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Takeshi Miyama; Joseph Byaruhanga; Ikuo Okamura; Hajime Nagahata; Ryo Murata; William Mwebembezi; Yasukazu Muramatsu; Kohei Makita. 2020. "Prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis and its association with milking practices in an intensive dairy production region of Uganda." Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 82, no. 4: 488-493.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2020 in Journal of Veterinary Medical Science
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East Coast fever is caused by Theileria parva, and poses serious concerns for dairy farmers owing to massive economic losses. In the current study, we compared three methods (DNA extraction kits, FTA-NaOH and FTA-TENT) of DNA extraction to identify the most economical and reliable method. A survey for T. parva prevalence was conducted in dairy cattle in Mbarara, Uganda. Cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) and T. parva-p104 genes were amplified to compare the methods. FTA-NaOH-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) yielded the best detection rate for both COI gene and p104 gene. Prevalence of T. parva was 45.0% and 83.3% at animal and farm-level, respectively. FTA-NaOH based-PCR is simple, highly sensitive and cost-effective tool for T. parva diagnosis in resource constrained settings.

ACS Style

Leo Uchida; Joseph Byaruhanga; Ikuo Okamura; Takeshi Miyama; Yasukazu Muramatsu; Patrick Vudriko; Kohei Makita. FTA-Sodium hydroxide-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR): An efficient and cheaper option for Theileria parva detection in dairy cattle in Mbarara, Uganda. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 2020, 82, 188 -192.

AMA Style

Leo Uchida, Joseph Byaruhanga, Ikuo Okamura, Takeshi Miyama, Yasukazu Muramatsu, Patrick Vudriko, Kohei Makita. FTA-Sodium hydroxide-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR): An efficient and cheaper option for Theileria parva detection in dairy cattle in Mbarara, Uganda. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 2020; 82 (2):188-192.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Leo Uchida; Joseph Byaruhanga; Ikuo Okamura; Takeshi Miyama; Yasukazu Muramatsu; Patrick Vudriko; Kohei Makita. 2020. "FTA-Sodium hydroxide-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR): An efficient and cheaper option for Theileria parva detection in dairy cattle in Mbarara, Uganda." Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 82, no. 2: 188-192.

Journal article
Published: 10 August 2019 in Toxins
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Milk is an important commodity in Kenya; the country has the largest dairy herd and highest per capita milk consumption in East Africa. As such, hazards in milk are of concern. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a toxic metabolite of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) excreted in milk by lactating animals after ingesting AFB1-contaminated feeds. This metabolite is injurious to human health, but there is little information on the risk to human health posed by AFM1 in milk in rural Kenya. To fill this gap, a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) applying probabilistic statistical tools to quantify risks was conducted. This assessed the risk of liver cancer posed by AFM1 in milk, assuming 10-fold lower carcinogenicity than AFB1. Data from four agro–ecological zones in Kenya (semi-arid, temperate, sub-humid and humid) were used. We estimated that people were exposed to between 0.3 and 1 ng AFM1 per kg body weight per day through the consumption of milk. The annual incidence rates of cancer attributed to the consumption of AFM1 in milk were 3.5 × 10−3 (95% CI: 3 × 10−3–3.9 × 10−3), 2.9 × 10−3 (95% CI: 2.5 × 10−3–3.3 × 10−3), 1.4 × 10−3 (95% CI: 1.2 × 10−3–1.5 × 10−3) and 2.7 × 10−3 (95% CI: 2.3 × 10−3–3 × 10−3) cancers per 100,000 in adult females, adult males, children 6–18 years old, and in children less than five years old, respectively. Our results show that aflatoxin exposure from milk contributes relatively little to the incidence of liver cancer. Nonetheless, risk managers should take action based on cumulative exposure from all sources of aflatoxins.

ACS Style

Anima Sirma; Kohei Makita; Delia Grace Randolph; Daniel Senerwa; Johanna Lindahl. Aflatoxin Exposure from Milk in Rural Kenya and the Contribution to the Risk of Liver Cancer. Toxins 2019, 11, 469 .

AMA Style

Anima Sirma, Kohei Makita, Delia Grace Randolph, Daniel Senerwa, Johanna Lindahl. Aflatoxin Exposure from Milk in Rural Kenya and the Contribution to the Risk of Liver Cancer. Toxins. 2019; 11 (8):469.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anima Sirma; Kohei Makita; Delia Grace Randolph; Daniel Senerwa; Johanna Lindahl. 2019. "Aflatoxin Exposure from Milk in Rural Kenya and the Contribution to the Risk of Liver Cancer." Toxins 11, no. 8: 469.

Review
Published: 01 January 2019 in Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases
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Although rabies still kills many people, global eradication of human rabies is considered to be feasible. Because the progress toward eradication may be different among regions with different socio-economic status, states that successfully eradicate this disease must be vigilant for re-emergence of rabies. In this article, we describe arguments over current rabies prevention measures and risk assessment results for rabies introduction and spread in rabies-free Japan. We also summarize the measures taken by representative countries and regions free from rabies. Our risk assessment results revealed that the risk of rabies reintroduction under current circumstances is very low, and that subsequent spread of the disease would be minimal because of quite low value of basic reproduction number. Similar assessments conducted in other rabies-free areas also showed quite limited risks of introduction. The majority of rabies-free countries maintain their rabies-free status through strict import quarantine of carnivorous animals, efficient surveillance of animal rabies including wildlife, quick emergency responses, and raising public awareness of the disease. To keep current rabies-free status in Japan, it is strongly recommended to maintain current quarantine system as well as to reinforce compliance of stakeholders involved in international dog movement. Sustainable surveillance system targeting wildlife is also indispensable.

ACS Style

Akio Yamada; Kohei Makita; Hazumu Kadowaki; Naoto Ito; Makoto Sugiyama; Nigel C.L. Kwan; Katsuaki Sugiura. A Comparative Review of Prevention of Rabies Incursion between Japan and Other Rabies-Free Countries or Regions. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 2019, 72, 203 -210.

AMA Style

Akio Yamada, Kohei Makita, Hazumu Kadowaki, Naoto Ito, Makoto Sugiyama, Nigel C.L. Kwan, Katsuaki Sugiura. A Comparative Review of Prevention of Rabies Incursion between Japan and Other Rabies-Free Countries or Regions. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2019; 72 (4):203-210.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Akio Yamada; Kohei Makita; Hazumu Kadowaki; Naoto Ito; Makoto Sugiyama; Nigel C.L. Kwan; Katsuaki Sugiura. 2019. "A Comparative Review of Prevention of Rabies Incursion between Japan and Other Rabies-Free Countries or Regions." Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 72, no. 4: 203-210.

Journal article
Published: 22 October 2018 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Pork is the most commonly consumed meat in Vietnam, and Salmonella enterica is a common contaminant. This study aimed to assess potential S. enterica cross-contamination between raw and cooked pork in Vietnamese households. Different scenarios for cross-contamination were constructed based on a household survey of pork handling practices (416 households). Overall, 71% of people used the same knife and cutting board for both raw and cooked pork; however, all washed their hands and utensils between handling raw and cooked pork. The different scenarios were experimentally tested. First, S. enterica was inoculated on raw pork and surfaces (hands, knives and cutting boards); next, water used for washing and pork were sampled to identify the presence and concentration of S. enterica during different scenarios of food preparation. Bootstrapping techniques were applied to simulate transfer rates of S. enterica cross-contamination. No cross-contamination to cooked pork was observed in the scenario of using the same hands with new cutting boards and knives. The probability of re-contamination in the scenarios involving re-using the cutting board after washing was significantly higher compared to the scenarios which used a new cutting board. Stochastic simulation found a high risk of cross-contamination from raw to cooked pork when the same hands, knives and cutting boards were used for handling raw and cooked pork (78%); when the same cutting board but a different knife was used, cross-contamination was still high (67%). Cross-contamination between was not seen when different cutting boards and knives were used for cutting raw and cooked pork. This study provided an insight into cross-contamination of S. enterica, given common food handling practices in Vietnamese households and can be used for risk assessment of pork consumption.

ACS Style

Sinh Dang-Xuan; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Phuc Pham-Duc; Delia Grace; Fred Unger; Nam Nguyen-Hai; Thanh Nguyen-Tien; Kohei Makita. Simulating Cross-Contamination of Cooked Pork with Salmonella enterica from Raw Pork through Home Kitchen Preparation in Vietnam. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 2324 .

AMA Style

Sinh Dang-Xuan, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Phuc Pham-Duc, Delia Grace, Fred Unger, Nam Nguyen-Hai, Thanh Nguyen-Tien, Kohei Makita. Simulating Cross-Contamination of Cooked Pork with Salmonella enterica from Raw Pork through Home Kitchen Preparation in Vietnam. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (10):2324.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sinh Dang-Xuan; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Phuc Pham-Duc; Delia Grace; Fred Unger; Nam Nguyen-Hai; Thanh Nguyen-Tien; Kohei Makita. 2018. "Simulating Cross-Contamination of Cooked Pork with Salmonella enterica from Raw Pork through Home Kitchen Preparation in Vietnam." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10: 2324.

Journal article
Published: 06 October 2018 in International Journal of Food Microbiology
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The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of, and risk factors for, Salmonella contamination along the smallholder pig value chain in northern Vietnam. Repeat cross-sectional (for farm and pork shops) and longitudinal (for slaughterhouses) studies were carried out in Hung Yen and Nghe An provinces in four sampling periods over a year (April 2014 to February 2015). In total, 72 pig farms and 217 pork shops were visited during the period, and 13 slaughterhouses were visited four times. Information on management and hygiene practices was collected using checklists and questionnaires, and risk factor analyses at the farm, slaughterhouse, and pork shop levels were performed using generalized mixed-effects models with the significant levels 10%. Salmonella prevalence was 36.1%, 38.9%, and 44.7% on pig pen floors, pig carcasses in slaughterhouses, and cut pork in pork shops, respectively. The risk factor for Salmonella prevalence on pig pen floors were having a pig pen next to a household (p = 0.06) and free access to the farm by visitors (p = 0.06). Our slaughterhouse model found a single risk factor for carcass contamination: slaughter area close to lairage without hygienic measures (p = 0.03). For pork shops, presence of flies or insects on pork at shop (p = 0.02) and use of a cloth at pork shop (p = 0.02) were risk factors. The Salmonella prevalence on pig carcass and cut pork was significantly lower in winter compared to that in other seasons. Our study results highlighted the need of improving farm hygiene at farm level, and pork hygiene practices to avoid cross-contamination at the slaughterhouse and market levels, to reduce the risk of salmonellosis through pork consumption in northern Vietnam.

ACS Style

Sinh Dang-Xuan; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Phuc Pham-Duc; Fred Unger; Ngan Tran-Thi; Delia Grace; Kohei Makita. Risk factors associated with Salmonella spp. prevalence along smallholder pig value chains in Vietnam. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2018, 290, 105 -115.

AMA Style

Sinh Dang-Xuan, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Phuc Pham-Duc, Fred Unger, Ngan Tran-Thi, Delia Grace, Kohei Makita. Risk factors associated with Salmonella spp. prevalence along smallholder pig value chains in Vietnam. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2018; 290 ():105-115.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sinh Dang-Xuan; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Phuc Pham-Duc; Fred Unger; Ngan Tran-Thi; Delia Grace; Kohei Makita. 2018. "Risk factors associated with Salmonella spp. prevalence along smallholder pig value chains in Vietnam." International Journal of Food Microbiology 290, no. : 105-115.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2018 in Preventive Veterinary Medicine
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Rabies is a fatal zoonosis, and in Vietnam, it remains problematic despite the availability of dog rabies vaccination. The purpose of this study was to clarify the socio-economic factors associated with voluntary rabies control measures among the general population using a “Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice” framework to provide health and veterinary authorities in Vietnam with baseline information for better planning of policy supports. A questionnaire survey with interviews was conducted in 495 households (64 mountainous and 431 plain-area households) in Thai Nguyen Province in September 2016. After the survey, uni- and multivariable analyses were performed to detect factors associated with the practices of dog rabies vaccination and tethering dogs. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was performed to understand the structures associated with practice decisions. Contingent valuation was performed to calculate willingness-to-pay for vaccination. Vaccination coverage was 77.4% (724/935 dogs), and was significantly lower in mountainous areas dominated by ethnic minorities (63.8%, 67/105) than in plains (79.2%, 657/830, x2 = 11.7, df = 1, p < 0.001). Mean estimation of willingness-to-pay for a vaccination was 2.30 USD (51,959 Vietnamese dong), which was more than double the current price. The willingness-to-pay in mountainous areas was 2.16 USD, while that in plain areas was 2.32 USD. The proportion that never confined dogs was significantly higher in mountainous areas (65.6%, 42/64 households) than in plain areas (26.5%, 114/430, x2 = 37.7, df = 1, p < 0.001). Despite the low proportion of households tethering dogs, the majority answered that they would confine (479/489, 98.0%) or leash while walking (482/491, 98.2%) if such orders were enforced. SEM result showed that higher social status promoted better knowledge (β, the coefficient, = 0.75, se = 0.05, p < 0.001), better knowledge positive attitudes (β = 1.0, se = 0.0, p value not calculated), and positive attitudes better practices of confinement (β = 0.4, se = 0.05, p < 0.001), vaccination (β = 0.52, se = 0.06, p < 0.001), and sterilization (β = 0.11, se = 0.04, p < 0.001). Our study suggested that rabies education targeted to mountainous areas using local languages for ethnic minority groups as well as the national language, and higher subsidies on dog rabies vaccination for poor households may improve vaccination coverage. Dog management may be improved by promotion campaigns.

ACS Style

Hazumu Kadowaki; Phuc Pham Duc; Kazuo Sato; Pham Thi Minh Phuong; Katsuro Hagiwara; Kohei Makita. Socio-economic factors associated with voluntary rabies control measures in Vietnam. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2018, 157, 105 -114.

AMA Style

Hazumu Kadowaki, Phuc Pham Duc, Kazuo Sato, Pham Thi Minh Phuong, Katsuro Hagiwara, Kohei Makita. Socio-economic factors associated with voluntary rabies control measures in Vietnam. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2018; 157 ():105-114.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hazumu Kadowaki; Phuc Pham Duc; Kazuo Sato; Pham Thi Minh Phuong; Katsuro Hagiwara; Kohei Makita. 2018. "Socio-economic factors associated with voluntary rabies control measures in Vietnam." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 157, no. : 105-114.

Journal article
Published: 14 August 2018 in Global Food Security
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Human food and animal feed can contain many different hazards, which may be biological, chemical, or physical. In most countries, there are regulations that limit the levels of these hazards permitted in food and feed so as to protect consumers. Optimally, the levels specified in the standards should make the food safe enough for everyone to consume, and often this is done by carrying out a risk assessment, based on scientific evidence of the levels that can be considered safe and the amount of contaminated products consumed. However, for some substances, especially carcinogens, it is difficult to calculate how much is safe to consume and some groups of people, such as small children or pregnant women, may be more sensitive than the population at large. While imposition of standards is motivated by health benefits, standards also have costs. These include the costs of compliance and verification, which translate- into increased costs of purchase and reduction of the products available. In this paper we summarize current standards in sub-Saharan Africa related to aflatoxins, a priority hazard, and discuss their coherence and evidence-base. Next, using our recent research findings, we estimate the health risks of consuming foods contaminated with aflatoxins in Kenya. We also estimate the negative health and economic effects that would arise from strict application of different standards for aflatoxins. We discuss the results in light of health and nutrition goals.

ACS Style

A.J. Sirma; J.F. Lindahl; K. Makita; D. Senerwa; N. Mtimet; E.K. Kang’Ethe; D. Grace. The impacts of aflatoxin standards on health and nutrition in sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Kenya. Global Food Security 2018, 18, 57 -61.

AMA Style

A.J. Sirma, J.F. Lindahl, K. Makita, D. Senerwa, N. Mtimet, E.K. Kang’Ethe, D. Grace. The impacts of aflatoxin standards on health and nutrition in sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Kenya. Global Food Security. 2018; 18 ():57-61.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A.J. Sirma; J.F. Lindahl; K. Makita; D. Senerwa; N. Mtimet; E.K. Kang’Ethe; D. Grace. 2018. "The impacts of aflatoxin standards on health and nutrition in sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Kenya." Global Food Security 18, no. : 57-61.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2018 in Acta Tropica
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Brucellosis is endemic in Tanzania, particularly in agro-pastoral areas. This study investigated the herd-level sero-prevalence and risk factors for Brucella sero-positivity in cattle, and perception and behaviours associated with brucellosis control among agro-pastoralists in Morogoro Region, Tanzania. A cross-sectional study involving herd milk diagnosis by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and questionnaire survey was conducted in 124 farms. Questions included potential risk factors, knowledge of brucellosis, willingness-to-pay for cattle vaccination, and item count technique (ICT) for selling behaviour of cows that experienced abortion. Risk factor analysis for Brucella sero-positivity in cattle and analysis of factors associated with willingness-to-pay were conducted using classical tests and generalised linear models. Most farmers had little knowledge about brucellosis (disease name: 13.7%, symptoms: 3.2%, transmission from cattle to human: 2.4%, and Brucella vaccine: 2.4%). The proportion of Brucella sero-positive herd was 44.4% (55/124, 95%CI: 35.5–53.5). No risk factors for Brucella sero-positivity were identified; however, using a veterinary service was identified as a preventive factor (OR = 0.39, 95%CI: 0.18–0.84, p = 0.02). For scenarios of vaccinating all cattle and only calves, 59.7% and 89.5% of farmers were willing to pay for vaccination, respectively. Being a Maasai tribe member was a hesitating factor for vaccinating all cattle (OR = 0.39, 95%CI: 0.19–0.83, p = 0.01) and using a veterinary service was an encouraging factor for vaccinating calves (OR = 4.0, 95%CI: 1.2–13.0, p = 0.02). The ICT found that 45.1% of farmers sold cows that experienced abortion. This estimate was not statistically different from that obtained by direct questioning (34.1%, SE = 7.5%, binomial p value = 0.27, factor score = 1.32), suggesting that farmers did not hesitate to sell such cows. The Maasai conducted more risky behaviours for human infection such as drinking raw milk (p = 0.06) or blood (p < 0.01) and helping delivery with bare hands (p = 0.03) than other tribes. Community-based brucellosis control programmes with calf vaccination may be feasible in the study areas. A One Health approach including the promotion of health education and expansion of veterinary services is crucial for disease control.

ACS Style

Shingo Asakura; George Makingi; Rudovick Kazwala; Kohei Makita. Herd-level risk factors associated with Brucella sero-positivity in cattle, and perception and behaviours on the disease control among agro-pastoralists in Tanzania. Acta Tropica 2018, 187, 99 -107.

AMA Style

Shingo Asakura, George Makingi, Rudovick Kazwala, Kohei Makita. Herd-level risk factors associated with Brucella sero-positivity in cattle, and perception and behaviours on the disease control among agro-pastoralists in Tanzania. Acta Tropica. 2018; 187 ():99-107.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shingo Asakura; George Makingi; Rudovick Kazwala; Kohei Makita. 2018. "Herd-level risk factors associated with Brucella sero-positivity in cattle, and perception and behaviours on the disease control among agro-pastoralists in Tanzania." Acta Tropica 187, no. : 99-107.

Journal article
Published: 31 July 2018 in Preventive Veterinary Medicine
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The aim of this study was to use exponential random graph models (ERGMs) to explain networks of movement of backyard chickens in provinces which had been hotspots for avian influenza outbreaks in Thailand during 2004-2005. We used structured questionnaires to collect data for the period January to December 2009 from participants who were involved in the backyard chicken farming network in three avian influenza hotspots (Ratchaburi, Suphan Buri, and Nakhon Pathom provinces) in Thailand. From 557 questionnaires, we identified nodes, points of entry and exit from nodes, and activities relating to backyard chicken farming and movement of chickens, and generated ERGMs based on non-festive periods (Model 1) and the Chinese New Year period (Model 2). In Model 1, k-star (the central node is connected to k other nodes) connections were predominant (P < 0.001). In Model 2, the frequency of movement increased by 10.62 times, k-star connections were still predominant (P < 0.001), and the model was scale-free. Hubs were formed from owners/observers in the arenas/training fields, farmers who raised chickens for consumption only, and traders. In conclusion, our models indicated that, if avian influenza was introduced during non-festive periods, the authorities would need to regularly restrict the movement of chickens. However, during high-frequency periods of movement of backyard chickens, authorities would also need to focus on the network hubs. Our research can be used by the relevant authorities to improve control measures and reduce the risk or lessen the magnitude of disease spread during an avian influenza epidemic.

ACS Style

Chaithep Poolkhet; Kohei Makita; Sukanya Thongratsakul; Kansuda Leelehapongsathon. Exponential random graph models to evaluate the movement of backyard chickens after the avian influenza crisis in 2004–2005, Thailand. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2018, 158, 71 -77.

AMA Style

Chaithep Poolkhet, Kohei Makita, Sukanya Thongratsakul, Kansuda Leelehapongsathon. Exponential random graph models to evaluate the movement of backyard chickens after the avian influenza crisis in 2004–2005, Thailand. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2018; 158 ():71-77.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chaithep Poolkhet; Kohei Makita; Sukanya Thongratsakul; Kansuda Leelehapongsathon. 2018. "Exponential random graph models to evaluate the movement of backyard chickens after the avian influenza crisis in 2004–2005, Thailand." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 158, no. : 71-77.

Encyclopedia
Published: 19 July 2018 in Encyclopedia of Food Security and Sustainability
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The demand for risk assessment to evaluate the safety of foods is increasing in low and middle income countries, but almost no textbook on risk assessment modelling for informal market is available. This chapter introduces practical steps for the risk assessors to tackle with such a situation.

ACS Style

Kohei Makita; Sylvie Mireille Kouamé-Sina; Johanna Lindahl; Fanta Desissa. Computation of Risk Assessment Modelling. Encyclopedia of Food Security and Sustainability 2018, 371 -380.

AMA Style

Kohei Makita, Sylvie Mireille Kouamé-Sina, Johanna Lindahl, Fanta Desissa. Computation of Risk Assessment Modelling. Encyclopedia of Food Security and Sustainability. 2018; ():371-380.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kohei Makita; Sylvie Mireille Kouamé-Sina; Johanna Lindahl; Fanta Desissa. 2018. "Computation of Risk Assessment Modelling." Encyclopedia of Food Security and Sustainability , no. : 371-380.

Encyclopedia
Published: 19 July 2018 in Encyclopedia of Food Security and Sustainability
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Foodborne disease burden in low and middle-income countries is high. In these countries, majority of foods are distributed through informal value chains and sold in wet markets. In this chapter, food safety risk analysis frameworks, and application of them into informal value chains are introduced. Informally marketed foods tend to have direct or indirect contamination from unhygienic environment, and importance of ecosystem thinking is described. Moreover, gender aspects of foodborne disease are explained.

ACS Style

Kohei Makita; Nicoline De Haan; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Delia Grace. Assessing Food Safety Risks in Low and Middle-Income Countries. Encyclopedia of Food Security and Sustainability 2018, 448 -453.

AMA Style

Kohei Makita, Nicoline De Haan, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Delia Grace. Assessing Food Safety Risks in Low and Middle-Income Countries. Encyclopedia of Food Security and Sustainability. 2018; ():448-453.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kohei Makita; Nicoline De Haan; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Delia Grace. 2018. "Assessing Food Safety Risks in Low and Middle-Income Countries." Encyclopedia of Food Security and Sustainability , no. : 448-453.

Journal article
Published: 21 May 2018 in Epidemiology and Infection
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Rabies was eliminated from Japan in 1957. In the 60 years since elimination, vaccination coverage has declined and dog ownership habits have changed. The purpose of this study was to assess the current risk of rabies spread in Japan. A spatially explicit transmission model was developed at the 1 km2 grid scale for Hokkaido and Ibaraki Prefectures. Parameters associated with dog movement and bite injuries were estimated using historical records from Japan, and were used with previously published epidemiological parameters. The final epidemic size, efficacy of rabies contingency plans and the influence of dog owner responses to incursions were assessed by the model. Average outbreak sizes for dog rabies were 3.1 and 4.7 dogs in Hokkaido and Ibaraki Prefectures, respectively. Average number of bite injury cases were 4.4 and 6.7 persons in Hokkaido and Ibaraki Prefectures, respectively. Discontinuation of mandatory vaccination increased outbreak sizes in these prefectures. Sensitivity analyses showed that higher chance of unintentional release of rabid dogs by their owners (from 0.5 to 0.9 probability) increased outbreak size twofolds. Our model outputs suggested that at present, incursions of rabies into Japan are very unlikely to cause large outbreaks. Critically, the reaction of dog owners to their dogs developing rabies considerably impacts the course of outbreaks. Contingency measures should therefore include sensitisation of dog owners.

ACS Style

H. Kadowaki; Katie Hampson; K. Tojinbara; A. Yamada; K. Makita. The risk of rabies spread in Japan: a mathematical modelling assessment. Epidemiology and Infection 2018, 146, 1245 -1252.

AMA Style

H. Kadowaki, Katie Hampson, K. Tojinbara, A. Yamada, K. Makita. The risk of rabies spread in Japan: a mathematical modelling assessment. Epidemiology and Infection. 2018; 146 (10):1245-1252.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H. Kadowaki; Katie Hampson; K. Tojinbara; A. Yamada; K. Makita. 2018. "The risk of rabies spread in Japan: a mathematical modelling assessment." Epidemiology and Infection 146, no. 10: 1245-1252.