MXene exhibits impressive characteristics, including flexibility, mechanical robustness, the capacity to cleanse liquids like water through MXene membranes, water-attracting nature, and effectiveness against bacteria. Additionally, bacterial cellulose (BC) exhibits remarkable qualities, including mechanical strength, water absorption, porosity, and biodegradability. The central hypothesis posits that the incorporation of both MXene and bacterial cellulose into the material will result in a remarkable synthesis of the attributes inherent to MXene and BC. In layered MXene/BC coatings, the presence of BC serves to separate the MXene layers and enhance the material’s integrity through hydrogen bond interactions. This interaction contributes to achieving a high mechanical strength of this film. Introducing cellulose into one layer of multilayer MXene can increase the interlayer space and more efficient use of MXene. Composite materials utilizing MXene and BC have gained significant traction in sensor electronics due to the heightened sensitivity exhibited by these sensors compared to usual ones. Hydrogel wound healing bandages are also fabricated using composite materials based on MXene/BC. It is worth mentioning that MXene/BC composites are used to store energy in supercapacitors. And finally, MXene/BC-based composites have demonstrated high electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding efficiency.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a biopolymer produced by different microorganisms, but in biotechnological practice, Komagataeibacter xylinus is used. The micro- and nanofibrillar structure of BC, which forms many different-sized pores, creates prerequisites for the introduction of other polymers into it, including those synthesized by other microorganisms. The study aims to develop a cocultivation system of BC and prebiotic producers to obtain BC-based composite material with prebiotic activity. In this study, pullulan (PUL) was found to stimulate the growth of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG better than the other microbial polysaccharides gellan and xanthan. BC/PUL biocomposite with prebiotic properties was obtained by cocultivation of Komagataeibacter xylinus and Aureobasidium pullulans, BC and PUL producers respectively, on molasses medium. The inclusion of PUL in BC is proved gravimetrically by scanning electron microscopy and by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. Cocultivation demonstrated a composite effect on the aggregation and binding of BC fibers, which led to a significant improvement in mechanical properties. The developed approach for “grafting” of prebiotic activity on BC allows preparation of environmentally friendly composites of better quality.

Nanocomposites based on bacterial cellulose (BC), hydroxyapatite (HAp), and MXene represent a promising class of biomaterials for regenerative medicine and photothermal technologies due to their combination of biocompatibility, mechanical stability, electrical conductivity, and strong infrared absorption capability. However, the high sensitivity of MXene phases and the cellulose matrix to physicochemical impacts requires careful selection of sterilization approaches that provide sterility without substantial loss of key functional properties. This study presents a comparative evaluation of nine sterilization methods – autoclaving, dry heat, ethylene oxide treatment, γ-irradiation, electron beam (E-beam) irradiation, ultraviolet irradiation, ozonation, supercritical CO₂ treatment, and cold plasma – applied to BC/HAp/MXene nanocomposites. Sterility was assessed by direct plating on nutrient media; sterilization efficiency was calculated based on microbial growth. Complete sterility was achieved for all methods except UV (50%) and CO₂ treatment (90%). The effects of sterilization on material structure and properties were analyzed using SEM imaging, porosity measurement, mechanical testing, electrical conductivity assessment, and photothermal activity evaluation. Thermal treatment and ozonation caused the most pronounced structural damage and reduction in mechanical strength. Radiation-based methods induced moderate changes, whereas ethylene oxide, supercritical CO₂, and cold plasma treatment resulted in minimal morphological degradation. Cold plasma and EtO preserved up to 94–98% of the initial conductivity and photothermal response, while thermal treatment led to significant loss of functional performance due to thermo-oxidative degradation of MXene. Comprehensive analysis demonstrated that cold plasma and ethylene oxide provide the best balance between sterility and preservation of structural–functional properties of BC/HAp/MXene nanocomposites. These methods are the most promising for preparing such materials for biomedical applications.

Пластикалық ластану – синтетикалық полимерлердің табиғи ыдырауға төзімділігі мен тұрақтылығының жоғары болуына байланысты жаһандық экологиялық маңызды проблема болып табылады. Олардың ішінде полиэтилентерефталат (ПЭТ) ең кең таралған пластиктердің бірі болып табылады, бұл оның қоршаған ортада айтарлықтай жиналуына әкеледі. Термофильді микроорганизмдерді қолдану арқылы биологиялық ыдырау дәстүрлі жою әдістеріне перспективалы балама ұсынады. Осы зерттеуде Қазақстанның Жаркент өңіріндегі геотермалды көздерден ПЭТ ыдырату әлеуетін бағалау үшін термофильді бактериялар оқшауланды. 42–103 °C температуралы жерлерден алынған су, шөгінді және топырақ үлгілері ПЭТ-ті жалғыз көміртек көзі ретінде қамтитын минералды тұзды ортада байытылды. Нәтижесінде 16 термофильді бактериялық изолят алынды және пластикті ыдырату белсенділігіне қарай іріктелді. ПЭТ пленкалы дискілерін қолданған ыдырату сынақтары төрт термофильді изоляттың (W-DP-01, W-DP-03, W-DP-06, SED-02) полимердің салмағын айтарлықтай азайтатынын көрсетті, 28 күн бойы 65 °C температурада инкубацияланғаннан кейін 13,9–16,0 мг дейін азайды. Биохимиялық және морфологиялық сипаттау нәтижелері жоғары ыдырату қабілеті бар изоляттардың Bacillus тұқымдасына жататынын анықтады.