Since ancient times, many scientists and doctors have used various herbs to treat diseases. Conventional drugs often have side effects, and pathogens are becoming resistant to these types of drugs. In such circumstances, the study of traditional medicinal plants is an effective and logical strategy for finding new herbal medicines. One such herb is Plantago major, a perennial plant in the Plantaginaceae family that is found throughout the world. The Plantago major plant has been used as a medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Studies have shown that plant extracts of Plantago major exhibit antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory effects, and have wound-healing properties. This review collects and presents the results of various studies of Plantago major plant extracts with antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties, which demonstrate a wide range of therapeutic possibilities of Plantago major plant extracts and have a huge potential for use as a medicinal raw material.

In the medicine of many countries, the use of herbal healing agents included a significant contribution to improving human health and well-being. Many antibiotics have been widely used to treat infectious diseases caused by various pathogenic bacteria. However, increased multidrug resistance has led to increased severity of diseases caused by bacterial pathogens. Bacteria remain the main causative agents of diseases that cause human death, even in the present day. This cause prompted scientists to investigate alternative new molecules against bacterial strains. The significant interest for the study is Portulaca oleracea L. (family Portulacaceae), a widespread annual plant used in folk medicine. Thus, the production and study of CO₂ extract of Portulaca oleracea is an actual problem. Methods. Raw materials were collected from Almaty and Zhambyl regions (Southeast and South Kazakhstan) in phase flowering. Portulaca oleracea herbs CO₂ extract was obtained by subcritical carbon dioxide extraction (installation of carbon dioxide flow-through extraction- 5L). The Wiley 7^th edition and NIST02 library were used to identify the mass spectra obtained. The antimicrobial activity study was conducted by the micromethod of serial dilution and disco-diffuse method. Standard test strains of microorganisms were used: Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538-P, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, and Escherichia coli ATCC 8739. Results. The use of carbon dioxide extraction (further CO₂ extract) is a promising direction of obtaining total medicinal substances containing biologically active substances, from fractions of volatile esters of various composition and functional purpose until a fraction of fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins. In the current study, we obtained CO₂ extract at subcritical conditions from aboveground organs of Portulaca oleracea and investigated the component composition for the first time. From 41 to 66 components were identified in the composition of Portulaca oleraceas CO₂ extract. Studies of antimicrobial activity showed that CO₂ extract of Portulaca oleracea had the expressed effect against clinically significant microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans. Conclusions. This study showed that CO₂ extract of Portulaca oleraceas raw material contained biological active compounds exhibiting a significant antimicrobial effect.

Medicinal plants remain as an important resource in the fight against many diseases, especially in developing countries. Antioxidants are substances capable of delaying, retarding, and preventing the oxidation of lipids or substances that delay or prevent free radical reactions during lipid oxidation. Natural antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, tocopherol, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids are a safe alternative to chemical antioxidants. In present work, results of antioxidant activity of raw materials from the cultivated plant Portulaca oleracea are presented. The extraction time was optimized to 780 minutes; the yield of extractive substances was 1.25 in the production of CO₂ extract under subcritical conditions. For the first time, the antioxidant activity of Portulaca oleracea CO₂ extract was determined by the amperometric method. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) chemical analysis of Portulaca oleracea CO₂ extract dissolved in hexane revealed 37 components, including a complex mixture of aldehydes, alkanes, alkenes, esters, diterpenes, steroids, vitamin E, and carbohydrates. The investigation results showed that the Portulaca oleracea CO₂ extract was promising for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries and had great potential for the prevention and treatment of diseases caused by oxidative stress.

The article presents the results of research on the development of the composition and technology of a gel with ultrasonic ethanolic extract Portulaca oleracea L. for topical use. A gel under the conditional name PortoGel was taken as the object of the study. An ultrasonic ethanolic extract of Portulaca oleracea L. (POUS extract) was used as an active component. Since ancient times, the plant Portulaca oleracea L. has been used in traditional medicine in many countries to treat various diseases. A rational technology for producing the gel has been developed, and its indicators such as appearance, uniformity, smell, plasticity, viscosity, and pH have been studied. Sapineo Derm (sodium hydroxyethylacrylate/acryloyldimethyltaurate) was selected as a structure former. Sodium alginate is selected as a thickener and stabilizer. Boric acid, 0.1% Tea Tree oil extract as antimicrobial preservatives. Based on rheological studies (Brookfield HBDV-2), it was determined that PortoGel has optimal structural and mechanical characteristics, is a thixotropic system, sufficiently stable and pliable, capable of being spread on the skin, and provides the necessary stability of the system during technological operations. This study showed that the gel contains the active ingredient of Portulaca oleracea L. extract. It is promising for further work on the creation of medicines.

Elymus repens (L.) Gould, commonly known as couch grass, is mainly distributed as a medicinal herb of great ethnopharmacological importance. This review presented for the first time the significance of nomenclature clarity, current insights on distribution, traditional use, phytochemistry and their biological activities. The bioactive compound composition of E. repens displayed a variety of compounds including carbohydrates, phenolic acids, flavonoids, benzoxazinoids and volatile compounds, all of which contributed to its medicinal properties. The biological potential of this plant underlines diuretic, antiurolithiatic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and also antidiabetic qualities with molecular insights showing synergistic interactions across many compound classes. The current reported data notably confirmed its potential in lowering renal calculi and alleviating associated symptoms; however, the findings remain limited. E. repens’ medicinal potential is further confirmed by its historical application as an herbal tea and aqueous preparation, which clearly indicates its favorable safety profile. Along with this, from many encouraging results, there exist considerable deficiencies in standardization, clinical validation and also mechanistic clarification. This review highlights the necessity for careful studies to determine the therapeutic efficiency, enhance formulation and promote E. repens as a scientifically therapeutic agent.

This article examines the main areas of application of artificial intelligence (AI) in good pharmaceutical practice and analyzes its ethical, legal, and economic aspects. The paper discusses the rapid development and implementation of AI technologies in healthcare and pharmaceutical services. AI provides new opportunities for the personalization of drug therapy, monitoring the safety of medicinal products, and improving the efficiency of pharmacists’ work. However, challenges arise related to ensuring the confidentiality of patient data, allocating responsibility for algorithmic errors, and legal regulation. In addition, despite the high economic efficiency of AI implementation, initial investments and costs for personnel training pose additional barriers. The article reviews international experience. Within the framework of the sustainable development goals of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the strategic importance of digital transformation, including the development of artificial intelligence, is emphasized.