Transformative Innovation Policy (TIP) is a new paradigm in science, technology, and innovation policy that seeks to produce a transition to sustainable development. In this paradigm, universities are crucial actors in the dynamics of science, technology, and innovation, but their role in the implementation of TIP should be defined. The objective of this article is to contribute to the understanding of the ideal role of Latin American universities in the implementation of TIP. Therefore—to describe and analyze the concepts of university and TIP in Latin America—this case study examines the co-creation of a public policy of science, technology, and innovation by Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in that region. This article underscores the vital role of universities in promoting transformative innovation that fosters social inclusion and sustainability. To achieve this goal, structural policy changes should be implemented, and different stakeholders (including researchers, students, and civil society) should be actively engaged. This paper also highlights the importance of addressing socio-economic, cultural, political, cognitive, and environmental issues faced by marginalized communities. By embracing the principles of transitions theory and prioritizing transformative innovation, universities can make significant contributions towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

The present study explores the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in driving the sustainable economy forward through the optimization of resources and the mitigation of environmental impacts. However, the study also identifies significant challenges in the conceptual and methodological integration necessary to establish a comprehensive theoretical framework. The heterogeneity of these approaches hinders the discernment of discernible patterns within the scientific literature, thereby impeding the development of efficacious strategies to optimize their impact on sustainability. The present study employs the PRISMA 2020 methodology to analyze trends in scientific production on AI and the sustainable economy, thereby ensuring a rigorous process of identifying and evaluating studies. The mapping of the academic community, the geographical distribution of knowledge, and the evolution of approaches allow us to understand the research dynamics and identify gaps in the literature. This study makes a significant contribution to the field by offering a comprehensive perspective that supports the integration of AI into sustainable models and its application in sectors with high environmental and economic impacts.

La Gestión de la Tecnología y la Innovación (GTI) en el sector defensa permite a las instituciones militares estar a la vanguardia para alcanzar sus objetivos estratégicos. El objetivo de este artículo es realizar un análisis de la actividad científica en la temática GTI en el sector defensa, que evidencie información relevante en torno a la temática, a partir de la búsqueda y análisis en una de las bases de datos más importante de literatura científica, en el ámbito mundial. La metodología utilizada fue un análisis bibliométrico, complementado con análisis de redes, que permitió conocer comunidades científicas, autores, países, tendencias e interés por los procesos de gestión tecnológica e innovación en el sector defensa. Algunos hallazgos importantes indican que este es un campo fuerte en investigación y que aún se encuentra en crecimiento, además fue posible evidenciar la influencia científica de países como Reino Unido, Estados Unidos y Alemania. Cabe resaltar que como campos nacientes de interés en el estudio de la GTI en el sector defensa, se identificaron la inversión en GTI, los sistemas de información, el emprendimiento y desarrollo tecnológico; estos campos se relacionan con las nuevas aplicaciones de la innovación en el sector defensa.

While conventional innovation has boosted economic growth in certain regions, it has not contributed to closing the social and economic gap in most developing countries. Humanity is going through a historic moment of great challenges. One of them is social exclusion, a matrix of factors that prevent human beings from achieving well-being: poverty, hunger, inequality, lack of access to basic resources and services, and lack of social ties that help improve these circumstances, among others. This study holds two hypotheses: (1) in this context, inclusive innovation emerges as a response to the inability of conventional innovation to contribute to solve the persistent challenge of social exclusion and (2) universities—key actors in innovation dynamics—should play a fundamental role in the generation of inclusive innovation, especially considering their natural commitment to society. Although the role of the university in innovation has been widely acknowledged and studied, no formal theoretical model has represented inclusive innovation in developing countries adopting a systemic, complex, adaptive, and functional approach and incorporating a diversity of agents, interactions, capabilities, learning processes, knowledge, and directionalities—this would enable us to understand the role of the university in inclusive innovation. This paper argues that innovation dynamics should be understood from a systemic perspective and using computational modeling and simulation methods, so that the inherent complexity of these systems can be taken into account. The analysis of innovation scenarios based on a formal theoretical model and its operationalization through computer simulation should contribute to the understanding of the role of the university in these system dynamics, which can be used to propose effective strategies to strengthen its participation. Therefore, this paper proposes a formal systemic agent-based conceptual model that can be used to study the role of the university in inclusive innovation and establish guidelines to improve its performance. This study implemented standard computer modeling and simulation, specifically adapted for agent-based modeling. The results obtained from the simulation scenarios were comparatively analyzed using statistical tests (ANOVA and Tukey) to determine the presence of statistically significant differences. As the main finding of the research, the proposed conceptual model was validated and proved to be useful for studying the role of the university in reducing social exclusion in the Global South, through the design and execution of computer simulation scenarios.