Since ancient times, many scientists and doctors have used various herbs to treat diseases. Conventional drugs often have side effects, and pathogens are becoming resistant to these types of drugs. In such circumstances, the study of traditional medicinal plants is an effective and logical strategy for finding new herbal medicines. One such herb is Plantago major, a perennial plant in the Plantaginaceae family that is found throughout the world. The Plantago major plant has been used as a medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Studies have shown that plant extracts of Plantago major exhibit antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory effects, and have wound-healing properties. This review collects and presents the results of various studies of Plantago major plant extracts with antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties, which demonstrate a wide range of therapeutic possibilities of Plantago major plant extracts and have a huge potential for use as a medicinal raw material.

Objective: Natural products from medicinal plants, either as pure compounds or as standardized extracts, provide un-limited opportunities for new drug leads because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. The objects of the study were the medicinal plant raw materials Saussurea sordida Kar&Kir and Saussurea alpina DC. collected from southern Kazakhstan during the flowering period in the spring-summer months of 2021. experimental and theoretical substantiation of the technology for obtaining phytosubstances S. sordida, S. alpina and their study of antioxidant activity. Methods: Identification of functional groups was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The component composition of extracts of two types of medicinal plant raw materials was studied using gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Results: The present study aimed to analyze the bioactive constituents of the plants S. sordida and S. alpina. The ethanol extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of phenolic compounds. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis revealed various characteristic bands corresponding to various functional groups, such as amines, alcohols, phenols, alkanes, alkenes, and conjugated acids, in the formulation extract. FT-IR analysis of peak values for various functional compounds, such as alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, amides, amino acids, anhydrides, esters, ketones, unsaturated aliphatic, aromatics, unsaturated heterocycles, amines, nitro compounds, alkanes, alkenes and sugars. For the first time, the compositions of petroleum ether extracts from medical plants, such as Saussurea sordida and Saussurea alpine, were investigated through GC‒MS analysis. The antioxidant activity of the medicinal plants showed that the S. alpine extract had greater activity than the S. sordida extracts according to both methods (the content of antioxidants was measured in terms of quercetin and gallic acid). Conclusion: According to the results of our study, the biologically active substances of this plant relative have an antioxidant effect due to the presence of phenolic compounds in their composition.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum is one of the most studied probiotic organisms due to its adaptability, gastrointestinal tolerance, antimicrobial activity, and health-promoting properties. However, the survival and efficacy of this probiotic can be significantly reduced during processing, storage, and gastrointestinal transit, limiting its effectiveness in food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical products. Synbiotic formulations, which are prepared by combining probiotics with prebiotics, have emerged as a promising approach to enhance the survival and efficacy of probiotics. In this context, encapsulation technologies play a crucial role in protecting probiotic cells from environmental and physiological stresses and in enabling controlled release at targeted sites within the gastrointestinal tract. This review describes recent developments in encapsulation strategies for L. plantarum-based synbiotic formulations, including traditional methods such as spray drying, freeze drying, extrusion and emulsion-based systems, as well as emerging methods such as nanoencapsulation and hydrogel-based delivery systems. The properties of commonly used encapsulating materials, and functional applications in food, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products are also described. Furthermore, current challenges and future prospects are also highlighted. Overall, encapsulation represents an effective strategy to improve the stability, delivery and therapeutic potential of L. plantarum-based synbiotic formulations.

Elymus repens (L.) Gould, commonly known as couch grass, is mainly distributed as a medicinal herb of great ethnopharmacological importance. This review presented for the first time the significance of nomenclature clarity, current insights on distribution, traditional use, phytochemistry and their biological activities. The bioactive compound composition of E. repens displayed a variety of compounds including carbohydrates, phenolic acids, flavonoids, benzoxazinoids and volatile compounds, all of which contributed to its medicinal properties. The biological potential of this plant underlines diuretic, antiurolithiatic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and also antidiabetic qualities with molecular insights showing synergistic interactions across many compound classes. The current reported data notably confirmed its potential in lowering renal calculi and alleviating associated symptoms; however, the findings remain limited. E. repens’ medicinal potential is further confirmed by its historical application as an herbal tea and aqueous preparation, which clearly indicates its favorable safety profile. Along with this, from many encouraging results, there exist considerable deficiencies in standardization, clinical validation and also mechanistic clarification. This review highlights the necessity for careful studies to determine the therapeutic efficiency, enhance formulation and promote E. repens as a scientifically therapeutic agent.

Natural products from medicinal plants, either as pure compounds or as standardized extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for new drug leads because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. The objects of the study are medicinal plant raw materials Saussurea sordida Kar&Kir and Saussurea alpina DC. collected from South Kazakhstan during the flowering period in the spring-summer months of 2021. The present study was aimed to investigate the toxic effects acute administration of ethanol extracts from plants S. sordida and S. alpina in male Wistar rats. The ethanol extract by subjected to Phytochemical Screening, Fourier transform infrared spec-troscopy (FTIR) analysis. Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of phenolic compounds. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis revealed various characteristic band values with various functional groups in the formulation extract such as amines, alcohol, phenol, alkane, alkene, and conjugated acid groups. FT-IR analysis of peak values with various functional compounds such as alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, amides, amino acids, anhydrides, esters, ketones, unsaturated aliphatic, aromatics, unsaturated heterocycles, amines, nitro compound, alkanes, al-kenes and sugars. Histological examination of organ samples after studying the chronic toxicity of ex-tracts of two plant species (S. sordida . and S. alpina) revealed no pathological changes. The acute toxicity study revealed no lethal effects and behavioral signs of toxicity at the tested doses indicating that LD50 is greater than 2000 mg/kg. These results show low toxicity of on short-term use and liver toxicity on long-term use. This study helps to predict the formula and structure of active molecules which can be used as medicinal drugs. This result also enhances the traditional usage of S. sordida and S. alpina , which possesses a number of bioactive compounds.